Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-t6st2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-20T08:08:12.639Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MAYA COASTAL PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, LIFE STYLE, AND POPULATION MOBILITY: A VIEW FROM THE PORT OF XCAMBO, YUCATAN, MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Thelma Sierra Sosa ,
Andrea Cucina ,
T. Douglas Price ,
James H. Burton  and
Vera Tiesler
Thelma Sierra Sosa
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro Yucatán, Mérida. Km 6.5 Antigua Carretera a Progreso s/n C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
Andrea Cucina
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Km 1 Carretera Mérida-Tizimín, Cholul, C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
T. Douglas Price
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, 5240 Social Science Building Madison, WI 53706, USA
James H. Burton
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, 5240 Social Science Building Madison, WI 53706, USA
Vera Tiesler*
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Km 1 Carretera Mérida-Tizimín, Cholul, C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
*
E-mail correspondence to: vtiesler@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Anchored in archaeological, bioarchaeological, and chemical research conducted at the coastal enclave of Xcambo, this paper examines Classic period Maya coastal saline economic production and exchange, along with the lifestyle, ethnicity, and mobility of the traders. Nestled in the coastal marshlands of the northern Yucatan, Mexico, Xcambo functioned as a salt production center and port during its occupation, maintaining long-reaching ties with other parts of the Maya world and Veracruz. Considered together, the different data sets document a reorientation in Xcambo's exchange routes and connections, which are echoed by increasingly diverse cultural affiliations and an increasing geographic mobility of Xcambo's merchants. This new information confirms the known pattern of gradually intensifying, though still relatively independent, trade dynamics along the Maya coast in the centuries leading up to the so-called “Maya collapse” and the rise of a new merchant league under the control of Chichen Itza. It was this new order that probably led to the swift end of Xcambo soon after a.d. 700.

Information

Type
Special Section: New Perspectives on Ancient Mesoamerican Economies
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , Spring 2014 , pp. 221 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Ambrose, Stanley H., Butler, Brian M., Hanson, Douglas B., Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind L., and Krueger, Harold W. 1997 Stable Isotopic Analysis of Human Diet in the Mariana Archipelago, Western Pacific. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:343–361.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, Stanley H., and Katzenberg, M. Anne (editors) 2001 Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science, Vol. 5. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Ambrose, Stanley H., and Norr, Lynette 1993 Isotopic Composition of Dietary Protein and Energy Versus Bone Collagen and Apatite: Purified Diet Growth Experiments. In Molecular Archaeology of Prehistoric Human Bone, edited by Lambert, Joseph B. and Grupe, Gisela, pp. 1–37. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1990 The Role of Trading Ports in Maya Civilization. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by Clancy, Flora S. and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 159–167. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., Andrews, E. Wyllys V, and Robles, Fernando 2003 The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., and Mock, Shirley B. 2002 New Perspectives on the Prehispanic Maya Salt Trade. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 307–334. AltaMira, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1975a Ceramic Typology: Part 1. In The Polychrome Pottery of Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico: Typology and Archaeological Context, edited by Ball, Jospeh W., pp. 231–234. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 31. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1975b Cui Orange Polychrome: A Late Classic Funerary Type from Central Campeche, Mexico. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 27: 32–39.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1978 Archaeological Pottery of the Yucatan-Campeche Coast. In Studies in the Archaeology of Coastal Yucatán and Campeche, México, edited by Eaton, Jack D. and Ball, Joseph W., pp. 69–146. Papers of the Middle American Research Institute, No. 46. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1960 Late Pottery Horizons of Tabasco, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 606, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 1997 El intercambio prehispánico en Yucatán, México. In X Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1996, Vol. 2, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro and Escobedo, Héctor, pp. 545–556. Museo Nacional de Arqueología e Etnologia, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2002 Informe del análisis de la obsidiana del sitio arqueológico de Xcambó, Yucatán: Temporadas 1997, 1998, 1999. Unpublished report on file at the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Merida.Google Scholar
