Index
Abbott, Greg, 248
Adams, Jarrett, 420
Adams, Randall, 314
After Innocence, 280
al-Megrahi, Adelbaset, 192
Alaska Innocence Project, 366
Alexander, Michelle, 313
Ali, Ben, 301
Alito, Justice, 47
Allen, Ronald, 318
Andrew, Brenda, 431
antisemitism, 297
Arden, Jacinda, 195
Argentina Code of Criminal Procedure, 63
Artis, John, 305
Association in Defence of the Wrongfully Convicted, 548
Australia, 11, 201, 349
failed attempts to create a Criminal Cases Review Commission, 201
New South Wales’s Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001, 540
right to second and subsequent appeal, preference in Western Australian and Queensland for factual innocence, 203, 540
wrongful conviction of Indigenous men, 349
wrongful conviction of Indigenous women, 415
Badenoch, Kemi, 218
Bakken, Tim, 105
Banks, Brian, 419
Baran, Bernard, , 389
Bazelon, Lara, 281
Beaulieu, Wilfred, 427
Beck, Adolph, 154
Bedau, Hugo, 233
Bell, John, 7
Bemba, Jean Pierre
denied compensation for pre-trial detention, 555
Bernard, Brendan, 273
Bertillon, Alphonse, 295
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023, 79, 479, 496, 595
efficiency concerns, 503
forensic investigations, 499
incentivized witnesses, 498
increased risk of false confessions, 497
increased risk of false guilty pleas, 501
Bharatiya Sakshya Act of 2023, 80
Birdling, Malcolm, 195
Black Elk, Cassandra, 412
Black United Front,
Blackett, O’Neil, 339
Bolton, Emily, 211
Borchard, Edwin, 3, 13, , 47, 54, 56, 59, 101, 120, 146, 228, 230, 250, 277, 280, 302, 524, 545, 549, 551, 557, 568, 575, 581
Bouvette, Tammy,
Brandley, Clarence, 319
Brant, Richard, 354
Brants, Chrisje, 110
British Columbia’s First Nations Justice Strategy, 365
Bromley, Derek, 202,
Broomfield, Tamara, 382
Broward County Sheriff’s Office, 85
Brown, Jerry, 412
Burns, Alfred, 158
Burns, Sarah, 332
Bush, George H. W., 332
Button, Frank, 351
Cabranes, Jose, 272
California’s Racial Justice Act, 361
Cameron, David, 38
Campbell, Oliver, 179, 211, 221
Court of Appeal, 180
Criminal Cases Review Commission reasons for decision, 180
Canada, 198, 353
abolition of peremptory challenges, 361
anti-Black racism, 339
breach of Article 14(6) of the ICCPR, 553
conservative opposition, 574
guilty pleas 2019 factual accuracy requirement, 490
judicial regulation of interrogations, 82
jury trials, 106
lack of legislative reforms, 62
Minister of Justice, referral standard, 2002–2024, 198
Miscarriage of Justice Review Commission, no jurisdiction over sentences, 201
Mr. Big stings, 83
public inquiry recommendations on jailhouse informants, 70
sexual assault law reform, 425
sexual assault wrongful convictions, 427
wrongful conviction of Indigenous men, 353
wrongful conviction of Indigenous women, 415
Youth Criminal Justice Act and interrogations, 83
Carling, Amanda, 365
Carnegie, Andrew, 302
Carruthers, Colin, 196
Cassese, Judge, 529
Centurion Ministries, 318
Cheit, Ross, 380
Chicago Four
DNA exoneration, 335
Chicago police torture reparation, 281
Chile, , 133, 147
child sexual abuse cases, 136
Guarantee Court,
guilty pleas, 144
new Code of Criminal Procedure, 134
pre-trial detention, 134
Public Defenders’ office, 137
revision procedures, 133
summary procedures, 144
wrongful convictions, 133
China, 1, 5, 20, 100, 434
back from the dead cases, 438
Communist Party Central Committee 2013 guidelines on wrongful convictions, 456
compensation and cost internalization, 466
compensation for wrongful convictions, 465
Cultural Revolution, 438
death penalty, 434
death penalty reforms, 454
decline in executions, 454
defence lawyers, Supreme People’s Court 2017 Directive, 464
