2.1 Weighted nonlinear Grassmannians

In this section, we recall some basic facts about the manifolds of weighted submanifolds that appear in [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman7, Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26]. These weighted nonlinear Grassmannians constitute a special case of the weighted nonlinear flags to be introduced in Section 2.2. We present them here in a manner that readily generalizes to the setting of nonlinear flags.

Let S be a closed manifold of dimension k, allowed to be nonconnected and nonorientable. For each manifold M, we let $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ denote the nonlinear Grassmannian of type S in M, i.e., the space of all smooth submanifolds in M that are diffeomorphic to S. Moreover, we let $\operatorname {Emb}_S(M)$ denote the space of all parametrized submanifolds of type S in M, i.e., the space of all smooth embeddings of S into M. Both, $\operatorname {Emb}_S(M)$ and $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ , are Fréchet manifolds in a natural way. Furthermore, the $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

(2.1) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\to\operatorname{Gr}_S(M),\qquad\varphi\mapsto\varphi(S), \end{align} $$

is a smooth principal bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , a Fréchet Lie group (see [Reference Binz and Fischer2, Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman6, Reference Michor18, Reference Michor19] and [Reference Kriegl and Michor14, Theorem 44.1]).

For each closed k-dimensional manifold S, let

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Den}(S):=\Gamma^\infty(|\Lambda|_S)=\Omega^{k}(S;{\mathcal O}_S) \end{align*}$$

denote the space of all smooth densities on S. Here, ${\mathcal O}_S$ denotes the orientation bundle of S and $|\Lambda |_S=\Lambda ^{k}T^*S\otimes {\mathcal O}_S$ (see, e.g., [Reference Lee16]). Densities on S are the geometric quantities which can be integrated over S in a coordinate independent way, without specifying an orientation or even assuming orientability. We denote by $\operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ the space of volume densities, i.e., the space of nowhere vanishing densities. Clearly, this is an open subset in the Fréchet space $\operatorname {Den}(S)$ .

We define the weighted nonlinear Grassmannian of type S in M by

(2.2) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{S}(M):=\left\{(N,\nu)\bigm|N\in\operatorname{Gr}_S(M),\nu\in\operatorname{Den}_\times(N)\right\}, \end{align} $$

that is, the space of all submanifolds of type S in M, decorated with a nowhere zero density. We equip this space with the structure of a Fréchet manifold by declaring the natural bijection

(2.3) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\operatorname{Den}_\times(S),\qquad\left(\varphi(S),\varphi_*\mu\right)\leftrightarrow[\varphi,\mu], \end{align} $$

to be a diffeomorphism. Here, the right-hand side denotes the total space of the bundle associated with the nonlinear frame bundle in (2.1) and the natural $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ action on $\operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ . In particular, the canonical forgetful map

(2.4) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_S(M)\to\operatorname{Gr}_S(M),\qquad(N,\nu)\mapsto N, \end{align} $$

becomes a locally trivial smooth bundle with typical fiber $\operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ . Indeed, it corresponds to the bundle projection of the associated bundle $\operatorname {Emb}_S(M)\times _{\operatorname {Diff}(S)}\operatorname {Den}_\times (S)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ via the identification in (2.3).

There is a canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

$$\begin{align*}J:\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_S(M)\to C^\infty(M)^*,\qquad\langle J(N,\nu),f\rangle:=\int_Nf\nu. \end{align*}$$

This map is injective, and its image consists of compactly supported distributions with mild singularities: $J(N,\nu )$ is supported on N, and its wave front set coincides with the conormal bundle of N.

Let $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ be a volume density. The space

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M):=\left\{(N,\nu)\in\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_S(M)\bigm|(S,\mu)\cong(N,\nu)\right\} \end{align*}$$

is called the nonlinear Grassmannian of weighted submanifolds of type $(S,\mu )$ in M. It consists of all weighted submanifolds $(N,\nu )$ in M such that there exists a diffeomorphism $S\to N$ taking $\mu $ to $\nu $ . Denoting the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ orbit of $\mu $ by $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ , the identification in (2.3) restricts to a canonical bijection

(2.5) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu. \end{align} $$

It is well known [Reference Moser22] that the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)_0$ orbit of $\mu $ is a convex subset that consists of all volume densities on S that represent the same cohomology class as $\mu $ in $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)$ , the de Rham cohomology with coefficients in the orientation bundle. Hence, the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ orbit of $\mu $ coincides with the set of all volume densities on S that are in the preimage of $H^k(S;\mathcal O_S)_{[\mu ]}$ , the (finite) $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ orbit of $[\mu ]$ in $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)$ , under the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ equivariant linear map

(2.6) $$ \begin{align} h_S:\operatorname{Den}(S)\to H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S),\qquad h_S(\alpha)=[\alpha]. \end{align} $$

More succinctly,

(2.7) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu=\operatorname{Den}_\times(S)\cap h_S^{-1}\left(H^k(S;\mathcal O_S)_{[\mu]}\right). \end{align} $$

Hence, $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ is an open subset in a finite union of parallel closed affine subspaces with finite codimension. In particular, $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ with finite codimension $\dim H^k(S;\mathcal O_S)$ and with tangent spaces

(2.8) $$ \begin{align} T_\alpha\operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu=\ker h_S=d\Omega^{k-1}(S;\mathcal O_S). \end{align} $$

Using (2.5), we conclude that $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S,\mu }(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_S(M)$ with finite codimension $\dim H^k(S;\mathcal O_S)$ . Moreover, the canonical forgetful map in (2.4) restricts to a locally trivial smooth fiber bundle $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S,\mu }(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ with typical fiber $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ .

The space of homologically weighted submanifolds of type S in M is defined as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M):=\left\{(N,[\nu]):N\in\operatorname{Gr}_S(M),[\nu]\in H^k(N;\mathcal O_N)\right\}. \end{align*}$$

Using the canonical bijection

(2.9) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S), \end{align} $$

we turn $\operatorname {Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname {hwt}}(M)$ into a smooth vector bundle of finite rank $\dim H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)$ over $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ . The canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

$$\begin{align*}h_{\operatorname{Gr}_S(M)}:\operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)\to\operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M),\quad (N,\nu)\mapsto(N,[\nu]), \end{align*}$$

is a smooth bundle map over $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ . Indeed, via the diffeomorphisms in (2.5) and (2.9), it corresponds to the map induced by (2.6).

The space of homologically weighted submanifolds of type $(S,[\mu ])$ in M is defined by

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S,[\mu]}^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M):=\left\{(N,[\nu])\in\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_S(M):(N,[\nu])\cong(S,[\mu])\right\} \end{align*}$$

and consists of all homologically weighted submanifolds $(N,[\nu ])$ such that there exists a diffeomorphism $S\to N$ taking the cohomology class $[\mu ]$ to $[\nu ]$ . As (2.9) restricts to a bijection

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S,[\mu]}^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)_{[\mu]}, \end{align*}$$

we see that $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,[\mu ]}^{\operatorname {hwt}}(M)$ is a finite covering of $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ . Using (2.7), we conclude

(2.10) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)=h_{\operatorname{Gr}_S(M)}^{-1}\left(\operatorname{Gr}_{S,[\mu]}^{\operatorname{hwt}}(M)\right). \end{align} $$

It is well known that the $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Emb}_S(M)$ admits local smooth sections (see, for instance, [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(c)]). Furthermore, the (transitive) $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ action on $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ also admits local smooth sections. The latter can be shown using Moser’s method of proof in [Reference Moser22, Section 4] (see Lemma 2.12). Using Lemma A.1 in the Appendix, we conclude that the natural $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S,\mu }(M)$ admits local smooth sections. In particular, this action is locally transitive. Hence, each connected component of $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S,\mu }(M)$ is a $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)_0$ orbit. Consequently, each $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ or $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ orbit in $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S,\mu }(M)$ is a union of connected components.