Brooks, S., and Suchey, Judy M. 1990 Skeletal Age Determination Based on the Os Pubis: A Comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks Methods. Human Evolution 5:227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1994 Standards for Data Collections from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archeological Survey Publications in Anthropology No. 44, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Canché Manzanero, Elena 1992 La secuencia cerámica de Xelhá, Quintana Roo. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Ceballos, Teresa Noemí 2003 La cronología cerámica del puerto maya de Xcambó, costa norte de Yucatán: Complejo Xtampú. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Cerling, Thure E., and Harris, John M. 1999 Carbon Isotope Fractionation between Diet and Bioapatite in Ungulate Mammals and Implications for Ecological and Paleoecological Studies. Oecologia 120:347–363.Google Scholar
Cetina, Aleida, and Sierra, Thelma 2005 Condiciones de vida y nutrición de los antiguos habitantes de Xcambó, Yucatán. Estudios de Antropología Biológica 12:661–678.Google Scholar
Cobos, Rafael 2005 Chichén Itzá: Settlement and Hegemony During the Terminal Classic Period. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur, Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 517–544. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea 2011 Maya Subadult Mortality and Individual Physiological Frailty: An Analysis of Infant Stress by Means of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia. Childhood in the Past 4:105–116.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Perera, Cristina, Sierra, Thelma, and Tiesler, Vera 2011b Carious Lesions and Maize Consumption Among the Prehispanic Maya: An Analysis of a Coastal Community in Northern Yucatan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145:560–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, Sierra, Thelma, and Neff, Hector 2011a Trace-element Evidence for Foreigners at a Maya Port in Northern Yucatan. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:1878–1885.Google Scholar
Dembo, Adolfo, and Imbelloni, José 1938 Deformaciones intencionales del cuerpo humano de carácter étnico. Biblioteca Humanior, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Duday, Henri 2009 The Archaeology of the Dead: Lectures in Archaeothanatology. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Forsyth, Donald 1983 Investigations at Edzná, Campeche, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation No. 46. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
García, Ana, and Tiesler, Vera 2011 El aspecto físico de los dioses mayas. Arqueología Mexicana 112:59–63.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1960 The Type-Variety Method of Ceramic Classification as an Indicator of Cultural Phenomena. American Antiquity 25:341–347.Google Scholar
Goodman, Alan H., Armelagos, George J., and Rose, Jerome C. 1980 Enamel Hypoplasia as Indicators of Stress in Three Prehistoric Populations from Illinois. Human Biology 52:515–528.Google Scholar
Goodman, Alan H., and Rose, Jerome C. 1991 Dental Enamel Hypoplasias as Indicators of Nutritional Status. In Advances in Dental Anthropology, edited by Kelley, Marc A. and Larsen, Clark S., pp. 279–293. Willey-Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Götz, Christopher 2006 Informe del análisis zooarqueológico de una muestra de restos esqueléticos de fauna excavados en Xcambó, Yucatán. Unpublished report on file at the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Merida.Google Scholar
Götz, Christopher, and Sierra, Thelma 2012 La arqueofauna de Xcambó, Yucatán, México. Antípoda: Revista de Antropología y Arqueología 13:201–225.Google Scholar