differences with American experience, 477
DNA evidence, 459
exclusionary rule,
legitimation and miscarriage of washing, 466
minorities, 576
missing unremedied wrongful convictions, 450
Political and Legal Committees, , 471
pre-trial detention, 466
prosecution of officials responsible for wrongful convictions, 447
public executions, 468
Qing dynasty, 438
regulation of interrogations, 80
re-opening acquittals, 449
re-opening convictions, 449
repression, 472
residual doubt, 456
similarities with American experience, 477
social media, 441
strike hard campaigns, 440
studies of wrongful convictions, 445
Supreme People’s Court 2013 guideline on wrongful conviction, 458
suspended death sentences, 455
torture, 438
civilian codes of criminal procedure, 8
Cleveland England child abuse inquiry, 381
Cole, David, 313
Combs, Nancy, 533
Communist Party, 14
Communist Party’s Political-Legal Committees, 23
compensation, 1, , 552
Algeria, 557
Ecuador, 557
international law principles, 562
Italy, 572
legislation, 561
liability rules, 520
monetary, 562
non-monetary, 596
Peru, 557
United States, , 568
Computer Weekly, 215
Condren, Kelvin, 350
Confait murder case, 76
confirmation bias, 110
Conlon, Gerry, 303
Connolly, Charles, 159
Connolly, George, 166
Court of Last Resort, , 282
Covey, Russell, 276
crime lab scandals, 87
crimes that did not happen, 373. See also imagined crimes
American registry, 374
North American registries, 371
stereotypes, 370
criminal cases review commission, 9, 34, 59, 108, 549
access to justice for Indigenous people, 595
appointments and re-appointments, 588
inquisitorial elements, 588
interests of justice as a referral test, 191
sentence, 171
and systemic reform, 589
Criminal Justice Act, 1988 s.133, 37
Cuomo, Andrew, 253
de Berk, Lucia, 105,
death penalty abolition, 578
Death Penalty Information Centre, 253
Debbie Smith Act, 241
Denning, Lord, 170
Devlin, Edward, 158
Deyong, Shen, 460
Dils, Patrick, 128
DNA exonerations, , 7, 12, 14, 18, , 25, 28, 39, 59, 67, 86, , 243, 247, 290, 372, 575, 582
Black men and white victims, 5
diminishing numbers, 592
diminishing window, 585
Dotson, Gary, 313
Douglas, William, 230
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 155
Drizen, Steven, 290
Dubber, Markus, 141
Dumont, Michael, 553
Dylan, Bob, 307
Eades, Diana, 416
Edalji, George, 155
Edmond, Gary, 94
Eichelbaum, Justice, 387
Ely, John Hart, 17
England, 5, 20, 53, 150
capital punishment, 154
compensation legislation, 1988, 206
compensation legislation, statutory caps, 206
Court for Crown Cases Reserved, 153
Court of Appeal, fresh evidence, 160
criminal appeals, 2006 proposals to limit to factual innocence, 205
The Criminal Appeals Act, 1995, 171
Criminal Cases Review Commission, 2015 Parliamentary Committee, 188
Criminal Cases Review Commission, dialogue with Court of Appeal, 184
Criminal Cases Review Commission, judicial review, 182
Criminal Cases Review Commission, performance, 173
Criminal Cases Review Commission, referral standard, 174
Criminal Cases Review Commission, relationship with government, 183
Criminal Cases Review Commission, staff, 175
Criminal Cases Review Commission, systemic issues, 190
Criminal Cases Review Commission, underfunding, 188
Criminal Cases Review Commission, Westminster Commission, 188
crises over miscarriages of justice, 53
death penalty, abolition 1965, 169
extraordinary remedial legislation, 214
false guilty pleas, 162
future of innocence organizations, 212
Home Secretary and C3 Department, 169
lurking doubt, 159
Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984, 61