Remark 2.1 Poincaré duality provides a canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ equivariant isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)=H_0(S;\mathbb{R}). \end{align*}$$

Hence, specifying a cohomology class $[\mu ]\in H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)$ amounts to specifying the total volume of $\mu $ on each connected component of S.

Example 2.2 If S is connected, then $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)=\mathbb {R}$ and the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ action is trivial on this cohomology. Hence, the orbit $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)_{[\mu ]}$ is a one-point set, and

(2.11) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu=\left\{\alpha\in\operatorname{Den}_\times(S):\textstyle\int_S\alpha=\int_S\mu\right\} \end{align} $$

is connected. Correspondingly,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{S,\mu}(M)=\left\{(N,\nu)\in\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_S(M):\textstyle\int_N\nu=\int_S\mu\right\}. \end{align*}$$

This is the case considered in [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman7, Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26].

If S is built out of two diffeomorphic connected components, then $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)\cong \mathbb {R}^2$ and any diffeomorphism swapping the two connected components acts nontrivially on this cohomology. If $\mu $ has equal total volume on the two connected components, then the orbit $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)_{[\mu ]}$ is a one-point set and $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ is connected. Otherwise, $H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)_{[\mu ]}$ consists of two points and, by (2.7), $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ has two connected components.

Remark 2.3 Suppose $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ . It is well known that $\operatorname {Diff}(S,\mu )$ , the group of diffeomorphisms preserving $\mu $ , is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ (see [Reference Hamilton11, Theorem III.2.5.3 on page 203]). Moreover, the map provided by the action, $\operatorname {Diff}(S)\to \operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ , $f\mapsto f_*\mu $ , is a smooth principal bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}(S,\mu )$ . Via (2.5), this implies that the surjective and $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Emb}_S(M)\to\operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M),\qquad\varphi\mapsto\left(\varphi(S),\varphi_*\mu\right), \end{align*}$$

is smooth principal bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}(S,\mu )$ .

Remark 2.4 Suppose $(N,\nu )\in \operatorname {Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ and let $\operatorname {Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)_{(N,\nu )}$ denote its $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ orbit. Combining the preceding remark with the fact that the $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Emb}_S(M)$ admits local smooth sections [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(c)], we see that the map provided by the action,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Diff}_c(M)\to\operatorname{Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)_{(N,\nu)},\qquad f\mapsto\left(f(N),f_*\nu\right),\end{align*}$$

is a smooth principal bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M,N,\nu )$ , the group of diffeomorphisms preserving N and $\nu $ . The latter is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ , for it coincides with the preimage of $\operatorname {Diff}(N,\nu )$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M,N)\to \operatorname {Diff}(N)$ (see [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(d)]). Hence, each orbit may be regarded as a homogeneous space,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)_{(N,\nu)}=\operatorname{Diff}_c(M)/\operatorname{Diff}_c(M,N,\nu). \end{align*}$$

2.2 Weighted nonlinear flag manifolds

Fix natural numbers $k_i$ such that

(2.12) $$ \begin{align} 0\leq k_1<k_2<\cdots<k_r \end{align} $$

and let ${\mathcal S}=(S_1,\dotsc ,S_r)$ be a collection of closed smooth manifolds with $\dim S_i=k_i$ .

For a smooth manifold M, we let

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M) :=\left\{\left(N_1,\dots,N_r\right)\in\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Gr}_{S_i}(M)\middle|\forall i:N_i\subseteq N_{i+1}\right\} \end{align*} $$

denote the space of nonlinear flags of type ${\mathcal S}$ in M, and we write

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{Fr}_{{\mathcal S}}(M) :=\left\{(\varphi_1,\dotsc,\varphi_r)\in\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Emb}_{S_i}(M)\middle|\forall i:\varphi_i(S_i)\subseteq\varphi_{i+1}(S_{i+1})\right\} \end{align*} $$

for the space of nonlinear frames of type ${\mathcal S}$ in M. In [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.3], it has been shown that $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ and $\operatorname {Fr}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ are splitting smooth submanifolds of $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}_{S_i}(M)$ and $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Emb}_{S_i}(M)$ , respectively. Moreover, the canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

(2.13) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Fr}_{\mathcal S}(M)\to\operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S}(M), \qquad(\varphi_1,\dots,\varphi_r)\mapsto\left(\varphi_1(S_1),\dotsc,\varphi_r(S_r)\right), \end{align} $$

is a smooth principal fiber bundle with structure group

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S):=\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Diff}(S_i). \end{align*} $$

We denote the space of weighted nonlinear flags of type ${\mathcal S}$ in M by

(2.14) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M) :=\left\{\left((N_1,\nu_1),\dotsc,(N_r,\nu_r)\right)\in\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{S_i}(M)\middle|\forall i:N_i\subseteq N_{i+1}\right\}. \end{align} $$

This is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S_i}(M)$ , for it coincides with the preimage of the splitting smooth submanifold $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ under the bundle projection $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S_i}(M)\to \prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}_{S_i}(M)$ . Moreover, the canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant forgetful map

(2.15) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)\to\operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S}(M),\quad\left((N_1,\nu_1),\dotsc,(N_r,\nu_r)\right)\mapsto(N_1,\dotsc,N_r), \end{align} $$

is a smooth fiber bundle with typical fiber

(2.16) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Den}_\times(\mathcal S):=\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Den}_\times(S_i). \end{align} $$

The latter is a $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S})$ invariant open subset in the Fréchet space $\operatorname {Den}(\mathcal S):=\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Den}(S_i)$ . Furthermore, the canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant bijection

(2.17) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)&=\operatorname{Fr}_{\mathcal S}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S)}\operatorname{Den}_\times(\mathcal S),\\\notag \Bigl(\left(\varphi_1(S_1),(\varphi_1)_*\mu_1\right),\dotsc,\left(\varphi_r(S_r),(\varphi_r)_*\mu_r\right)\Bigr)&\leftrightarrow\left[(\varphi_1,\dotsc,\varphi_r),(\mu_1,\dotsc,\mu_r)\right], \end{align} $$

is a diffeomorphism between $\operatorname {Flag}_{\mathcal S}^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ and the bundle associated with the nonlinear frame bundle in (2.13) and the canonical $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S})$ action on $\operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ . Indeed, this is just the bundle diffeomorphism $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{S_i}(M)=\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Emb}_{S_i}(M)\times _{\operatorname {Diff}(S_i)}\operatorname {Den}_\times (S_i)$ obtained by taking the product of the diffeomorphisms in (2.3), restricted over the submanifold $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ in its base $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}_{S_i}(M)$ .

