This is a disconcertingly uneven book, the strengths of which are discussions of visual representations by US Americans of the nineteenth century Arctic that the author has in his possession. More descriptive than analytical or theoretical, Arctic spectacles fails for whole chapters at a stretch firmly to contextualise its study within existing scholarship, but then provides good in-depth work on, for example, Kane and the US American presence in the Arctic in search of Franklin. Its discussions of US American representations are generally engaging, but the book spends too much time uncritically stitching these together with what existing sources have already provided.
Russell Potter's general approach concentrates on those expeditions for which panoramas were produced: Ross’ second, Grinnell/De Haven/Kane's, Hall's, and Hayes’, but at regular intervals he expands from panoramas into other forms of public spectacle — lectures, paintings, and plays. Entire chapters or sections focus on makers of the art, such as Dickens, Church, Landseer, and Bradford. Even with this narrow selection, one would expect the work of a scholar published by a university press to provide up-to-date historical contextualisation, but books such as Overland to Starvation Cove (Reference Barr1987), The myth of the explorer (Reference Riffenburgh1993), No ordinary journey (Reference Bunyan, Calder, Idiens and Wilson1993), Victorian science and engineering portrayed in the Illustrated London News (Reference Chew and Wilson1993), Arctic artist (Reference Houston1994), ‘Arctic wilderness and other mythologies’ (Reference Grant1998), Ghosts of Cape Sabine (Reference Guttridge2000), From Barrow to Boothia (Reference Barr2002), The last imaginary place (Reference McGhee2004), Northern exposures (Reference Geller2004), and The coldest crucible (Reference Robinson2006) fail to find a place in the discussion, which, despite the subtitle's end-date, does takes its reader up to the present day. Neither the work of Samuel Gurney Cresswell, the superb watercolourist who sailed with M'Clure, nor that of Edward Augustus Inglefield are mentioned.
Regrettably, the author also appears unfamiliar with Finding Franklin (Reference Bate2005), the excellent if somewhat musically morbid documentary film by Peter Bate. Not a dramatisation, it spends an entire scene on Landseer's grisly painting, Man proposes, God disposes (1864), and, in interviewing Anne Keenleyside, evokes more about the painting than does Potter, although he mentions her and includes a fine colour reproduction of it. Finding Franklin also sharpens our understanding of the intimate relationship between Dickens and Jane Franklin, which Potter ignores as a catalyst for the novelist's alacrity in taking up the public case against the evidence of cannibalism by members of the lost expedition of 1845; and it pays particular attention to the intersection of the Franklin mystery with the Victorian fascination with mediums, a topic treated by Potter, who also relies on Gil Ross’ essay in Polar Record.
Consultation of Ross’ article is an exception; a thorough review of scholarship in periodicals like this one is also absent, so the reader receives an historical treatment of the topic that seems at times nearly random. It is also only occasionally fresh. Too often, where it is not deficient and incomplete — for example, in discussing how, time and again, search expeditions looked anywhere but King William Island, Potter fails to consider the impact of Richard King's relations with the Admiralty or Hugh Wallace's The navy, the company, and Richard King (Reference Wallace1980) — it is general and stale — for example, in Arctic grail (Reference Berton1988), Pierre Berton offered a more detailed and livelier discussion of Lady Franklin's role in searches for her husband.
Beginning in 1818 and indicating no knowledge of Arctic exploration prior to the defeat of Napoleon, Potter moves on from a good discussion of Henry Barker's panorama of the Buchan and Franklin expedition before quoting any sources to show what the public thought of this depiction. Shifting to a rehearsal of the well-known ridicule with which Barrow attacked Ross for the other failed voyage of 1818, he offers a perceptive reading of the spoof, Münchausen at the Pole (1819), but he merely re-hashes the particulars of Barrow's attack and tends to exaggeration, speaking without offering proof of ‘the crowds who had scorned Ross.’ This discussion would have left its reader on surer ground if it were balanced by an indication that, in sharp contrast, both the Edinburgh Review and The Times generally approved of Ross’ effort and certainly stopped short of denigrating it. As they were more venerable and respected sources than the upstart Gentleman's Review, in which Barrow had spilled his bile anonymously, both probably had much more to do with forming public opinion of the day. The relevant pages (58–60) of Polar pioneers (Reference Ross1994), another source that, like Barrow's boys (Reference Fleming1998), makes no appearance in Arctic spectacles, would have helped the author. This oversight, like the subsequent claim that ‘almost no attention’ has been paid William Westall's illustrations and that they ‘stand apart from any others of their kind’ (comparisons to George Back's and Cresswell's work offer easy refutation of this claim), demonstrates what regrettably is the case for much of the volume — that few readers beyond those who do not yet know anything about the subjects of Arctic exploration and visual representations of it would make confident and grateful ones.
