Lack of a unified theoretical framework

The biosocial as an emerging paradigm lacks a defined universally agreed upon theoretical framework, with various approaches adopted by different researchers appropriate to the specificities of individual studies (Meloni et al., Reference Meloni, Williams and Martin2016). The theoretical flexibility and freedom of the approach provides significant advantages, such as adaptation to new contexts and opportunities for ECRs to contribute to the development of biosocial theory. The diversity of theoretical contributions to biosocial research reflects the array of disciplines working in the space, including science and technology studies, bioscientists, sociologists, social and biological anthropologists, (social) epidemiologists, among others. Establishing one’s place in such a heterogeneous landscape requires reflexive and thoughtful work, which is demanding of time and effort, and requires skill, resources, and support.

Nonetheless, there is existing literature which can guide ECRs through the epistemological work that has been conducted on the biosocial (Ingold and Palsson, Reference Ingold and Palsson2013; Meloni et al., Reference Meloni, Williams and Martin2016). Workshop participants suggested that tools like curated reading lists can provide some theoretical orientation within specific project teams. In the case of birth cohorts, there may be documentation of previous collaborations using a biosocial framework, which may help steer a team’s, project’s, or dataset’s particular theoretical orientation.

Competing epistemologies

Eigenbrode et al. Reference Eigenbrode, O’Rourke, Wulfhorst, Althoff, Goldberg, Merrill, Morse, Nielsen-Pincus, Stephens, Winowiecki and Bosque-Pérez2007 call for greater engagement with the philosophical differences in cross-disciplinary, biosocial research (Eigenbrode et al., Reference Eigenbrode, O’Rourke, Wulfhorst, Althoff, Goldberg, Merrill, Morse, Nielsen-Pincus, Stephens, Winowiecki and Bosque-Pérez2007). Workshop participants had first-hand experiences of how epistemological challenges of biosocial endeavours manifest in methodological and practical challenges. Since biosocial research often requires interdisciplinary collaboration and ECRs rely on supervisors and other senior academics from different fields, there is the potential for competing epistemologies and disciplinary norms to cause confusion (at best) and conflict (at worst). Each discipline has standards that it upholds, which include background assumptions on how the world works (Eigenbrode et al., Reference Eigenbrode, O’Rourke, Wulfhorst, Althoff, Goldberg, Merrill, Morse, Nielsen-Pincus, Stephens, Winowiecki and Bosque-Pérez2007). An example is the difference between a mechanistic science like statistics and a rhizomatic science like anthropology, which is reflected in their methods (specific in the former, iterative in the latter) and research questions (closed in the former, open-ended in the latter). For instance, in tackling an issue like the emergence of psychosis, statistics will be able to express clear trends in prevalence (answering a ‘how many’ question) while anthropology might summarise common themes in the experiences of people using healthcare services (answering a ‘how’ question) – both missing the opportunity to reflect on why psychosis is more prevalent in certain groups which a biosocial lens would lend itself to. These characterisations about disciplinary practices are simplifications – while certain approaches are more common in certain disciplines, many scholars within a particular discipline employ multiple methodologies and epistemologies to pursue their research questions. Indeed, biosocial research is often at the forefront of destabilising disciplinary boundaries and standard practices. While the authors believe methodological creativity to be a strength of biosocial research, it can also lead to challenges for training. Workshop participants reported issues reaching a common understanding and buy-in to the biosocial as a shared paradigm, especially as not all academics are familiar with biosocial literature, and drastically different methodologies can all be considered biosocial. Confusion may arise when different supervisors employ different paradigms of biosocial research or have little familiarity with biosocial frameworks. As ECRs, participants did not feel skilled at balancing the competing interests of senior colleagues and feared losing support from or dissatisfying advisors. This experience can be isolating. Nonetheless, one workshop participant commented on the experience of working within an existing mixed methods interdisciplinary birth cohort, where team members jointly discussed epistemological and methodological issues and presented a working framework for collaboration, which was a useful learning experience and removed the stress of having to navigate these issues first hand as a junior academic.

Navigating methods in interdisciplinary work

Epistemic heterogeneity manifests through methodological differences. Often, biosocial ECRs found themselves negotiating different methodological approaches. There is no established biosocial methodology for working with birth cohorts and approaches depend on the data available within the particular birth cohort, the research questions, and the team members. When starting out, knowing the most applicable approach can be challenging, particularly when receiving single-discipline guidance. For example, when bringing together genetics and social epidemiology within an interdisciplinary team, differences in the conceptualisation of key covariates – as either a social or genetic influence – can result in an ECR being stuck between two competing disciplinary approaches when making decisions. But methodological challenges are not without reward, since they can lead to unexpected encounters between datasets and fields of knowledge. For example, a workshop participant assisted an engineering PhD student in analyses of ethnographic data and water quality data from a mixed methods birth cohort project about household water management. At first, the PhD student and their advisors in engineering were unable to imagine how qualitative data from a small sample of households could contribute to his dissertation. This challenge led to an innovative methodological experiment – the student used qualitative field notes and interviews to create variables about residents’ descriptions of their water quality. A senior biostatistician with qualitative experience helped the PhD student integrate these qualitatively derived variables into quantitative models. The results found that residents’ descriptions of their water quality were associated with measured water quality, demonstrating that residents have intimate and accurate knowledge of their water supplies (Martínez Paz, Reference Martínez Paz2023). Appropriate methodological support, combined with support for methodological creativity and experimentation, is crucial for ECRs testing the boundaries of interdisciplinary work.