We have a canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

(2.18) $$ \begin{align} J:\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{\mathcal S}(M)\to C^\infty(M)^*,\quad \left\langle J((N_1,\nu_1),\dotsc,(N_r,\nu_r)),f\right\rangle:=\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{N_i}f\nu_i. \end{align} $$

The image of J consists of compactly supported distributions on M with mild singularities. More precisely, the wave front set of $J((N_1,\nu _1),\dotsc ,(N_r,\nu _r))$ coincides with the union of the conormal bundles of $N_1,\dotsc ,N_r$ .

Remark 2.6 Suppose $\omega $ is a symplectic form on M, and let $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}^{\operatorname {symp}}(M)$ denote the manifold of symplectic nonlinear flags of type ${\mathcal S}$ (cf. [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Section 4.2]). Recall that this is the open subset consisting of all flags $(N_1,\dotsc ,N_r)\in \operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ such that $\omega $ restricts to a symplectic form on each $N_i$ . Hence, $k_i$ must be even and $\omega ^{k_i/2}$ pulls back to a volume form on $N_i$ which in turn gives rise to a volume density $\nu _i=|\iota _{N_i}^*\omega ^{k_i/2}|$ on $N_i$ . Consequently, the symplectic form $\omega $ provides a $\operatorname {Symp}(M,\omega )$ equivariant injective smooth map (section)

(2.19) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{symp}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\to\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M) \end{align} $$

which is right inverse to the restriction of the canonical bundle projection in (2.15). Composing the map in (2.19) with J in (2.18), we obtain the moment map considered in [Reference Haller and Vizman9, equation (38)].

2.3 Reduction of structure group

It will be convenient to use a reduction of the structure group for the principal frame bundle in (2.13). To this end, we fix embeddings $\iota _i\colon S_i\to S_{i+1}$ and put $\iota =(\iota _1,\dotsc ,\iota _{r-1})$ .

We begin by recalling some facts from [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.10]. The space of nonlinear flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in M,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M):=\left\{(N_1,\dotsc,N_r)\in\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\middle|\begin{array}{c}\left(S_1\xrightarrow{\iota_1}S_2\xrightarrow{\iota_2}\cdots\xrightarrow{\iota_{r-1}} S_r\right)\\ \cong\left(N_1\subseteq N_2\subseteq\cdots\subseteq N_r\right)\end{array}\right\}, \end{align*}$$

consists of all nonlinear flags $(N_1,\dotsc ,N_r)$ in M such that there exist diffeomorphisms $S_i\to N_i$ , $1\leq i\leq r$ intertwining $\iota _i$ with the canonical inclusion $N_i\subseteq N_{i+1}$ . This is a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ invariant open and closed subset in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ . The space of parametrized nonlinear flags (nonlinear frames) of type $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in M,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Fr}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M):=\left\{(\varphi_1,\dotsc,\varphi_r)\in\operatorname{Fr}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\middle|\forall i:\varphi_i=\varphi_{i+1}\circ\iota_i\right\}, \end{align*}$$

is a splitting smooth submanifold of $\operatorname {Fr}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ . Moreover, the map $\operatorname {Fr}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)\to \operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ obtained by restriction of (2.13) is a smooth principal bundle with structure group

(2.20) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota):=\left\{(g_1,\dotsc,g_r)\in\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Diff}(S_i)\middle|\forall i:g_{i+1}\circ\iota_i=\iota_i\circ g_i\right\}. \end{align} $$

The latter is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S})$ with Lie algebra

(2.21) $$ \begin{align} \mathfrak X(\mathcal S;\iota)=\left\{(Z_1,\dotsc,Z_r)\in\prod_{i=1}^r\mathfrak X(S_i)\middle|\forall i:Z_{i+1}\circ\iota_i=T\iota_i\circ Z_i\right\}. \end{align} $$

We obtain a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant commutative diagram

(2.22)

which may be regarded as a reduction of the structure group for (2.13) along the inclusion $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota )\subseteq \operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S})$ over $\operatorname {Flag}_{\mathcal S,\iota }(M)$ (see [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.10] for more details).

Remark 2.8 The $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant bijection

(2.23) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Fr}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M),\qquad(\varphi_1,\dotsc,\varphi_r)\mapsto\varphi_r, \end{align} $$

is a diffeomorphism [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.10(b)]. Correspondingly, we have a group isomorphism

(2.24) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota)=\operatorname{Diff}(S_r;\Sigma),\quad(g_1,\dotsc,g_r)\mapsto g_r, \end{align} $$

where $\operatorname {Diff}(S_r;\Sigma )$ denotes the subgroup of all diffeomorphisms of $S_r$ preserving the nonlinear flag $\Sigma =(\Sigma _1,\dotsc ,\Sigma _{r-1})$ in $S_r$ , where $\Sigma _i:=(\iota _{r-1}\circ \cdots \circ \iota _i)(S_i)$ . The latter is a splitting Lie subgroup of $\operatorname {Diff}(S_r)$ (see [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.9(b)]), and (2.24) is a diffeomorphism of Lie groups [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Proposition 2.10(a)]. The Lie algebra of $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ can be identified in a similar way with $\mathfrak X(S_r;\Sigma )$ , the Lie algebra of vector fields on $S_r$ that are tangent to $\Sigma _1,\dotsc ,\Sigma _{r-1}$ .

We are interested in the reduction of structure group (2.22) because the $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Fr}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ admits local smooth sections. This follows from [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(c)] and the diffeomorphism in (2.23).

Let $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ denote the preimage of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ under the bundle projection in (2.15). Restricting the diffeomorphism in (2.17) over $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ and combining this with the diffeomorphism in (2.23), we obtain a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant diffeomorphism of bundles over $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ ,

(2.25) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)}\operatorname{Den}_\times({\mathcal S}). \end{align} $$

2.4 The $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ action on the space of weighted nonlinear flags

In this section, we aim at describing the $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ orbits in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ (see Theorem 2.11).

Let $\iota =(\iota _1,\dotsc ,\iota _{r-1})$ be a collection of embeddings $\iota _i:S_i\to S_{i+1}$ and suppose $\mu =(\mu _1,\dotsc ,\mu _r)\in \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ . We define the space of weighted flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu )$ in M by

$$ \begin{align*} &\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}(M) \\&\quad:=\left\{\left((N_1,\nu_1),\dotsc,(N_r,\nu_r)\right)\in\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\middle| \begin{array}{c} \left(S_1\xrightarrow{\iota_1}\cdots\to S_r,\mu_1,\dotsc,\mu_r\right)\\ \cong\left(N_1\subseteq\cdots\subseteq N_r,\nu_1,\dotsc,\nu_r\right) \end{array} \right\}, \end{align*} $$

that is, the space of all weighted flags $\left ((N_1,\nu _1),\dotsc ,(N_r,\nu _r)\right )$ in M such that there exist diffeomorphisms $S_i\to N_i$ , $1\leq i\leq r$ , intertwining $\iota _i$ with the canonical inclusion $N_i\subseteq N_{i+1}$ , and taking $\mu _i$ to $\nu _i$ .