post-conviction disclosure, 187
remedial institutions, 221
Runciman Commission, 161
safety of convictions, 53
Equal Justice Initiative, 300
equality, 17
Erdemovic, Drazen, 529
Esterhazy, Ferdinand, 295
European Registry of Exonerations, 8, 61, 146, 421
false confessions, 76
false guilty pleas, 101
incentivized witnesses, 70
sexual assault wrongful convictions, 421
wrongful conviction of women, 429
Evans, Ched, 423
factual and proven innocence, 519
Fairstein, Linda, 334
false confessions, 5, 19, 75, 97, 582, 587
executive regulation, 84
Japan, 131
judicial regulation, 81
legislative regulation, 76
mental disability/mental health, 81
regulation of deception in interrogating youth, 78
false guilty pleas, 7, 22, , 139, 214, 412, 564, 576, 582. See also mass exonerations; Post Office scandal
shaken baby syndrome, 411
Fawcett, Mauha, 348
Florida
compensation law, 278
Folbigg, Craig, 401
Folbigg, Kathleen, 3, 22, 371, 400, 404, 432, 546, 574, 590
Bathurst public inquiry, 403
Blanch public inquiry, 402
diaries, 402
forensic investigations, 23
forensic science, 5, 7, 19, 86, 587
cross-examination of expert witnesses, 88
Forensic Science Regulator of England, 93
judicial regulation, 88
legislative regulation, 92
National Commission on Forensic Science, United States, 95
new science writs in various American states, 92
Ontario, 93
President’s Advisors on Science and Technology, 95
Texas Commission, 92
United States Supreme Court, 96
France, 13, 103, 127
2014 legislative reforms, 127
Code of Criminal Procedure Article 622, 545
Cour de Cassation, 128
eyewitness identification, 63
guilty pleas, 142
Outreau affair, 103
revision procedures, 127
summary procedures, 142
wrongful convictions, 127
Frankfurter, Felix, 41
Gardner, Stanley, , 282
Geen, Benjamin, 406
Gensmer, Holger, 79
Germany, 106, 118, 147
eyewitness identification, 63
Federal Supreme Court, 141
forensic expert witnesses, 91
guilty pleas,
judicial approval of undercover investigations, 72
penal culture, 121
penal orders, 140
regulation of interrogations, 78
revision procedures, 118
summary procedures, 139
wrongful convictions, 121
Ghana
witches, 379
Ghostbear, Edward, 355
Gibson, Gene, 351
Gingrich, Newt, 240
Givelber, Daniel, 102
Gladue, Jamie, 415
Global South,
pre-trial detention, 34
Godbeer, Richard, 378
Godsey, Mark, 470
Goldsmith, Jack, 269
Goldstein, Abraham, 138
Goswami, G.K., 512
Grans, Minna, 112
Greenwood, Holly, 213
Gregory, Wassilie, 357
Gross, Sam, 317
Groveland Four, 362
Gudjonsson, Gisli, 197
Guiteau, Charles, 36
Gutman, Jeffrey,
Hand, Learned, 8
Hanratty, James, 168
Harlan, Justice, 300
Hattery, Angela, 336
Hayman, Joyce, 382
He, Xin, 462
Hellqvist, Sara, 113
Henderson, Sakej, 344
Henley, Chris
report on Andrew Malkinson case, 178
Henning, Kristen, 331
Hewitt, Louise, 187
Hill, Paddy Joe, 211
Hillyard, Paddy, 304
Hirsch, Ran, 6
Hirschberg, Max, 5, 7, 13, 36, 108, 120, 229, 374, 575, 578, 581
historical analysis “history of the present,”585
Hoffa, Jimmy, 73
Home Secretary, C3 Department, 170
Hong Kong, 23, 436, 592
Bill of Rights, 476
compensation, 476
interrogations, 474
lingering doubt, 475
miscarriage of justice, 474
plea bargaining, 476
reopening convictions, 475
unsafe convictions, 475
wrongful convictions, 474
Hood, Lynley, 389
Hughes, Lord, 48
Human Rights Watch, 133
Huugjilt, 451
Ibusuki, Makoto, 133
Illinois Report on Capital Punishment, 315
Illinois’s Torture Inquiry and Relief Commission, 361
India, , 8, 11, 23, 479
anti-Muslim discrimination, 510
appellate review, 482
appellate review of death penalty cases, 493
civil society activism, 511