Harrison, Roman G., and Katzenberg, M. Anne 2003 Paleodiet Studies Using Stable Carbon Isotopes from Bone Apatite and Collagen: Examples from Southern Ontario and San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:227–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. (editor) 1984 Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Quinn, Rhonda L., Brenner, Mark, and Kamenov, George 2004 Spatial Variation of Strontium Isotopes (Sr-87/Sr-86) in the Maya Region: A Tool for Tracking Ancient Human Migration. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:585–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacumin, Paola, Bocherens, Hervé, Mariotti, André, and Longinelli, Antonio 1996 Oxygen Isotope Analyses of Co-Existing Carbonate and Phosphate in Biogenic Apatite: A Way to Monitor Diagenetic Alteration of Bone Phosphate? Earth and Planetary Science Letter 142:1–6.Google Scholar
Iscan, Mehmet Y., Loth, Susan R., and Wright, Ronald K. 1984 Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis: White Males. Journal of Forensic Sciences 29:1094–1104.Google Scholar
Iscan, Mehmet Y., Loth, Susan R., and Wright, Ronald K. 1985 Age Estimation from the Rib by Phase Analysis: White Females. Journal of Forensic Sciences 30:853–863.Google Scholar
Jim, Susan, Ambrose, Stanley H., and Evershed, Richard P. 2004 Stable Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Differences in the Dietary Origin of Bone Cholesterol, Collagen, and Apatite: Implications for Their Use in Paleodietary Reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68:61–72.Google Scholar
Jiménez, Socorro 2002 La cronología cerámica del puerto maya de Xcambó, costa norte de Yucatán: Complejo Cerámico Xcambó y Complejo Cerámico Cayalac. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Jiménez, Socorro 2013 Intercambios culturales de distribución de la pasta fina en las sociedades ribereñas de la cuenca media y baja del rio Usumacinta de Chiapas-Tabasco y las comunidades costeras de la Costa del Golfo. In Afinidades Biológicas y Dinámicas Poblacionales entre los Antiguos Mayas: Una Visión Multidisciplinaria, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 227–243. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida.Google Scholar
Jiménez, Socorro, Sosa, Thelma Sierra, Seu, H. Chung, and Caso, R. Belmar 2006 El estudio tecnológico de la pasta fina Chablekal y pasta fina del sitio costero de Xcambó, Yucatán. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 14:501–516.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff Karl, and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia (editors) 2007 Twin Tollans: Chichen Itza, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Krueger, Harold W., and Sullivan, Charles H. 1984 Models for Carbon Isotope Fractionation between Diet and Bone. In Stable Isotopes in Nutrition, edited by Turnland, Judith R. and Johnson, Phyllis E., pp. 205–220. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, No. 258, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachniet, Matthew S., and Patterson, William P. 2009 Oxygen Isotope Values of Precipitation and Surface Waters in Northern Central America (Belize and Guatemala) are Dominated by Temperature and Amount Effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284:435–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Thomas, and Navarrete, Carlos (editors) 1978 Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, Vol. 40. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Longinelli, Antonio 1984 Oxygen Isotopes in Mammal Bone Phosphate: A New Tool for Paleohydrological and Paleoclimatological Research? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:385–390.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, C. Owen., Meindl, Richard S., Pryzbeck, Thomas R., and Mensforth, Robert P. 1985 Chronological Metamorphosis of the Auricular Surface of the Ilium: A New Method for the Determination of Adult Skeletal Age at Death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:15–28.Google Scholar
Lukacs, John R. 1989 Dental Paleopathology: Methods for Reconstructing Dietary Patterns. In Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton, edited by Iscan, Mehmet Y., pp. 261–286. Willey-Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Luz, Boaz, and Kolodny, Yehoshua 1985 Oxygen Isotope Variations in Phosphate of Biogenic Apatites, IV. Mammal Teeth and Bones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 72:29–36.Google Scholar
Luz, Boaz, Kolodny, Yehoshua, and Horowitz, Michael 1984 Fractionation of Oxygen Isotopes between Mammalian Bone-Phosphate and Environmental Drinking Water. Geochimica et Cosmoquimica Acta 48:1689–1693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKillop, Heather 2002 Salt: White-Gold of the Ancient Maya. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKillop, Heather 2004 The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Norton and Company, New York.Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather 2005 In Search of Maya Sea Traders. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Maggiano, Isabel S., Schultz, Michael, Kierdof, Horst, Sierra, Thelma N., Maggiano, Corey M., and Tiesler, Vera 2008 Cross-Sectional Analysis of Long Bones, Occupational Activities and Long-Distance Trade of the Classic Maya from Xcambó: Archaeological and Osteological Evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:470–477.Google Scholar