Denoting the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ orbit of $\mu $ by $\operatorname {Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota ,\mu }$ , the diffeomorphism in (2.25) restricts to a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant bijection

(2.26) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)}\operatorname{Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota,\mu}. \end{align} $$

Consider the finite-dimensional vector space

(2.27) $$ \begin{align} H(\mathcal S,\iota) :=\prod_{i=1}^rH^{k_i}\left(S_i,\iota_{i-1}(S_{i-1});\mathcal O_{S_i}\right) =\prod_{i=1}^rH_0\left(S_i\setminus\iota_{i-1}(S_{i-1});\mathbb R\right). \end{align} $$

Here, the left-hand side denotes relative de Rham cohomology with coefficients in the orientation bundle, and we are using the convention $S_0=\emptyset $ . The $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ equivariant identification on the right-hand side indicates Poincaré–Lefschetz duality. We have a $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ equivariant linear map

(2.28) $$ \begin{align} h_{{\mathcal S},\iota}\colon\operatorname{Den}(\mathcal S)\to H(\mathcal S,\iota),\qquad h_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(\mu_1,\dotsc,\mu_r):=\left([\mu_1],\dotsc,[\mu_r]\right). \end{align} $$

Pinning down the class $[\mu ]:=h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(\mu )$ thus amounts to specifying the integrals of $\mu _i$ over each connected component of $S_i\setminus \iota _{i-1}(S_{i-1})$ for $i=1,\dotsc ,r$ .

Remark 2.9 (Large codimensions)

If the codimensions $\dim (S_i)-\dim (S_{i-1})$ are all strictly larger than one, then $H^{k_i}\left (S_i,\iota _{i-1}(S_{i-1});{\mathcal O}_{S_i}\right )=H^{k_i}\left (S_i;{\mathcal O}_{S_i}\right )=H_0(S_i;\mathbb {R})$ , and

$$\begin{align*}H({\mathcal S},\iota)=\prod_{i=1}^{r}H^{k_i}\left(S_i;{\mathcal O}_{S_i}\right) =\prod_{i=1}^{r}H_0\left(S_i;\mathbb{R}\right). \end{align*}$$

Hence, in this case, the cohomology space $H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ does not depend on the embeddings  $\iota $ .

We postpone the proof of this proposition and proceed with the main result in this section.

We will prove Proposition 2.10 by induction on the depth of the flags, using the following crucial lemma whose proof we postpone.

Lemma 2.12 Let S be a closed submanifold of N such that $\dim (S)<\dim (N)=n$ , and consider the $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)$ equivariant linear map

$$\begin{align*}h:\operatorname{Den}(N)\to H^n(N,S;\mathcal O_N),\qquad h(\mu)=[\mu]. \end{align*}$$

Then, for each $\kappa \in H^n(N,S;\mathcal O_N)$ , the natural $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)_0$ action on

(2.31) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Diff}(S)\times\left(\operatorname{Den}_\times(N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa)\right) \end{align} $$

admits local smooth sections.

Proof of Proposition 2.10

We proceed by induction on r using Lemma 2.12. Let us denote the truncated sequences by $\mathcal S':=(S_1,\dotsc ,S_{r-1})$ , $\mu ':=(\mu _1,\dotsc ,\mu _{r-1})$ , and $\iota ':=(\iota _1,\dotsc ,\iota _{r-2})$ . By induction, the $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S',\iota ')_0$ action on $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S')\cap h_{{\mathcal S}',\iota '}^{-1}([\mu '])$ admits local smooth sections. Hence, there exist an open neighborhood $U'$ of $\mu '$ in $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S')\cap h_{{\mathcal S}',\iota '}^{-1}([\mu '])$ and a smooth map

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Den}_\times(\mathcal S')\cap h_{{\mathcal S}',\iota'}^{-1}([\mu'])\supseteq U'\xrightarrow{\sigma'}\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S';\iota')_0, \end{align*}$$

such that for all $\tilde \mu '\in U'$ , we have

(2.32) $$ \begin{align} \left(\sigma'(\tilde\mu')\right)_*\mu'=\tilde\mu'\qquad\text{and}\qquad\sigma'(\mu')=\operatorname{id}. \end{align} $$

Recall that $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S',\iota ')$ is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}(S_{r-1})$ (cf. [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Propositions 2.9(b) and 2.10(a)]). Using [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(d)], this implies that $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S,\iota )$ is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}(S_r,\iota _{r-1}(S_{r-1}))$ . Hence, restricting a local smooth section as in Lemma 2.12, we see that the $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S,\iota )_0$ action on $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S',\iota ')\times \left (\operatorname {Den}_\times (S_r)\cap h^{-1}([\mu _r])\right )$ admits local smooth sections. In other words, there exist an open neighborhood V of the identity in $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S';\iota ')$ , an open neighborhood $U"$ of $\mu _r$ in $\operatorname {Den}_\times (S_r)\cap h^{-1}([\mu _r])$ , and a smooth map

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S';\iota')\times\left(\operatorname{Den}_\times(S_r)\cap h^{-1}([\mu_r])\right)\supseteq V\times U"\xrightarrow{\sigma"}\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota)_0, \end{align*}$$

such that for all $g\in V$ and $\tilde \mu _r\in U"$ , we have

(2.33) $$ \begin{align} \sigma"(g,\tilde\mu_r)\cdot(\operatorname{id},\mu_r)=(g,\tilde\mu_r)\qquad\text{and}\qquad\sigma"(\operatorname{id},\mu_r)=\operatorname{id}. \end{align} $$

Hence, $U:=(\sigma ')^{-1}(V)\times U"$ is an open neighborhood of $\mu $ in $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S)\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{-1}([\mu ])$ , and

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{Den}_\times(\mathcal S)\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{-1}([\mu])\supseteq U&\xrightarrow\sigma\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota)_0, \\ \sigma(\tilde\mu_1,\dots,\tilde\mu_r)&:=\sigma"(\sigma'(\tilde\mu_1,\dotsc,\tilde\mu_{r-1}),\tilde\mu_r) \end{align*} $$

is a local smooth section for the $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota )_0$ action on $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S)\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{-1}([\mu ])$ , i.e.,

$$\begin{align*}\sigma(\mu)=\operatorname{id}\qquad\text{and}\qquad\sigma(\tilde\mu)_*\mu=\tilde\mu, \end{align*}$$

for all $\tilde \mu \in U$ . By convexity, $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S)\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{-1}([\mu ])$ is connected. Therefore, the $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota )_0$ action is transitive on $\operatorname {Den}_\times (\mathcal S)\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{-1}([\mu ])$ . This shows (a) and (b). Part (c) follows immediately.

To see (d), let A denote the preimage of $\prod _{i=1}^rH^{k_i}(S_i;\mathcal O_{S_i})_{[\mu _i]}$ under the canonical linear surjection $H({\mathcal S},\iota )\to \prod _{i=1}^rH^{k_i}(S_i;\mathcal O_{S_i})$ . Hence, A is a finite union of affine subspaces in $H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ . In view of (2.7), we have $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Den}(S_i)_{\mu _i}=\operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})\cap h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{-1}(A)$ . Combining this with (2.29), we conclude that $\operatorname {Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota ,\mu }$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Den}(S_i)_{\mu _i}$ with finite codimension $\dim A$ .