comparisons with China, 479
constitutionality of death penalty, 495
cross-examination of forensic experts, 500
death penalty, inequality in administration, 496
death row exonerations, 595
DNA labs and testing, 488
executive clemency, 2023 statutory restrictions, 502
false confessions, 482
guilty pleas, 489
Hindu nationalism, 511
identification procedures, 486
incentivized witnesses, 487
Indigenous law reform, 504
innocence movements, 510
innocence projects, 512
Law Commission rejection of proven factual innocence, 505
legitimation and miscarriage of justice washing, 509
miscarriage of justice, 504
missing DNA exonerations, 488
missing false guilty pleas, 489
missing imagined crime wrongful convictions, 490
missing wrongful conviction after appeals exhausted, 491
missing wrongful convictions, 488
mistaken eyewitness identification, 485
no appeal from guilty plea, 502
no appeal from summary trial, 502
police, 483
police interrogation, 498
Project 39A, 494
regulation of interrogations, 79
remedied wrongful convictions, 481
residual doubt, 494
wrongful pre-trial detention, 504
India Supreme Court, 23, 25
importance of equality in terrorism cases, 484
preference for wrongful acquittals over wrongful convictions, 488
second appeal from conviction, 491
Indonesia, 514
Innocence Canada, 548
innocence denials, 593
Innocence Project, 66, 238, 247, 305, 359, 420, 568
advocacy, 66
eyewitness identification reforms, 63
international, 548
promising developments, 594
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 517
Article 14(5) interpretation by UN Human Rights Committee, 538
Article 14(6) interpretation by United Nations Human Rights Committee, 552
International Criminal Court for Rwanda, 24,
international criminal courts, (in general), 8, 24, 518, 527
appeals and revision, 534
disclosure, 532
fact-finding, 533
guilty pleas,
hybrids of adversarial and inquisitorial systems, 518
state secrecy claims, 532
Isham, Rommain, 355
Israel
proven innocence proposal for Article 14(6) of the ICCPR, 524
Italy, 8, 53, 123
eyewitness identification, 63
guilty pleas, 143
pentiti, 73
regulation of interrogations, 79
revision procedures, 123
summary procedures, 143
wrongful convictions, 123
Ito, Kazuko, 130
Jackson. Robert, Justice, 362
jailhouse informants, 97
legislative bans on teen-aged informants, 71
legislative regulation, 70
reliability hearings, 71
Japan, 130
false confessions, 131
guilty pleas, 143
iron triangle, 579
jury, 130
prosecutor’s justice, 133
revision procedures, 130
summary procedures, 143
video recording of interrogations, 132
Jenkinson, Amanda, 405
Jessel, David, 210
Jewison, Norman, 309
Johnson, Calvin, 323
Johnson, Clifton Judge, 325
Johnson, David,
Johnson, Ed, , 301
Johnson, Mathew, 418
jury selection, 361
justice, (advocacy group), , 205
Kaglik, Herman, 428
Kambanda, Jean, 530
Keller, Helen, 525
Kennedy, Ludovic, 169
Kennedy, Randall, 313
Killias, Martin, 110
Kina, Robyn,
King, Colin, 38
Kirk Bloodsworth Act, , 247
Knox, Amanda, , 148
Krone, Roy, 315
Kulac, Ulvi, 79
Kumamoto, Norimichi, 131
LaForme, Harry, 191
Lailler, Maurice, 35
Lake, Beverly, 242
Lander, Eric, 92
Leahy, Patrick, 240
legal aid, 10
Leonetti, Carrie, 63
Lewis, Margaret, 452
liability rules, 558
liberty (advocacy group), 205
Lopez, Steve, 333
Lucas, Henry Lee, 251
lying witnesses, 19
Lynch, Loretta, 95
MacFarlane, Bruce, 481
Maddocks, Glyn, 211
Maier, Julio, 109
Malleus Maleficarum, 375
Mandela, Nelson, 312
Maori law, 388
Markman, Stephen, 234
Marquardt, Tammy, 413
Marshall, Simon, 82
Marshall Commission, 342, 365, 368. See also Marshall, Donald Jr.
