Figures
1.2Exclusive economic zones (EEZs) typically extend 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from coastlines, granting coastal states jurisdictional control over activities like resource exploitation and pollution prevention
1.3Illustration of various maritime zones and spatial layers of judicial control established by the Law of the Sea
2.1Coastal and pier-connected, sheltered offshore drill sites in the Amase oil mining area, Japan (1900)
2.2Beach and pier-based offshore drill sites in Summerland, California (1902)
2.3Indo-Burmah Petroleum Company’s drilling operations in the bed of the Irrawaddy River, Lanywa, Upper Burma (circa 1932)
2.4A closer view of several offshore oil derricks erected on piers, with the dike wall visible to the left, Lanywa, Upper Burma (1931)
2.5The Dai-1 Hakuryū, a jack-up rig, the first offshore oil platform constructed in Japan
2.6Seabed-fixed platforms, installed on offshore oil fields discovered by the Dai-1 Hakuryū off Akita Prefecture, Japan, facilitated oil extraction and pipeline transport to the coast
3.1A seadrome as envisioned by Edward R. Armstrong circa 1927
3.3A nighttime rocket launch from Sea Launch’s floating platform in the Central Pacific
3.4The nighttime illumination of offshore oil derricks in Lake Maracaibo, 1937
3.5Gas flare from the BP Ula oil platform in the North Sea, April 1, 2012
3.6Satellite image of nighttime illumination over a section of the South China Sea, 2012
3.7OpenStreetMap-annotated image of a section of the South China Sea
4.1Different IPCC projections for global mean sea level rise until 2100
4.2The Global Center on Adaptation’s floating office building in Rotterdam, Netherlands, exemplifies adaptation to sea level rise and related problems
4.3This image from Oceanix shows how a “sustainable floating city” located at Busan’s waterfront could look like during nighttime
4.4Aerial view of Tange Lab’s “Plan for Tokyo 1960,” an amphibious regional development proposal
4.5Depiction of one and a half loops of Tange Lab’s “Plan for Tokyo, 1960” model
4.6Tange Lab’s biological analogy of efficient urban growth following the linear growth of an animal’s spine
5.1The SHORAN radionavigation system enabled very precise position fixing for ships and aircraft
5.2The Decca radionavigation tool strongly facilitated position fixing at sea
5.3Marisat 1 and Marisat 2 above the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the first communication satellites with a focus on the ocean
5.4Overview of Magnavox’s Transit receiver equipment complexity, 1968–1976
5.5The Magnavox MX 4102 Transit receiver from 1982 or later served position fixing at sea
6.1One of the two Triton City models held by the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, showcasing a Triton City module – a floating truncated tetrahedron
6.2Buckminster Fuller presenting a second Triton City model to Charles M. Haar from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development
7.1The 1:20-scale floating platform model (without models of industrial or commercial sites on top) tested in Hawaiian waters during the early 1970s
7.2Floating industrial combine Aquapolis hosting the Japanese exhibition at the 1975 International Ocean Exposition in Okinawa
7.3Marine terminal of the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), opened in 1981
7.4Neft Daşları (Oil Rocks) in the Caspian Sea, a town for oil extraction built by the USSR on platforms
7.5Side view drawing of a module designed for the “Hawaii Floating City Project.”
8.1Yellowtail/Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), painting by Kawahara Keiga, 1823–1829
8.2Red sea bream (Pagrus major), painting by Ogawa Haritsu, eighteenth century
8.3Mariculture off Dongshan, Fujian, China, in a bay of the South China Sea
8.5Ado Pond (Adoike) in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, used for yellowtail farming
8.6Harada Teruo weighing a yellowtail, an assistant taking notes, and several net-cages
9.1Photographs of the marine ecosystem that developed on the hull of an oil platform, dry-docked in Singapore in 1997
9.2A dense colonization of bay barnacles (Amphibalanus improvisus) on the hull of a boat during dry-dock maintenance
9.3Tubastraea coccinea, a species of sun coral also known as the orange cup coral, displaying fully extended tentacles
9.4The steel jacket structure of the “Maui A” offshore gas platform, wet towed from Japan to New Zealand in 1975
9.5“Maui A,” a seabed-fixed offshore platform constructed in Japan and Singapore, post-erection at New Zealand’s “Maui” offshore gas field
9.6Potential pathways linked to Brazil’s Tubastraea spp. bioinvasion
9.7Location of offshore wind parks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea (2024), showcasing various stages of development
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