Let us next establish the following infinitesimal version of Lemma 2.12.

Proof of Lemma 2.12

Recall that the infinitesimal $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)$ action on $\operatorname {Diff}(S)\times \operatorname {Den}(N)$ is

$$\begin{align*}\zeta_X(f,\mu)=\left(R_{X|_S}(f),-L_X\mu\right), \end{align*}$$

where $X\in \mathfrak X(N,S)$ , $f\in \operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , and $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}(S)$ . Here, for $Z\in T_{\operatorname {id}}\operatorname {Diff}(S)=\mathfrak X(S)$ , we let $R_Z(f)$ denote the right invariant vector field on $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ such that $R_Z(\operatorname {id})=Z$ .

Note that the vector field $\tilde Z$ in the proof of Lemma 2.13 can be chosen to depend smoothly (and linearly) on Z. Hence, the proof of said lemma actually provides a smooth map

$$\begin{align*}\tilde\sigma:T_{\operatorname{id}}\operatorname{Diff}(S)\times T\left(\operatorname{Den}_\times(N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa)\right)\to\mathfrak X(N,S) \end{align*}$$

such that $\zeta _{\tilde \sigma (Z,d\gamma )}(\operatorname {id},\mu )=(Z,d\gamma )$ for all $Z\in \mathfrak X(S)=T_{\operatorname {id}}\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times (N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa )$ , and $d\gamma \in d\Omega ^{n-1}(N,S;\mathcal O_N)=T_\mu \left (\operatorname {Den}_\times (N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa )\right )$ . Combining this with the right trivialization of $T\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , we obtain a smooth map

$$\begin{align*}\sigma:T\Bigl(\operatorname{Diff}(S)\times\left(\operatorname{Den}_\times(N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa)\right)\Bigr)\to\mathfrak X(N,S) \end{align*}$$

such that $\zeta _{\sigma (Z,\xi )}(f,\mu )=(Z,\xi )$ for all $f\in \operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , $Z\in T_f\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ , $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times (N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa )$ , and $\xi \in T_\mu \left (\operatorname {Den}_\times (N)\cap h^{-1}(\kappa )\right )$ . As $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)$ is a regular Lie group, we may apply Lemma A.2 to conclude that the $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)_0$ action on (2.31) admits local smooth sections.

This completes the proof of Theorem 2.11.

Remark 2.14 In view of Remark 2.3, we expect that the isotropy subgroup

(2.34) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota,\mu):=\left\{(g_1,\dotsc,g_r)\in\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)\bigm|\forall i:g_i^*\mu_i=\mu_i\right\} \end{align} $$

is a splitting Lie subgroup of $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ with Lie algebra

(2.35) $$ \begin{align} \mathfrak X(\mathcal S,\iota,\mu)=\left\{(Z_1,\dotsc,Z_r)\in\mathfrak X({\mathcal S},\iota)\bigm|\forall i:L_{Z_i}\mu_i=0\right\}, \end{align} $$

and the surjective map provided by the action, $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )\to \operatorname {Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota ,\mu }$ , is a locally trivial smooth principal fiber bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota ,\mu )$ . This would follow in a rather straightforward manner, via induction on the depth of the flags, if one could show that the isotropy group $\{f\in \operatorname {Diff}(N,S):f|_S=\operatorname {id},f^*\mu =\mu \}$ is a splitting Lie subgroup in $\operatorname {Diff}(N,S)$ , whenever S is a closed submanifold of N and $\mu $ is a volume density on N. The proof in [Reference Hamilton11, Theorem III.2.5.3 on page 203] covers the case $S=\emptyset $ . However, the adaptation of said proof to nontrivial S is not entirely straightforward, and we will not attempt to prove this here. Note that via the diffeomorphism in (2.24), the group $\operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota ,\mu )$ corresponds to the subgroup of $\operatorname {Diff}(S_r;\Sigma )$ consisting of all diffeomorphisms that preserve $\mu _r$ and whose restriction to $\Sigma _i$ preserves $(\iota _{r-1}\circ \cdots \circ \iota _i)_*\mu _i$ , for $1\leq i\leq r-1$ . Similarly, the Lie algebra $\mathfrak X(\mathcal S;\iota ,\mu )$ can be identified to the corresponding subalgebra of $\mathfrak X(S_r;\Sigma )$ .

If the expectation formulated in the preceding paragraph were indeed true, then the surjective and $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

(2.36) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M)=\operatorname{Fr}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M)&\to\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota,\mu}(M),\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \end{align} $$

(2.37) $$ \begin{align} \qquad\qquad(\varphi_1,\dotsc,\varphi_r)&\mapsto\Bigl(\left(\varphi_1(S_1),(\varphi_1)_*\mu_1\right),\dotsc,\left(\varphi_r(S_r),(\varphi_r)_*\mu_r\right)\Bigr), \end{align} $$

would be a locally trivial smooth principal fiber bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota ,\mu )$ (see (2.26)). Moreover, generalizing Remark 2.4, the isotropy group of a weighted flag $(\mathcal {N},\nu )$ ,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Diff}_c(M;\mathcal N,\nu):=\left\{g\in\operatorname{Diff}_c(M)\bigm|\forall i:g(N_i)=N_i,g|_{N_i}^*\nu_i=\nu_i\right\}, \end{align*}$$

would be a splitting Lie subgroup of $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ , for it coincides with the preimage of $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota ,\mu )$ under the bundle projection $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M;\mathcal N)\to \operatorname {Diff}(\mathcal {N},\iota _{\mathcal {N}})$ (cf. [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Lemma 2.1(d) and Propositions 2.9(b) and 2.10(a)]). Furthermore, the orbit map $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)\to \operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{\mathcal S}(M)_{(\mathcal N,\nu )}$ provided by the action would be a locally trivial smooth principal bundle with structure group $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M;\mathcal N,\nu )$ . Hence, the $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ orbit of $(\mathcal {N},\nu )$ could be regarded as a homogeneous space

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)_{(\mathcal N,\nu)}=\operatorname{Diff}_c(M)/\operatorname{Diff}_c(M;\mathcal N,\nu). \end{align*}$$

2.5 A homological description

In this section, we give a more explicit description of the manifold $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }(M)$ .

If $\mathcal N=(N_1,\dotsc ,N_r)$ is a nonlinear flag of type ${\mathcal S}$ in M, we put

$$\begin{align*}H(\mathcal N):=\prod_{i=1}^rH^{k_i}\left(N_i,N_{i-1};\mathcal O_{N_i}\right)=\prod_{i=1}^rH_0\left(N_i\setminus N_{i-1};\mathbb{R}\right), \end{align*}$$

with the convention that $N_0=\emptyset $ .