anti-Indigenous racism, 344
roundtables on anti-Indigenous and anti-Black racism, 342
Martinsville Seven, 254
Maryland
death penalty, 271
Maryland Commission on Capital Punishment, 316
May, Teresa, 38
Mays, Maurice, 302
Meadow, Roy, 410
Meese, Edwin, 234
Merton, Theodore, 528
Miao, Michelle, 454
Michaels, Margaret, 380
miscarriage of justice, 2, 27, 29, , , 520, , 576
Irish courts definition of, 33
pre-trial detention, 4
sentences, 34
Miscarriage of Justice Review Commission (Canada), 368, 413, 415, 546, 574, 584, 588, 593
sexual assault investigations, 429
Mnookin, Jennifer, 66
Modi, Narenda, 23, 80, , 496, , 572
attempts to influence judicial appointments, 511
rejection of Law Commission proposals, 514
Morris, Errol, 314
Morton, Michael, 249
Mosteller, Robert, 246
Mount, Simon, 195
Mullins-Johnson, William, 353
Murphy, Phil, 254
Muwakki, Salim, 335
Narkle, Vincent, 350
National Academy Science, 96
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 276
Nepoose, Wilson, 355
Nesossi, Elisa, 466
Netherlands, 110
New Jersey
eyewitness identification, 64
New Zealand, 195, 346
applications from Maori people, 346
Criminal Cases Review Commission, Maori commissioners, 196
Criminal Cases Review Commission, systemic inquiry, 196
wrongful conviction of Indigenous men, 346
Newby, Mark, 177
Nie Shubin,
Norris, Colin, 406
Norris, Robert, 290
North Carolina, 21, 46, 224, , 317, , , 569, 571, 589, 593
disclosure reform, 243
eyewitness identification reform, 243
false confessions, 243
Forensic Science Advisory Board, 243
recording of interrogations, 77
North Carolina Actual Innocence Commission, , 317
Nova Scotia
Mi’kmaq justice, 344
Nuremberg trials, 528
Oakes, Connie, 414
Obama, Barak, 240
Office of the Prosecutor (ICC)
guilty plea guidelines, 531
O’Sullivan, Catherine, 384
Packer, Herbert, 261
Pal, Justice, 528
Pate, Kim, 415
Pean, Gaston, 108
Perry v. New Hampshire, 66
Philippines, 522
Pizzi, William, 102
Plavšić, Biljana, 530
Plumstead, Isobel, 218
Poggiali, Daniela, 405
police misconduct, 578
police torture, 5
policy blind spots, 22
Pora, Teina, , 355
Post Office scandal, 4, , 101, 110, 140, 142, 145, 147, , 162, 214, , , 226, , 501, 564, 580, 591, 594
advice of Horizon Compensation Advisory Board, 216
class action litigation, 215
Criminal Cases Review Commission, 216
remedial exoneration and compensation legislation, 221
Powell, Justice, 311
Pratt, Elmer, 319
presumption of innocence, 15, 46, 551,
Nelson v. Colorado, 47
populist opposition, 564
proven innocence, 526
property rules, 558
prosecutorial misconduct, 578
proven innocence, 4, 25, 41, 54, 56, 239, 371, 524, 569
clear and convincing evidence, 2
Global South, 550
migration to DNA access law, 44
political popularity, 570
presumption of innocence, 526
United States, 573
public opinion on wrongful convictions, 359
punitive penal culture, 35
Radelet, Michael, 233
Rakoff, Jed, 139,
Rampart scandal, 360
Rector, Billy Ray, 312
Red Innocente, 137
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, (England), 71
revision of convictions
Argentina, 137
Chile, 133
France, 127
Germany, 118
Italy, 123
Japan, 130
Norway, 113
Spain, 137
Sweden, 113
Reyos, James, 357
right to an effective remedy, 521
Risinger, Lesley, 105
Risinger, Michael, 105
Roberts, Laurie, 360
Roberts, Stephanie, 212
Rodney, Nigel, 525
Rome Statute, 517
Article 54(3)(e), 532
Article 61, 527
Article 67(2), 532
Article 72, 532
Article 81, 527,
Article 84, 527,
compensation, 555
Romney, Mitt, 271
Roosevelt, Eleanour, 523
Rose, Jasmine, 329
Rupp, Rudolph, 107
Ryan, George, 315
Salaam, Yusef, 332
Saloom, Stephen, 247
Salvioli, Omar, 525
Saunders, Omar, 336
Sauvage, Jacqueline, 129
Savannah, Georgia, 320
Schomburg, Judge, 530
Schwarzenager, Arnold, 251
Scotland, 191
courts, 32
Criminal Cases Review Commission, 191
Criminal Cases Review Commission, legislative pushback, 192
Criminal Cases Review Commission, relation with appellate courts, 193
Seale, Sandy, 340
Sebold, Alice,
