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Contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  aN Invalid Date NaN

Monika Plozza
Monika Plozza
Affiliation:
University of Bern

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Type
Chapter
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The Human Right to Science
A Framework for Justiciability
 , pp. vii - x
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Contents

  1. Foreword

  2. Preface

  3. Acknowledgements

  4. List of Cases

  5. List of Treaties and Other Materials

  6. List of Abbreviations

  7. Introduction

    1. I.1The Neglected Sleeping Beauty

    2. I.2Why Does the Right to Science Matter?

    3. I.3Research Question and Aim

    4. I.4Book Outline

  8. 1Methodology and Sources

    1. 1.1Methodology

      1. 1.1.1Treaty Interpretation under the VCLT and ICESCR

      2. 1.1.2The Four Interpretation Methods under the VCLT

      3. 1.1.3The Violations Approach

    2. 1.2Sources

  9. 2Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

    1. 2.1Tracing the Historical Journey from One Declaration to Two Covenants

      1. 2.1.1The Narrative of Competing Ideologies: The East–West Dichotomy Explored

      2. 2.1.2Practical Bifurcation: Contrasting Implementation Mechanisms

      3. 2.1.3Parallel Progressions: The Trajectories of Separate Covenants

    2. 2.2Defining Justiciability at the International Level

      1. 2.2.1Justiciability at the National Level

      2. 2.2.2Justiciability at the Regional Level

      3. 2.2.3Contextualising Justiciability: Unravelling Key Legal Concepts

    3. 2.3Setting the Record Straight on Justiciability

      1. 2.3.1Real Rights v. Aspirational Goals

      2. 2.3.2Self-Executing v. Non-Self-Executing Rights

      3. 2.3.3Non-political v. Political Rights and the Separation of Powers

      4. 2.3.4Negative v. Positive State Obligations

    4. 2.4The Contemporary Landscape of Justiciability

      1. 2.4.1Formal Justiciability: Mechanisms for Adjudication

      2. 2.4.2Material Justiciability: The Normative Content of Human Rights Norms

    5. 2.5The Road Ahead: Filling the Gap of Justiciability for the Right to Science

  10. 3History and Terminology of the Right to Science

    1. 3.1Charting the Path of the Right to Science

      1. 3.1.1The Historical Evolution of the Right to Science

      2. 3.1.2From Ratification to Implementation: Legal Documents Post-ICESCR

      3. 3.1.3General Comment No. 25: A Catalyst for the Right to Science

    2. 3.2Unpacking the Right to Science: Essential Terminology

      1. 3.2.1What’s in a Name? A Brief Analysis of the Term ‘Right to Science’

      2. 3.2.2The Human Rights Understanding of Science

    3. 3.3Conclusion

  11. 4Interconnectedness of the Right to Science with Other Human Rights

    1. 4.1The Inseparable Trio: Exploring the Human Rights Principles of Indivisibility, Interdependence and Interrelatedness

      1. 4.1.1Indivisibility

      2. 4.1.2Interdependence

      3. 4.1.3Interrelatedness

      4. 4.1.4Balancing the Scales of Interconnected Human Rights

    2. 4.2Unpacking Overlapping Interests

      1. 4.2.1Right to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15(1)(a) ICESCR)

      2. 4.2.2Right to Health (Art. 12 ICESCR)

      3. 4.2.3The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living (Art. 11 ICESCR)

      4. 4.2.4Right to Education (Art. 13 ICESCR)

      5. 4.2.5Prohibition of Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Art. 7 ICCPR)

      6. 4.2.6Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Art. 18 ICCPR)

      7. 4.2.7Freedom of Opinion and Expression (Art. 19 ICCPR)

      8. 4.2.8The Right to Take Part in Public Affairs and Elections (Art. 25 ICCPR)

      9. 4.2.9The Right to Development and Sustainable Development Goals

      10. 4.2.10The Right to a Healthy Environment

      11. 4.2.11Other Human Rights

    3. 4.3Conclusion

  12. 5Substantive Scope and Core Content of the Right to Science

    1. 5.1The Substantive Scope of the Right to Science

      1. 5.1.1The Material Aspect of Substantive Scope: Humanising Science and Technology

      2. 5.1.2The Formal Aspect of the Substantive Scope: Freedoms and Entitlements?

      3. 5.1.3The Formal Aspect of the Substantive Scope: Unveiling Art. 15(2) and (4) ICESCR as Substantive Human Rights

    2. 5.2The Core Content of the Right to Science

      1. 5.2.1The Core Content in International Human Rights Law

      2. 5.2.2Upholding the Essence: Human Dignity as the Foundation of the Core Content

      3. 5.2.3Interim Conclusion and Next Steps

    3. 5.3Core Obligations

    4. 5.4Core Rights

      1. 5.4.1The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and Its Applications (Art. 15(1)(b) ICESCR)

      2. 5.4.2The Right to the Conservation, Development and Diffusion of Science (Art. 15(2) ICESCR)

      3. 5.4.3Freedom of Science (Art. 15(3) ICESCR)

      4. 5.4.4The Right to International Scientific Collaboration (Art. 15(4) ICESCR)

      5. 5.4.5The Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Science

    5. 5.5Conclusion

  13. 6Personal Scope of the Right to Science

    1. 6.1Private Persons

      1. 6.1.1Individual Rights Holders

      2. 6.1.2Community Rights Holders

    2. 6.2Legal Persons

    3. 6.3Future Generations

    4. 6.4Conclusion

  14. 7Duty Bearers of the Right to Science

    1. 7.1The Science Ecosystem

    2. 7.2The State

      1. 7.2.1Agents of the State

      2. 7.2.2Universities, Research Institutions and Funding Agencies

    3. 7.3International Organisations

      1. 7.3.1Legal Responsibility of International Organisations under International Law

      2. 7.3.2Human Rights Obligations of International Organisations

      3. 7.3.3The Role of International Organisations in the Realisation of the Right to Science (WIPO and the WTO)

      4. 7.3.4Intellectual Property Law and the Right to Science: A Tense Relationship

    4. 7.4Non-State Actors

      1. 7.4.1Defining Non-State Actors

      2. 7.4.2Direct or Indirect Horizontal Effects of Human Rights Law

      3. 7.4.3Responsibilities of Non-State Actors

      4. 7.4.4Non-State Actors under the Right to Science

    5. 7.5Conclusion

  15. 8Limitations on the Right to Science

    1. 8.1Limitations under the ICESCR

    2. 8.2Requirements for Limitations under Art. 4 ICESCR

      1. 8.2.1Determined by Law

      2. 8.2.2Compatible with the Nature of These Rights

      3. 8.2.3Promoting General Welfare

      4. 8.2.4In a Democratic Society

    3. 8.3Distinctions from Limitations in the ICESCR

      1. 8.3.1Clarifying the Concepts of Limitations and Progressive Realisation

      2. 8.3.2Limitations under the ICCPR

      3. 8.3.3Old Wine in New Bottles? Scientific Self-Regulation as a Matter of Human Rights Limitations

    4. 8.4Conclusion

  16. 9Conclusion and Outlook

    1. 9.1The Right to Science: A Justiciable Human Right

    2. 9.2Operationalising the Right to Science: Five Steps Forward

  17. Bibliography

  18. Index

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