Mansell, Eugenia Brown, Tykot, Robert H., Freidel, David A., Dahlin, Bruce H., and Ardren, Traci 2006 Early to Terminal Classic Maya Diet in the Northern Lowlands of the Yucatan (Mexico). In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by Staller, John E., Tykot, Robert H., and Benz, Bruce F., pp. 173–185. El Sevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Medrano, Lucy 2005 Tratamientos póstumos del cuerpo humano en la tradición funeraria de Xcambó, Yucatán. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Meindl, Richard S., and Lovejoy, Owen C. 1985 Ectocranial Suture Closure: A Revised Method for the Determination of Skeletal Age at Death on the Lateral-Anterior Sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:57–66.Google Scholar
Méndez, Christian, Sierra, Thelma N., Tiesler, Vera, and Cucina, Andrea 2009 Linear Enamel Hypoplasia at Xcambó, Yucatan, During the Maya Classic Period: An Evaluation of Coastal Marshland Impact on Ancient Human Populations. HOMO 60:343–358.Google Scholar
Millet, Luis, and Burgos, Rafael 2001 Izamal: Una aproximación a su arquitectura. Paper presented at the I Congreso Internacional de Cultura Maya. Mérida, Yucatan.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Janet 2010 Passports from the Past: Investigating Human Dispersals Using Strontium Isotope Analysis of Tooth Enamel. Annals of Human Biology 37:325–346.Google Scholar
Pastrana, Alejandro 2002 La obsidiana en Mesoamérica. Arqueología Mexicana 14(80):49–54.Google Scholar
Peña, Agustín, and Sierra, Thelma 2004 Cronología y contexto en las figurillas de terracota de la costa del Golfo de México en Xcambó, Yucatán. Encuentro Internacional: Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 12:210–225.Google Scholar
Peraza Lópe, Carlos Alberto 1993 Estudio y secuencia del material cerámico de San Gervasio, Cozumel. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James H., Fullagar, Paul D., Wright, Lori E., Buikstra, Jane E., and Tiesler, Vera 2008 87Sr/86Sr Ratios and the Study of Human Mobility in Ancient Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity 19:167–180.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Manzanilla, Linda, and Middleton, William H. 2000 Residential Mobility at Teotihuacan: A Preliminary Study Using Strontium Isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:903–913.Google Scholar
Quintal Avilés, Ella F. 2000 Vírgenes e Ídolos: La religión en las manos del pueblo. Mesoamérica 39:287–304.Google Scholar
Rattray, Evelyn C. 1998 Rutas de intercambio en el período clásico en Mesoamérica. In Rutas de Intercambio en Mesoamérica (III Coloquio Pedro Bosch Gimpera), edited by Rattray, Evelyn C., pp.70–100. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Reyes, Georgina, Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, and Sierra, Thelma 2006 Paleopatología infantil en Xcambó, Yucatán. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 14:461–469.Google Scholar
Ringle, William, Gallareta, Tomás, and Bey, George J. III 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence of the Spread of a World Religion During the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robles, Fernando 1990 La secuencia cerámica de la region de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Romano, Arturo 1965 Estudio morfológico de la deformación craneana en Tamuín, S.L.P., y en la Isla del Idolo, Veracruz. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Romano, Arturo 1977 Los cráneos deformados de El Zapotal. In Las Esculturas en Terracota de El Zapotal, Veracruz, edited by Gutierrez, Nelly and Hamilton, Susan K., p. 31. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Smith, Robert E. 1969 The Importance of Both Analytical and Taxonomic Classification in the Type-Variety System. American Antiquity 34:278–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sattenspiel, Lisa 2000 Tropical Environments, Human Activities, and the Transmission of Infectious Diseases. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 43:3–31.Google Scholar
Sattenspiel, Lisa, and Harpending, Henry 1983 Stable Populations and Skeletal Age. American Antiquity 48:489–498.Google Scholar
Schoeninger, Margaret J., and DeNiro, Michael J. 1984 Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Bone Collagen from Marine and Terrestrial Animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:625–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierra Sosa, Thelma N. 1999a Xcambó: Codiciado enclave económico del clásico maya. Arqueología Mexicana 7(37):40–47.Google Scholar
