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Tracing oil spill contamination in coastal and estuarine ecosystems using δ13C and Δ14C isotopes: A review
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 April 2026
Abstract
Oil contamination in estuarine and coastal ecosystems presents major challenges for environmental monitoring due to the complex mixture of organic matter from biogenic and petrogenic sources. This review synthesizes recent advances and limitations in the combined use of carbon isotopes δ13C and Δ14C to trace petroleum contamination in marine sediments. Sixteen empirical studies were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this dual-isotope approach in identifying fossil carbon, estimating its degradation state, and assessing its environmental persistence. While δ13C provides insights into organic matter sources and transformation, Δ14C offers a sensitive tracer for detecting fossil carbon inputs, even in low concentrations or mixed matrices. The review highlights how their integration strengthens source attribution and enhances the resolution of hydrocarbon monitoring in dynamic coastal settings. An exploratory typology based on Δ14C and Fm is proposed to semi-quantitatively classify contamination severity and support cross-study comparisons. Despite its potential, the approach faces challenges such as high analytical costs, limited laboratory access, and a lack of methodological standardization. Future efforts should focus on integrating compound-specific isotope analysis, expanding applications in mangrove ecosystems, and refining interpretative models to improve the forensic utility of carbon isotopes in oil spill investigations. This review contributes to the systematization of isotopic methods in environmental forensics and reinforces their role in tracing petroleum-derived carbon in sensitive coastal environments.
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- © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of University of Arizona
Footnotes
Selected Papers from the 4th Radiocarbon in the Environment Conference, Lecce, Italy, 23–27 Sept. 2024
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dos Santos et al. supplementary material
dos Santos et al. supplementary material
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