sexual assault wrongful convictions
United States, 427
sexual assault wrongful convictions Canada, 427
Shavell, Amy, 318
Shen Deyong, 467
Shepherd, Maria, 409
Simon, Dan, , 291
Sinclair, Murray, 344
Sing Sing, 254
Smith, Abbe, 573
Smith, Earl, 336
Smith, Frank Lee, 250
South Africa, 323
criminal appeals, 24
Criminal Procedure Act, section 327 petition to the executive, 541
death penalty, 272
executive clemency, 590
forensic science, 500
witches, 379
Spain
revision procedure, 137
Stevens, Jean Paul, 45
Stuart, Rupert, 349
Stubbs, Leigh, 391
Syracuse
anti-Black racism, 327
Taiwan, 20, 23, 436, 472, 592
death penalty cases, 473
eyewitness identification, 64
guilty pleas, 117
interrogations, 472
plea bargaining, 474
prosecutors, 473
regulation of interrogations, 79
wrongful convictions,
Taiwan Innocence Project, 473
Tanzania
witches, 379
Taslitz, Andrew, 318
Taylor, Nevada,
Texas, 21, 46, 225, 247
bipartisan reform, 250
in court identifications, 64
death penalty, 247
DNA testing, 249
exonerations, 250
free standing claims of innocence, 259
new science writ, 249
Till, Emmett, 326
Tokyo trials, 528
Tortora, Enzo, 73
Trevaskes, Susan, 458
Trump, Donald, 21, 26, 95, 227, 253, 273, , 310, 337, 360, 569, 574, 577
ads calling for execution of Central Park Five, 330
comments on Central Park Five, 331
executions, 273
friend/enemy distinction, 511
Turpin, James, 354
UK registry of miscarriages of justice, 68, 422
false confessions, 76
false guilty pleas, 101
sexual assault wrongful convictions, 422
wrongful conviction of women, 430
Union of Nova Scotia Indians, , 345
United States, 1, 5, 11
1938 federal compensation law, 43
anti-Hispanic racism, 238
anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 1996, 239
compensation, jury awards, 279
crime control, 238
cross-examination of forensic experts, 276
death penalty, constitutional challenges, 271
death penalty abolition, 283
death penalty for rape, 322
declining use of death penalty, 288
DNA exonerations of Black men convicted of sexually assaulting white woman, 247
executive clemency, 250
false confessions, 267
Federal courts, DNA testing, 266
Federal courts, eyewitness identification, 267
Federal courts, free standing claims of innocence, 256
Federal courts, residual doubt, 268
Federal courts, retention of evidence, 266
Federal courts, shaken baby syndrome, 267
free-standing right to claim and prove innocence, 21
future of Innocence Projects, 281
habeas corpus review, 240
imagined crimes that did not happen, 282
jury trials, 106
Justice for All Act, 2004, 580
misdemeanours, 275
National Groups Registry, 275
non-monetary compensation, 280
overrepresentation of Black people among exonerations, 575
political polarization, 285
professional exonerators, 580
prosecution of officials responsible for wrongful convictions, 447
qualified immunity, 268
sexual assault wrongful convictions, 427
wrongful conviction of Indigenous men, 355
wrongful conviction of Indigenous women, 412
Wrongful Convictions Tax Relief Act, 242
wrongful drug convictions of Black people, 581
Vance, Tami, 391
Vasquez, David, 314
Velazquez, J. J., 253
video recording, 60
Vietnam, 478
Virginia
anti-Black racism, 316
voice identifications, 60
Vonoven, Henri, 35
Wall, Nora, 384
Warden, Rob, 438
Warren, Earl, 231
Weathered, Lynne, 212
West, Michael, 391
West Memphis Three, 268
Westmoreland-Traore, Juanita, 191
Whitman, James, 43
Wildsmith, Bruce, 343
Williams, Stanley, 251
Wise, Korey, 333
Woffinden, Bob, 169
women
limits of proven innocence approach, 412
World Jewish Congress, 521
wrongful conviction, 28
compensation, 595
as defined in Article 14(6) of ICCPR, 522
definition, 565
international research and collaboration, 583
nurses, 404
wrongful convictions of Indigenous women
Australia, 416
false guilty pleas, 412
New Zealand, 417
United States, 412
wrongful convictions of men for sexual crimes, 418
wrongful sexual assault convictions of Black men,
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