Figures
0.2.1How does money flow through the health system? The health financing functions
0.2.2Average share of health spending by financing agent, by country income grouping, 2021
1.1.1Public financing is a much bigger share of health spending in richer countries
1.1.2OOP falls as public spending grows: the inverse relationship between public versus OOP spending on health, 2019
1.1.3Spending has increased across the board but patterns of spending have evolved differently in low-, middle- and high-income countries
1.1.4General government revenues are a small proportion of GDP in lower-income countries
1.1.5Old-age dependency ratios are projected to increase in many (middle- to higher-income) countries
1.3.1In 2021, the number of countries in which VHI accounted for at least 10% of current spending on health was very small
1.3.2In 2021, the VHI share of current spending on health was highest in UMICs
1.3.3In 2021 the VHI share of current spending on health was higher in the Americas than in other parts of the world
1.3.4Not many countries saw substantial changes in the VHI share of current spending on health between 2000 and 2021
1.3.5Public spending on health is more likely to reduce OOPs than VHI
2.2.1A benefits package involves consideration of coverage in terms of cost, service and population
2.2.2A framework can be used to help identify “best buys” and priorities for the health system given different budget thresholds
2.2.3A generic framework for setting a benefits package will require context-specific interpretation
2.3.1Conceptual framework for disinvestment from low-value care
2.4.1OOP spending disproportionately finances pharmacies as compared to hospitals
2.4.2Households in the poorest quintile have the highest level of catastrophic spending due to OOP payments
2.4.3OOP spending can push households below or further below the poverty line
2.4.4Low-income individuals are particularly vulnerable to experiencing unmet needs for health care due to cost
2.5.1On average, OECD countries have five formal LTC workers per 100 people aged 65 years and over
2.5.2Across 18 OECD countries, more than 1 in 10 people aged 50 years and older report providing informal care at least weekly
2.5.3Women are most likely to take on the role of informal carer
2.5.4A majority of OECD countries are moving LTC from residential facilities into the community
2.5.6The largest share of total LTC spending in OECD countries is on nursing homes
2.5.7Without public social protection, the majority of older individuals would not be able to afford LTC from their incomes alone
2.5.8Instruments and procedures used to assess LTC needs vary widely
2.5.9Nearly a third of people 65 years and older in the EU report at least one ADL/IADL limitation
2.5.10The majority of LTC users are women and those aged 80 years and above
2.5.11Just over half of older people reporting a need for help also report receiving help for it
3.3.1Prevalence of informal payments in selected countries, 2019–2021
3.3.3Prevalence of informal payments in the Asia–Pacific region, 2020
3.3.4Share of GDP spent on health care versus percentage of patients who paid informally in the past 12 months, 2019–2021
3.3.5OOP payments as share of total health spending versus percentage of patients who have paid informally in the past 12 months, 2019–2021
3.3.6Physician density versus percentage of patients who have paid informally in the past 12 months, 2014–2021
3.4.1Pharmaceutical expenditures are composed of the volume of medicines consumed times their prices
3.5.1Three bundled payment schemes and how they vary on key dimensions
3.6.1Framework to analyse financial flows in LTC and payments for providers
3.9.1Number of new classes of antibiotics discovered or patented each decade
3.9.2Antibiotic value chain and the barriers to R&D progression
3.9.3Framework for developing a holistic incentive package for antibiotic development
3.9.4Antibiotic drugs and alternative antibacterial therapies in clinical development
3.9.5Types of alternative antibacterial therapies in development
3.9.6Continuum of incentivization across the antibiotic value chain
3.10.2Neglected diseases have declined in richer countries but remain constant in LMICs
3.10.3Top five neglected diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, and typhoid and paratyphoid
3.10.4Global pharmaceutical companies are underinvesting in neglected disease R&D, 2019
3.10.5Most money is spent on vaccines, drugs and basic research
3.10.6Most R&D spending to address neglected disease challenges goes on just two stages
3.10.7Academics and research institutions receive the biggest proportion of investment
3.10.8Low-burden diseases receive more than their fair share of R&D
3.10.9LMICs receive few market launches for new pharmaceutical products
3.10.11 and 12Low-burden diseases received more than their fair share of funding
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