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²⁵ Mandaville, “The Ottoman Province of al-Hasa,” pp. 496–99.

²⁶ Braudel, The Mediterranean, vol. 1, pp. 543–70; for the spice route across Iraq to the Levant in the late 1500s, see van Linschoten, John Huyghen, The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, Burnell, A. C. and Tiele, P. A., eds., 2 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1885), vol. 1, pp. 46–54.Google Scholar For analysis of this route based on a British traveler in 1580 see Steensgaard, Niels, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 37–39.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Quoted from the Bihār al-anwār by Zarrīn-Qalam, 'Alī, Sarzamīn-i Bahrayn az dawrān-i bāstān tā imrūz (Tehran: Sirus, 1337 s.), p. 83.Google Scholar

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³⁶ For al'Āmilī see al-'Āmilī, al-Hurr, Amal al-āmil, vol. 1, pp. 74–77; the source does not explain why Shaykh Husayn felt comfortable in resettling in Portuguese Bahrain from the Safavid Empire.Google ScholarFor Sheikh Dā'ūd see al-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 80–81.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Munshi, Iskandar Bey, Tārīkh-i 'alam-ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, Afshar, Iraj, ed., 2 vols. (Tehran: Mūsavī, 1335), vol. 2, pp. 614–16;Google Scholar English trans. Savory, Roger as History of Shah 'Abbās the Great, 2 vols. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1978), vol. 2, pp. 803–5.Google Scholar

³⁹ Teixeira, Pedro, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, Sinclair, William F., ed. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1902), pp. 174–76;Google Scholar al-Nabhān, al-Tuhfa, vol. 1, pp. 63–64, gives a list of Safavid governors of Bahrain as follows: Sūndak Sultān, with one tenure before 1633, when he was recalled, and another tenure thereafter when his gifts to the shah won him reinstatement; Bābā Khān, to 1666 when the people complained of his oppression; Sultān b. Qizil Khān, from 1666; Mihdī Qūlī Khan to 1701; Qāzāgh Khān, from 1701. (Bahrain was lost to the Safavids in 1717.)

⁴⁰ Bey, Iskandar, 'Alam-ārā-yi 'Abbāsī vol. 2, pp. 979–82; Eng. trans., vol. 2, pp. 1200–1204;Google ScholarCraesbeck, Paulo, Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada, Boxer, C. R., ed. and trans. (New York: Robert M. McBride & Co., 1930), pp. 14–173, 198; an extended analysis of the global economic implications of the fall of Hurmuz is Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, especially pp. 154–343;Google Scholar on Dutch-Portuguese rivalry see also Rothermund, Dietmar, Asian Trade and European Expansion in the Age of Mercantilism (Delhi: Manohar, 1981), ch. 5.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ al-Bahrānī, Y., Lu'lu'a,, pp. 96–103;Google Scholaral-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 170–75; an early, still unstudied MS by Sheikh 'Abdu'llāh is “Jawābāt al-masā'il al-thalāth,” Arabic MS 87, Library of the Institute of lsma'ili Studies, London, copied in 1710.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ al-Bahrānī, Y., Lu'lu'a,, pp. 92–93;Google Scholaral-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 175–76. Sayyid 'Abdullāh was no doubt the Akhbari nemesis against whom the Usuli revivalist Muhammad Bāqir Isfahānī “Bihbahānī” fought in the 1740s and 1750s in Bihbahan.Google Scholar

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⁷³ al-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 136–40, 400–405;Google ScholarChahārdihī, Murtazā Mudarris, Shaykh Ahmad-i Ahsā'ī (Tehran: 'Alī Akbar 'llmī 1334 s.), p. 45; for the possibility of lbn Abī Jumhūr's influence, see Amanat, “Early Years”.Google Scholar

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