Sierra Sosa, Thelma N. 1999b Xcambó: Codiciado puerto del clásico Maya. I'Inaj Semilla de Maíz 10:19–27. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida.Google Scholar
Sierra Sosa, Thelma N. 2001 Los entierros de Xcambó. I'Inaj Semilla de Maíz 12:6–12. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida.Google Scholar
Sierra Sosa, Thelma N. 2004 La arqueología de Xcambó, Yucatán, centro administrativo salinero y puerto comercial de importancia regional durante el Clásico. Ph.D. dissertation, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City.Google Scholar
Sierra Sosa, Thelma N. 2013 Xcambó y su dinámica comercial en el marco del área maya. In Afinidades biológicas y dinámicas poblacionales entre los antiguos mayas:. Una visión multidisciplinaria, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 169–186. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Simmons, Michael 1980 The Archaeological Ceramics of Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. The Ceramic Typology. Unpublished catalogue on file, Centro INAH Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1955 The Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala, Vol. 2. Middle American Institute Research Institute, Publication No. 20. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1958 The Place of Fine Orange Pottery in Mesoamerica Archaeology. American Antiquity 24:151–160.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1971 The Pottery of Mayapan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 66. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert, and Gifford, James 1965 Pottery of the Maya Lowlands. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 498–340. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert, and Gifford, James 1966 Maya Ceramics, Varieties, Types and Wares at Uaxactun: Supplement to “Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala”. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 28. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E., Willey, Gordon R., and Clifford, James C. 1960 The Type-Variety Concept as a Basis for the Analysis of Maya Pottery. American Antiquity 25:330–340.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., White, Christine D., Longstaffe, Fred J., and Law, Kimberley R. 2004 Victims of the Victims: Human Trophies Worn by Sacrificed Soldiers from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:1–15.Google Scholar
Stout, Sam D., and Paine, Robert R. 1992 Brief Communication: Histological Age Estimation Using Rib and Clavicle. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98:11–115.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Charles H., and Krueger, Harold W. 1981 Carbon Isotope Analysis of Separate Chemical Phases in Modern and Fossil Bone. Nature 292:333–335.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Shintaro, Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, and Sierra, Thelma 2009 Morir en Xcambó: Evaluación de la mortalidad en un sitio costero Maya del Clásico a partir del análisis histomorfológico. In XXII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2008, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, and Mejía, Héctor, pp. 791–802. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Tauber, Henrik 1981 δ13C for Dietary Habits of Prehistoric Man in Denmark. Nature 292:332–333.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2001 La estatura entre los mayas prehispánicos: Consideraciones bioculturales. Estudios de Antropología Biológica 10:257–273.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2010 “Olmec” Head Shapes among the Preclassic Period Maya and Cultural Meanings. Latin American Antiquity 21:290–311.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2011 Becoming Maya: Infancy and Upbringing Through the Lens of Pre-Hispanic Head Shaping. Childhood in the Past 4:117–132.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2012 Transformarse en maya: El modelado cefálico entre los mayas prehispánicos y coloniales. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2014 The Bioarchaeology of Artificial Cranial Modifications: New Approaches to Head Shaping and its Meanings in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Beyond. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, and Cucina, Andrea 2010 La deformación cefálica como emblema de identidad, etnicidad y reproducción cultural entre los mayas del clásico. In Identidades y cultura material en la región maya, edited by Hernández, Héctor and Pool, Marcos, pp. 111–134. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, Sierra, Thelma, Falla, Marlene, and Meindl, Richard S. 2005 Comercio, dinámicas biosociales y estructura poblacional del asentamiento costero de Xcambó, Yucatán. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 2004 13:365–372.