Data and methodological freedom

Longitudinal birth cohorts are expensive, slow-moving research projects that are accountable to many stakeholders. This makes it difficult for ECRs to influence the research teams or to make changes to data collection within the timeline of a PhD. In addition, the often quantitatively grounded nature of birth cohort studies means they can be closed to collaboration with qualitative approaches. In particular, primary qualitative data collection with participants is often seen as ‘off-limits’ (although not impossible (Carpentieri et al., Reference Carpentieri, Carter and Jeppesen2023; Roberts and Sanz, Reference Roberts, Sanz, M., J., D. and S.2018)).

Working with birth cohort studies often involves secondary data analysis. Birth cohort data may be collected from an epistemological position which does not resonate with that of the biosocial researcher. For example, funders may require the inclusion of molecular biology such as genetics and biochemical measures over a broader understanding of the biological (Braun, Reference Braun2007). These methodological choices affect the selection of data available for secondary analysis and in turn pose limits to the scope of a biosocial analytical framework. However, the variety and richness of data can often offset these limitations by allowing alternative investigations to emerge.

Workshop participants identified several avenues for methodological support during biosocial research with birth cohort data, the first being the role of a well-chosen supervisory team in which there is a shared biosocial paradigm and familiarity with birth cohort research. One workshop participant commented positively on the experience of being embedded as an ECR in a mixed methods interdisciplinary project coordinated by senior academics, which allowed her to build skills and contribute to the birth cohort design without having to navigate disciplinary challenges first hand.

Biosocial training in single-discipline teams

The strength of biosocial ECRs working with birth cohorts will largely derive from appropriate training and opportunities. While more biosocial and interdisciplinary training programmes are emerging, many doctoral programmes still train students in the methods and theoretical orientations of a single discipline. In-depth training within a discipline may improve a students’ ability to contribute a particular theoretical/methodological approach to biosocial research. However, doctoral training in a single-discipline department may make it more likely for researchers and students to find themselves embedded in single-discipline teams and advising relationships – limiting the opportunity for epistemological reflections so essential to the biosocial. For example, a trainee in epidemiology might primarily attend courses to develop their statistical skills rather than other methods, consequently asking solely quantitative questions of their data. Additionally, it may be difficult for a prospective biosocial student or ECR to assess the flexibility of a potential department or supervisor who they have not worked with before, and there are socioeconomic constraints which may impact the degree of flexibility which an individual has when choosing to accept a position or opportunity. To develop an interdisciplinary approach to biosocial research, students may need to look further afield for coursework, mentors, and research projects that will develop their biosocial skills. Thus, looking for doctoral programmes that permit supervisory members from other departments and disciplines is important for a graduate students’ ability to develop as biosocial researchers. Workshop participants commented on the advantages of finding supervisors and/or mentors who understand biosocial research and how the training requirements of biosocial ECRs may differ from single-discipline research. Where possible, this may prove most effective by embedding ECRs within existing biosocial teams who work with birth cohorts allowing ease of consultation on issues and facilitating the progression of projects at a faster pace, particularly for PhD students with limited timelines. Seeking out research assistantships on biosocial teams could also provide training and could be encouraged by supervisors who have existing connections. Further opportunities for learning from existing biosocial research may result from integrating ECRs into advisory groups and committees of established birth cohort studies with a biosocial slant (Kent et al., Reference Kent, Holman, Amoako, Antonietti, Azam, Ballhausen, Bediako, Belasen, Carneiro, Chen, Compeer, Connor, Crüwell, Debat, Dorris, Ebrahimi, Erlich, Fernández-Chiappe, Fischer, Gazda, Glatz, Grabitz, Heise, Kent, Lo, McDowell, Mehta, Neumann, Neves, Patterson, Penfold, Piper, Puebla, Quashie, Quezada, Riley, Rohmann, Saladi, Schwessinger, Siegerink, Stehlik, Tzilivaki, Umbers, Varma, Walavalkar, Winde, de Zaza and Weissgerber2022).

Funding and dissemination

When approaching and disseminating biosocial projects in person or in writing, ECRs must translate and present work in a way which can be understood by an audience unfamiliar with aspects of the approach – be that theoretical or methodological. For example, if writing for a single-discipline audience, they will have to make a case for their specific methods, explain the epistemology, develop a convincing argument of why their solution is adequate for answering the question, and pre-empt any criticism. Multiple workshop participants had experiences of reviewers or examiners who were critical of attempts to triangulate findings with mixed methods, viewing the quantitative analysis as shallow or ignoring the qualitative. Conversely, an interdisciplinary audience may be more prepared to accept the epistemological stance but still require an introduction to methods that might be unfamiliar, and justification for the choice in methods for data integration. Frequently, this requires additional time, thought, and word count to present multiple methods at an accessible level. For example, when presenting work which combines genetic and social epidemiology, genetic concepts and findings are less widely understood even in biosocial settings and thus require careful introduction. Likewise, organising multiple research threads, absorbing complex theory and methods, and making space for the conversations needed in collaborative work can extend timeframes and budgets in ways that ECRs can ill afford. While it can be a positive and helpful approach for ECRs to be challenged to think about how to communicate their work outside their discipline, it also asks a considerable amount of someone finding their place as a biosocial researcher.

While connecting with existing interdisciplinary collaborations can ease some of these burdens, there are wider changes which can remove the pressure on individual researchers. For example, the inclusion of biosocial researchers in review panels, or a protocol for evaluating biosocial research could be the way forward for journals wishing to publish more biosocial work. Likewise, a growing number of journals, such as this one, are actively encouraging biosocial work, and networking and collaboration within the field helps ECRs find their feet.

Table 1. Summary of key challenges and strategies from the BBCR ECR workshop

Table 1.

Summary of key challenges and strategies from the BBCR ECR workshop