Blood cultures are the key diagnostic test in the evaluation of bloodstream infections and sepsis. To increase the detection of bacteria and fungi in the blood culture bottle, a sufficient volume of blood must be assayed. ^{Reference Riedel and Carroll1–Reference Lin, Liu, Tien, Ho, Hsu and Lu3} Patients with gram-negative septic shock may have less than 1 colony-forming unit of bacteria per mL of blood, so an increased volume of blood is needed to increase the threshold of detection. ^{Reference Riedel and Carroll1,Reference Huber, Hetzer, Crazzolara and Orth-Höller4,Reference Gonsalves, Cornish, Moore, Chen and Varman5} The blood culture systems require a minimum volume for the instrumentation to detect changes in CO₂ accurately, which signals microbial growth. The minimum volume required for adult and pediatric patients weighing >11 kg is 5 mL; ideal volumes are more than 7 mL per bottle. ^{Reference Huber, Hetzer, Crazzolara and Orth-Höller4,Reference Lamy, Sundqvist and Idelevich6} For pediatric patients weighing less than 11 kg, 1 bottle of 1–1.5 mL of blood is required for blood cultures. ^{Reference Huber, Hetzer, Crazzolara and Orth-Höller4}

Therefore, it is crucial to fill a blood culture bottle with enough blood to maximize the detection of bacteremia. Current CLSI guidelines for adult blood culture collection recommend 2 sets, that is, 4 bottles of blood cultures, each filled with 10 mL of blood to maximize detection of bacteremia. ⁷ In practice, it is common to find poor bottle fill with many in the medical literature reporting that bottle fills less than 5 cc is a common problem. ^{Reference Khare, Kothari, Castagnaro, Hemmings, Tso and Juretschko8}

Blood culture bottles are labeled with rulers that are clearly marked at 1 mL increments. The rulers are positioned vertically along the length of the bottle and designed for bottles that are filled while held upright (Figure 1). However, for most blood culture draws, the bottles are held at approximately 45° to the patient’s skin while filling the bottles, rendering the ruler challenging to use.

Figure 1.

Light-colored wine next to an empty blood culture bottle with dark-colored wine near a properly filled blood culture bottle. Note the ruler marking off 5 mL increments along the vertical axis of the blood culture bottles.

In the year prior to the project’s onset, 40,419 adult blood culture specimens were drawn at our institution, 8,611 (21.0%) of which were drawn in the emergency room. The average blood volume per blood culture bottle was 1.7 mL (CI 1.7, 1.8) in October 2021. Since the first set of blood culture bottles is the most critical one for diagnosis, we decided to target our quality improvement intervention at the emergency room staff who see the patient first.

Many published quality improvement projects focused on increasing awareness of the importance of blood culture volume through education. ^{Reference Khare, Kothari, Castagnaro, Hemmings, Tso and Juretschko8–Reference Kirby, Meloni, Naik, Minnear and Pettengill10} Sustainability at these sites was maintained through reminder education sessions and feedback from bottle volume data. The current project team brainstormed to find a way to not only educate the staff but to deliver the message in a way that would be hard to forget. After realizing that blood culture bottles have a similar shape and color to wine, the team decided that using wine bottles as a visual cue was impactful, memorable, and fun for the staff.

Over March and April of 2022, the team gave 5-minute informational sessions to emergency room staff at the time of shift change using two bottles of wine as a visual cue (Figure 1). End users were taught to fill the blood culture bottles with enough blood to turn the bottle the color of a cabernet wine. If the bottle was the color of a rosé wine, then there was not enough blood in the bottle. In addition to it being an amusing teaching tool, the bottles of wine served as easy-to-remember visual cues. Seven educational sessions were conducted with verbal reinforcement of the blood culture bottle fill concept by the nursing leadership throughout the emergency department.

In only 4 months, the average adult blood culture bottle fill went to 4.3 mL (CI 3.9, 4.6). Over the subsequent year, the emergency room leadership received monthly reports of average bottle fill volumes. They used this data to further reinforce the volumes needed for blood culture bottle fill. After the end of a year of the project, the bottle volumes reached 5.8 mL (CI 5.5, 6).

Several centers have reported on successful performance improvement projects aimed at increasing blood culture bottle fill. ^{Reference Khare, Kothari, Castagnaro, Hemmings, Tso and Juretschko8–Reference Kirby, Meloni, Naik, Minnear and Pettengill10} In a 10-hospital, 40-month project, average fill volumes increased from 2.3 mL to 8.6 through a multitude of methods. ^{Reference Khare, Kothari, Castagnaro, Hemmings, Tso and Juretschko8} Education using posters and presentations were directed at areas of the hospital that drew the most blood cultures such as the emergency department, and stickers or markers were placed on the bottles to indicate how much to fill the bottles.

The unique feature of the current project was the striking visual that had the staff talking about the educational sessions. This is an easy-to-implement educational tool that spurred a larger conversation about blood culture technique in general. The emergency room staff requested additional sessions on how best to obtain cultures to reduce contamination and how to optimize pediatric blood culture draws as well. A year later, the wine bottle visual cue is still being talked about in the emergency room, and blood culture volumes continue to rise.