Helpfully noting the essence of the panorama — ‘its juxtaposition of didactically rendered technical information and inspiring flights of descriptive fancy’ — Potter disappointingly contents himself with the rehearsal of a well-known story, or, at least, part of it: he does not make the connection between the juxtaposition of word and image in the newspapers of the 1850s with publisher John Murray's earlier wedding of word and hand-coloured, copper-engraved image in books of exploration, almost all of which he published because of the intimate working friendship that he enjoyed with Barrow up until the death of that career civil servant just after Franklin sailed for the last time. Potter does not seize the opportunity to analyse the coincidence between the death of the man who for a quarter-century had controlled the dissemination in expensive form of Royal Naval intelligence about the Arctic and the rise in the 1850s of more widely accessible and cheaper forms of dissemination, such as the moving panorama, books illustrated with lithographs, and highly illustrated newspapers such as the weekly Illustrated London News (established 1842). Also absent is any discussion of the idea of the Arctic as an apt adversary for a puissant empire and for another trying on manifest destiny for the first time; not to address this is not to explain why the panorama tended to succeed with Britons and US Americans as a means of illustrating one particular dimension of the Arctic — its danger.
Potter makes some genuine contributions when describing the panoramas, although even then he treads mainly on ground well tilled by the standard sources, Altick's Shows of London (Reference Altick1978) and Hyde's Panoramania! (1988). He dwells on the sublime representations of the Arctic to the exclusion of any consideration of the numerous efforts by British explorers to render it just the opposite, either scientifically comprehensible or aesthetically picturesque. Since the appearance three decades ago of Chauncey Loomis’ article ‘Arctic sublime,’ on which he heavily depends, scholarship has demonstrated that the picturesque answered a crucial psychological need, especially on multi-year expeditions, and one that interested the British public. Ships winding up sawn-out leads in ice as though they were carriages driving through an English estate, games of cricket on the ice beside a beset ship, beset ships rendered like gelid crystal palaces of scientific surveys also complemented the narratives of expeditions that did not meet with tragedy and even some that did. Nor were picturesque renditions routinely absent from panoramic renditions of voyages, especially after the initial breakthrough into the Arctic archipelago by Parry and Franklin in their expeditions of 1819. Unsurprisingly, Potter's highly selective study has nothing to say about expeditions that succeeded or at least did not experience apocalyptic moments of danger — Franklin's second land expedition, Parry's second voyage, Back's canoe expedition, Dease and Simpson's explorations, Rae's journeys, and most of the expeditions in search of Franklin's last — but neither does it venture an explanation about why panoramas were not created to commemorate some striking near disasters — Parry's third and Back's only voyage, for example.
An enquiry into the fitful success of the panoramas (they enjoyed two fairly brief tenures of notoriety at different points in the century) surely ought to have revealed and explained the Victorian public's need for a live, communal experience of the Arctic, often including effects that appealed to more than one sense (which books could not do), and at particularly symbolic moments in the history of an empire — just as the Crimean War threw its apparently omnipotent and ubiquitous power into doubt. Instead, Potter indulges in tangents. A good example is his discussion of the restitution to Britain of HMS Resolute by the United States; it has little to do with his thesis and appears designed to discuss a single illustration of the ceremony of re-presentation from his collection. He reads no irony whatsoever into the event or the illustration, only good will on the part of two nations for each other. Meanwhile, although he twice stresses the moral and didactic nature of US American panoramas, he does not mention this dimension in their British predecessors or account for the discrepancy.
Generally, the scholarship is under-referenced: no dimensions are given for the reproduced works of art; volume and issue numbers for newspapers are not provided in captions; quotations do not always receive citations; and the bibliography does not include entries for all sources cited in the text and endnotes. All in all, given its promising and all-encompassing title, Arctic spectacles is disappointing.
