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Interplanetary Disturbances Affecting Space Weather

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2014

Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber
Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber*
Affiliation:
Institute for Experimental and Applied PhysicsChristian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany email: wimmer@physik.uni-kiel.de
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Abstract

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The Sun somehow accelerates the solar wind, an incessant stream of plasma originating in coronal holes and some, as yet unidentified, regions. Occasionally, coronal, and possibly sub-photospheric structures, conspire to energize a spectacular eruption from the Sun which we call a coronal mass ejection (CME). These can leave the Sun at very high speeds and travel through the interplanetary medium, resulting in a large-scale disturbance of the ambient background plasma. These interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) can drive shocks which in turn accelerate particles, but also have a distinct intrinsic magnetic structure which is capable of disturbing the Earth's magnetic field and causing significant geomagnetic effects. They also affect other planets, so they can and do contribute to space weather throughout the heliosphere. This paper presents a historical review of early space weather studies, a modern-day example, and discusses space weather throughout the heliosphere.

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