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, Sierra, Thelma, and Meindl, Richard 2004 Ancient Maya Population Structure and Social Dynamics: A Palaeodemographic Approach to the Classic Coastal Site of Xcambó, Yucatan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Annual Meeting Issue 2004 (Supplement) 37:194–195.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Romano, Arturo, and Pallán, Carlos 2010 Las formas cefálicas en las vísperas del periodo posclásico: Implicaciones para el cambio social en el área maya. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 19:83–96.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Tejeda, Samuel, and Sierra, Thelma 2002 Nutrición y condiciones de vida en la costa norte de la península durante el clásico: Una visión desde Xcambó, Yucatán. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Escobedo, Héctor, and Arroyo, Bárbara, pp. 863–873. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Tieszen, Larry L., and Fagre, Tim 1993 Effect of Diet Quality and Composition on the Isotopic Composition of Respiratory CO2, Bone Collagen, Bioapatite and Soft Tissues. In Molecular Archaeology of Prehistoric Human Bone, edited by Lambert, Joseph B. and Grupe, Gisela, pp. 121–155. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Torres-Alvarado, Ignacio, Verma, Surendra P., and Carrasco-Nuñez, Gerardo 2000 Compilation of Radiogenic Isotope Data in Mexico and Their Implications. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 109:67–78.Google Scholar
Tykot, Robert H. 2002 Contribution of Stable Isotope Analysis to Understanding Dietary Variation among the Maya. In Archaeological Chemistry, edited by Jakes, Kathryn A., pp. 214–230. ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 831. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tykot, Robert H., Falabella, Fernanda, Planella, M. Teresa, Aspillaga, Eugenio, Sanhueza, Lorena, and Becker, Cristian 2009 Stable Isotopes and Archaeology in Central Chile: Methodological Insights and Interpretive Problems for Dietary Reconstruction. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19:156–170.Google Scholar
Valencia, Margarita, Cucina, Andrea, and Tiesler, Vera 2010 New Formulas to Estimate Age at Death in Maya Populations Using Histomorphological Changes in the Fourth Human Rib. Journal of Forensic Sciences 55:473–477.Google Scholar
Van der Merwe, Nicolas J., and Vogel, John C. 1978 13C Content of Human Collagen as a Measure of Prehistoric Diet in Woodland North America. Nature 276:815–816.Google Scholar
Wanner, Isabel S., Sosa, Thelma N. Sierra, Alt, Kurt, and Tiesler, Vera 2007 Lifestyle, Occupation, and Whole Bone Morphology of the Pre-Hispanic Maya Coastal Population from Xcambó, Yucatan, Mexico. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17:253–268.Google Scholar
Wassenaar, Leonard I., Van Wilgenburg, Steve L., Larson, Keith, and Hobson, Keith A. 2009 A Groundwater Isoscape (dD, d18O) for Mexico. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 102:123–136.Google Scholar
White, Christine D., Longstaffe, Fred J., and Law, Kimberley R. 2001a Revisiting the Teotihuacan Connection at Altun Ha: Oxygen-Isotope Analysis of Tomb f-8/1. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:65–72.Google Scholar
White, Christine D., Pendergast, David M., Longstaffe, Fred J., and Law, Kimberley R. 2001b Social Complexity and Food Systems at Altun Ha, Belize: The Isotopic Evidence. Latin American Antiquity 12:371–393.Google Scholar
White, Christine D., Spence, Michael W., and Longstaffe, Fred J. 2004 Demography and Ethnic Continuity in the Tlailotlacan Enclave of Teotihuacan: The Evidence from Stable Oxygen Isotopes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:385–403.Google Scholar
White, Christine D., Spence, Michael W., Stuart-Williams, Henry L., and Schwarcz, Henry P. 1998 Oxygen Isotopes and the Identification of Geographical Origins: The Valley of Oaxaca Versus the Valley of Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:643–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 1997 Ecology or Society? Paleodiet and the Collapse of the Pasión Maya Lowlands. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp.181–195. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2005 Identifying Immigrants to Tikal, Guatemala: Defining Local Variability in Strontium Isotope Ratios of Human Tooth Enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:555–566.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2006 Diet, Health, and Status Among the Pasión Maya: A Reappraisal of the Collapse. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E., and Schwarcz, Henry P. 1998 Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Human Tooth Enamel: Identifying Breastfeeding and Weaning in Prehistory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106:1–18.Google Scholar