We define the space of homologically weighted flags of type ${\mathcal S}$ in M by

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M):=\left\{(\mathcal N,[\nu]):\mathcal N\in\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M),[\nu]\in H(\mathcal N)\right\}. \end{align*}$$

Note that we have a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant forgetful map

(2.38) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\to\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M), \end{align} $$

as well as a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant map

(2.39)

Let $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ denote the preimage of the open subset $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ under the projection in (2.38). Using the canonical $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant identifications

(2.40) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)}H({\mathcal S},\iota), \end{align} $$

we equip $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ with the structure of a smooth vector bundle of finite (possibly nonconstant) rank over $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ and with projection (2.38). The map in (2.39) is a smooth bundle map over $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)$ . Indeed, via the identifications in (2.25) and (2.40), the map $h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }$ in (2.28) induces a bundle map $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)\to \operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ which coincides with the restriction of (2.39).

We define the space of homologically weighted flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota ,[\mu ])$ in M by

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,[\mu]}(M):=\left\{(\mathcal N,[\nu])\in\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)\middle|\begin{array}{c}\left(S_1\xrightarrow{\iota_1}S_2\xrightarrow{\iota_2}\cdots\to S_r,[\mu]\right)\\\cong\left(N_1\subseteq N_2\subseteq\cdots\subseteq N_r,[\nu]\right)\end{array}\right\}, \end{align*}$$

that is, the space of all homologically weighted flags $(\mathcal N,[\nu ])$ in M such that there exist diffeomorphisms $S_i\to N_i$ , $1\leq i\leq r$ , intertwining $\iota _i$ with the canonical inclusion $N_i\subseteq N_{i+1}$ and taking $[\mu ]\in H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ to $[\nu ]\in H(\mathcal N)$ . The diffeomorphism in (2.40) restricts to a bijection

(2.41) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota,[\mu]}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(\mathcal S;\iota)}H({\mathcal S},\iota)_{[\mu]}. \end{align} $$

Hence, since the orbit $H({\mathcal S},\iota )_{[\mu ]}$ is finite, $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota ,[\mu ]}(M)$ is a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ invariant closed submanifold in $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota }(M)$ of codimension $\dim H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ by (2.40). Moreover, the forgetful map

(2.42) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota,[\mu]}(M)\to\operatorname{Flag}_{\mathcal S,\iota}(M) \end{align} $$

is a $\operatorname {Diff}(M)$ equivariant covering map with finite fibers.

We complement Theorem 2.11 with the following.

Theorem 2.15 In this situation, we have

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}(M)=h_{\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S}}(M)}^{-1}\left(\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota,[\mu]}(M)\right). \end{align*}$$

Remark 2.16 If the action of $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ on $H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ is trivial, then the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )_0$ and $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ orbits in $\operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ coincide in view of Proposition 2.10, and the forgetful (covering) map in (2.42) is a diffeomorphism, $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {hwt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota ,[\mu ]}(M)=\operatorname {Flag}_{\mathcal S,\iota }(M)$ . This happens in particular when all $S_i\setminus \iota (S_{i-1})$ are connected, as in Examples 2.17 and 2.18. Under the latter connectedness assumption, $H({\mathcal S},\iota )=\mathbb {R}^r$ via the isomorphism $[\mu ]\mapsto \left (\int _{S_1}\mu _1,\dotsc ,\int _{S_r}\mu _r\right )$ and

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota,\mu}=\left\{\alpha\in\operatorname{Den}_\times({\mathcal S}):\textstyle\int_{S_i}\alpha_i=\int_{S_i}\mu_i\right\}. \end{align*}$$

Moreover, Theorem 2.15 ensures that

(2.43) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}(M)=\left\{(\mathcal{N},\nu)\in\operatorname{Flag}^{\operatorname{wt}}_{\mathcal S,\iota}(M):\textstyle\int_{N_i}\nu_i=\int_{S_i}\mu_i\right\}. \end{align} $$

This also applies in the situation of Remark 2.9, provided each model manifold $S_i$ is connected. A description for nested spheres in the same vein can be found in Example 2.19.

Example 2.19 (Nested spheres [Reference Jung, Dryden and Marron13])

If $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ denotes the standard equatorial embeddings between spheres, $S^0\subseteq S^1\subseteq \cdots \subseteq S^r$ , then $H({\mathcal S},\iota )=\mathbb {R}^{2(r+1)}$ . The $2(r+1)$ numbers assigned to $[\mu ]\in H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ by this isomorphism are

$$ \begin{align*} \textstyle (a_0^+,a_0^-,a_1^+,a_1^-,\dotsc,a_r^+,a_r^-)=\left(\int_{S^0_+}\mu_0,\int_{S^0_-}\mu_0,\int_{S^1_+}\mu_1,\int_{S^1_-}\mu_1,\dotsc,\int_{S^r_+}\mu_r,\int_{S^r_-}\mu_r\right), \end{align*} $$

where $S^i_+$ and $S^i_-$ denote the northern and southern hemispheres of $S^i$ , respectively. Considering reflections on hyperplanes, we see that for each $0\leq i\leq r$ there exists a diffeomorphism in $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ swapping $S^i_+$ with $S^i_-$ , but leaving all other hemispheres $S^k_\pm $ invariant. Such a diffeomorphism interchanges $a_i^+$ with $a_i^-$ , but leaves all other numbers $a_k^\pm $ unchanged. Hence, the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ orbit $H({\mathcal S},\iota )_{[\mu ]}$ has $2^s$ elements, where s is the number of $0\leq i\leq r$ with $a_i^+\neq a_i^-$ . Actually, the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ action on ${H({\mathcal S},\iota )\cong \mathbb {R}^{2(r+1)}}$ factorizes through a $(\mathbb Z_2)^{2(r+1)}$ action by switching or not the numbers $a_i^+$ and $a_i^-$ . We obtain a description similar to the one in (2.43):

(2.44) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M) =\left\{(\mathcal{N},\nu)\in\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{wt}}(M)\middle| \begin{array}{c} \{\int_{N_i^+}\nu_i,\int_{N_i^-}\nu_i\}=\{a_i^+,a_i^-\},\\ \text{where }N_i^\pm\text{ denote the connected}\\ \text{components of }N_i\setminus N_{i-1} \end{array} \right\}. \end{align} $$

3.1 Isodrasts as $\operatorname {Ham}(M)$ orbits

In view of the tubular neighborhood theorem for isotropic embeddings [Reference Weinstein24, Reference Weinstein25], the space $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ of all isotropic submanifolds of type S in M is a splitting smooth submanifold of $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ (see, for instance, [Reference Lee15, Section 8]). The tangent space at an isotropic submanifold N is

$$ \begin{align*} T_N\operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{iso}}(M) =\{u_N\in\Gamma(TN^\perp)| \iota_N^*i_{u_N}\omega\in\Omega^1(N) \text{ closed}\}, \end{align*} $$

where $TN^\perp :=TM|_N/TN$ denotes the normal bundle to N.

Weinstein’s [Reference Weinstein26] isodrastic distribution $ \underline {\mathcal {D}}$ on $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is given by

(3.1) $$ \begin{align} \underline{\mathcal{D}}_N:=\{u_N\in\Gamma(TN^\perp)| \iota_N^*i_{u_N}\omega\in dC^{\infty}(N)\} \end{align} $$

and has finite codimension $\dim H^1(S;\mathbb {R})$ . This is an integrable distribution [Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26] whose leaves are orbits of $\operatorname {Ham}(M)$ . It gives rise to a smooth foliation of $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_S(M)$ called the isodrastic foliation. In particular, the $\operatorname {Ham}(M)$ orbits in $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_S(M)$ are splitting smooth submanifolds.

Restricting the fundamental frame bundle in (2.1), we obtain a principal $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ bundle $\operatorname {Emb}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ with total space $\operatorname {Emb}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S}(M)$ , the splitting smooth submanifold of $\operatorname {Emb}_{S}(M)$ consisting of all isotropic embeddings. On $\operatorname {Emb}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , we consider the pullback of the isodrastic distribution $ \underline {\mathcal {D}}$ :

(3.2) $$ \begin{align} \mathcal{D}_\varphi:=\left\{u_\varphi\in\Gamma(\varphi^*TM):\varphi^*i_{u_\varphi}\omega\in dC^{\infty}(S)\right\}. \end{align} $$

This is an integrable distribution with the same codimension, $\dim H^1(S;\mathbb {R})$ , and the leaves of $\mathcal {D}$ are connected components in the preimage of a leaf of $ \underline {\mathcal {D}}$ . According to [Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26], the group $\operatorname {Ham}(M)$ acts transitively on the leaves of $\mathcal {D}$ . We need the subsequent slightly stronger statement in Proposition 3.1.

The Lie algebra of compactly supported Hamiltonian vector fields will be denoted by $\operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)=\{X_f:f\in C^\infty _c(M)\}$ . We let $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ denote the group of diffeomorphisms obtained by integrating time dependent vector fields in $\operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)$ . For our purpose, it will not be necessary to consider $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ as an infinite-dimensional Lie group (cf. [Reference Kriegl and Michor14, Section 43.13]). By a smooth map (section) into $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ , we will simply mean a smooth map into $\operatorname {Diff}_c(M)$ that takes values in $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ .

Proof To show infinitesimal transitivity, suppose $\varphi \in \operatorname {Emb}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ and $u_\varphi \in \mathcal D_\varphi $ (cf. (3.2)). Hence, there exists $\bar f\in C^{\infty }(S)$ such that $d\bar f=\varphi ^*i _{u_{\varphi }}\omega $ . We extend $\bar f$ to a function $f_1\in C^{\infty }_c(M)$ such that $\bar f=f_1{\circ } \varphi $ . The 1-form $\beta $ on M along S defined by

(3.3) $$ \begin{align} \beta=d f_1{\circ} \varphi-i _{u_{\varphi}}\omega\in\Gamma(\varphi^*T^*M) \end{align} $$

vanishes on vectors tangent to $\varphi (S)\subseteq M$ . Hence, $\beta $ can be seen as a fiberwise linear function on the normal bundle $T\varphi (S)^\perp $ whose differential along the zero section $\varphi (S)$ coincides with $\beta $ itself. Thus, with the help of a tubular neighborhood of $\varphi (S)$ in M and a suitable bump function, we get $f_2\in C^{\infty }_c(M)$ such that $\beta =d f_2{\circ } \varphi $ . It follows from (3.3) that $df{\circ } \varphi =i _{u_{\varphi }}\omega $ for $f=f_1-f_2$ . We conclude that $u_{\varphi }=X_{f}{\circ } \varphi $ is the infinitesimal generator at $\varphi $ for the Hamiltonian vector field $X_f\in \operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)$ .

Using tubular neighborhoods constructed with the help of a Riemannian metric, say, we see that the function f may be chosen to depend smoothly on $\varphi $ and $u_\varphi $ , for $\varphi $ in a sufficiently small open neighborhood of a fixed isotropic embedding $\varphi _0\in {\mathcal E}$ . Hence, we may apply Lemma A.2 and conclude that the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action admits local smooth sections.

We will also need the following observation.

Proof Suppose $N\in \operatorname {Gr}_S(L)$ , i.e., $N\cong S$ is a closed submanifold in L. By the tubular neighborhood theorem, we may w.l.o.g. assume that L is the total space of a vector bundle $p\colon L\to N$ , the normal bundle of N in L, and identify N with the zero section in L. We have a canonical short exact sequence $0\to p^*L\to TL\to p^*TN\to 0$ of vector bundles over L. Choosing a linear connection on L, we obtain a splitting of this sequence and thus an isomorphism $TL\cong p^*TN\oplus p^*L$ of vector bundles over L. Dualizing, we obtain an isomorphism $T^*L\cong p^*T^*N\oplus p^*L^*$ of vector bundles over L. We regard this as a diffeomorphism

$$\begin{align*}T^*L\cong T^*N\oplus L\oplus L^*\end{align*}$$

that maps the zero section $L\subseteq T^*L$ identically onto the summand L on the right-hand side. Via this isomorphism, we have

$$\begin{align*}\theta_L=\pi_1^*\theta_N+\pi_2^*\kappa,\end{align*}$$

where $\pi _1$ and $\pi _2$ denote the projections from $T^*N\oplus L\oplus L^*$ onto $T^*N$ and $L\oplus L^*$ , respectively, $\theta _L\in \Omega ^1(T^*L)$ and $\theta _N\in \Omega ^1(T^*N)$ denote the tautological 1-forms, and $\kappa \in \Omega ^1(L\oplus L^*)$ . Indeed, a straightforward computation yields $\kappa (\xi )=\ell '(C(Tq\cdot \xi ))$ where $x\in N$ , $\ell \in L_x$ , $\ell '\in L_x^*$ , $\xi \in T_{(\ell ,\ell ')}(L\oplus L^*)$ , $q\colon L\oplus L^*\to L$ denotes the projection, and C denotes the linear connection on L, viewed as a fiberwise linear map $C\colon TL\to p^*L$ over L.

By the tubular neighborhood theorem for isotropic embeddings [Reference Weinstein24, Reference Weinstein25], we may assume $M=T^*L\oplus p^*E$ and $\omega =\tilde \pi _1^*d\theta _L+\tilde \pi _2^*\rho $ , where E is a vector bundle over N, $\tilde \pi _1$ and $\tilde \pi _2$ denote the projections from $T^*L\oplus p^*E$ onto $T^*L$ and $p^*E$ , respectively, and $\rho $ is a closed 2-form on the total space of $p^*E$ . Combining this with the diffeomorphism in the previous paragraph, we obtain a diffeomorphism

(3.4) $$ \begin{align} M=T^*N\oplus L\oplus L^*\oplus E, \end{align} $$

mapping $L\subseteq M$ identically onto the summand L on the right-hand side, and such that

$$\begin{align*}\omega=\pi_1^*d\theta_N+\pi_2^*\sigma,\end{align*}$$

where $\pi _1$ and $\pi _2$ denote the projections from $T^*N\oplus L\oplus L^*\oplus E$ onto $T^*N$ and $L\oplus L^*\oplus E$ , respectively, and $\sigma $ is a closed 2-form on the total space of $L\oplus L^*\oplus E$ .

The diffeomorphism in (3.4) provides a (standard) chart for the smooth structure on $\operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ centered at N,

$$\begin{align*}\Gamma(T^*N\oplus L\oplus L^*\oplus E)\to\operatorname{Gr}_S(M),\qquad\phi\mapsto\phi(N).\end{align*}$$

In this chart, the inclusions $\operatorname {Gr}_S(L)\subseteq \operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\subseteq \operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ become

(3.5) $$ \begin{align} \Gamma(L)\subseteq\{(\alpha,\xi)\in\Omega^1(N)\kern1.2pt{\times}\kern1.2pt\Gamma(L\oplus L^*\oplus E):d\alpha+\xi^*\sigma=0\}\kern1.2pt{\subseteq}\kern1.2pt\Omega^1(N)\times\Gamma(L\kern1.2pt{\oplus}\kern1.2pt L^*\kern1.2pt{\oplus}\kern1.2pt E). \end{align} $$

As L is isotropic, $\sigma $ vanishes when pulled back to L. Hence, by the Poincaré lemma, $\sigma =d\beta $ for a 1-form $\beta $ on the total space of $L\oplus L^*\oplus E$ which vanishes along L. Via the diffeomorphism of $\Omega ^1(N)\times \Gamma (L\oplus L^*\oplus E)$ given by $(\alpha ,\xi )\mapsto (\alpha -\xi ^*\beta ,\xi )$ , the inclusions in (3.5) become linear inclusions,

$$\begin{align*}\Gamma(L)\subseteq Z^1(N)\times\Gamma(L\oplus L^*\oplus E)\subseteq\Omega^1(N)\times\Gamma(L\oplus L^*\oplus E), \end{align*}$$

where $Z^1(N)$ denotes the space of closed 1-forms on N. Clearly, both inclusions admit complementary subspaces. In particular, $\operatorname {Gr}_S(L)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ . The second assertion follows from the fact that the isodrastic leaf through N corresponds to the subspace $B^1(N)\times \Gamma (L\oplus L^*\oplus E)$ (see [Reference Lee15, Section 8]).

3.2 Weighted isotropic nonlinear Grassmannians as coadjoint orbits

In this section, we recall the results in [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman7, Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26] about coadjoint orbits of the Hamiltonian group $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ modeled on weighted isotropic nonlinear Grassmannians of type S in M, and extend them to a possibly nonconnected model manifold S. Here, we present them in a manner that readily generalizes to manifolds of weighted nonlinear flags.

Let S be a closed k-dimensional manifold. The preimage of $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_S(M)$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ which will be denoted by $\operatorname {Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ . The diffeomorphism in (2.3) restricts to a diffeomorphism of bundles over $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ ,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_S^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\operatorname{Den}_\times(S).\end{align*}$$

The preimage of $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_S(M)$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ which will be denoted by $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ and will be referred to as the nonlinear Grassmannian of weighted isotropic submanifolds of type $(S,\mu )$ in M. The diffeomorphism in (2.5) restricts to a diffeomorphism of bundles over $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ ,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}^{\operatorname{iso}}_S(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu. \end{align*}$$

We recall the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ equivariant linear map $h_S:\operatorname {Den}(S)\to H^k(S,{\mathcal O}_S)$ , $h_S(\alpha )=[\alpha ]$ in (2.6), with kernel $d\Omega ^{k-1}(S,{\mathcal O}_S)$ , which we restrict to $\operatorname {Den}_{\times }(S)$ . The product of integrable distributions $\mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_S$ on $\operatorname {Emb}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times (S)$ descends to an integrable distribution

$$\begin{align*}\bar{\mathcal{D}}:=\mathcal{D}\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\ker Th_S \end{align*}$$

on $\operatorname {Gr}_{S}^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , of codimension $\dim H^1(S;\mathbb {R})+\dim H^k(S;{\mathcal O}_S)$ . The image of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ under the forgetful map $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is the isodrastic distribution $ \underline {\mathcal {D}}$ in (3.1). In view of (2.7), each leaf $\mathcal G$ of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ is a connected component in the preimage of an isodrast ${\mathcal L}$ in $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ under the bundle projection $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , for some volume density $\mu $ on S. Hence, each leaf $\mathcal G$ of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ is a splitting smooth submanifold of codimension $\dim H^1(S;\mathbb {R})$ in $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ .

According to [Reference Lee15, Reference Weinstein26], the group $\operatorname {Ham}(M)$ acts transitively on the leaves of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ . We need the following slightly stronger statement.

Proof Suppose ${\mathcal L}$ is an isodrastic leaf in $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , and let $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}$ denote its preimage under the bundle projection $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ . It suffices to show that the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Gr}_{S,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}$ admits local smooth sections. The diffeomorphism in (2.5) restricts to a diffeomorphism

(3.6) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Gr}_{S,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}=\operatorname{Emb}^{\operatorname{iso}}_S(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}\times_{\operatorname{Diff}(S)}\operatorname{Den}(S)_\mu. \end{align} $$

By Proposition 3.1, the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Emb}^{\operatorname {iso}}_S(M)|_{\mathcal L}$ admits local smooth sections. According to Proposition 2.10(b), the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ action on $\operatorname {Den}(S)_\mu $ admits local smooth sections too. Using Lemma A.1 in the Appendix, we conclude that the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on the associated bundle in (3.6) admits local smooth sections.

Lemma 3.6 [Reference Lee15]

The leafwise differential 2-form on $(\operatorname {Emb}_S^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times (S), \mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_S)$ , given by

(3.7) $$ \begin{align} \Omega_{(\varphi,\alpha)}((u_\varphi,d\lambda),(v_\varphi,d\gamma)) :=\int_S(\omega(u_\varphi,v_\varphi)\alpha-\varphi^*i_{u_\varphi}\omega\wedge\gamma +\varphi^*i_{v_\varphi}\omega\wedge\lambda), \end{align} $$

is closed and $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ invariant. Moreover, its kernel is spanned by the infinitesimal generators of the $\operatorname {Diff}(S)$ action.

In Section 3.4, we will need the following relative version of part of Lemma 3.6.

Proof Choosing $v_\varphi =0$ in (3.7), we obtain $\int _S(\varphi ^*i_{u_\varphi }\omega )\wedge \gamma =0$ for all $\gamma \in \Omega ^{k-1}(S,{\mathcal O}_S)$ with $i_\Sigma ^*\gamma =0$ . Since the codimension of $\Sigma $ in S is at least one, this yields $\varphi ^*i_{u_\varphi }\omega =0$ ; hence, $u_\varphi $ takes values in the symplectic orthogonal to $\varphi (S)$ in M. In particular, (3.7) yields

(3.8) $$ \begin{align} \int_S\omega(u_\varphi,v_\varphi)\alpha+\int_S\varphi^*i_{v_\varphi}\omega\wedge\lambda=0 \end{align} $$

for all $v_\varphi $ with $v_\varphi |_\Sigma =0$ .

To show that $u_\varphi $ is tangential to $\varphi (S)$ , we assume by contradiction that there is a point $x\in S$ such that $u_\varphi (x)$ is not tangent to $\varphi (S)$ . Since the codimension of $\Sigma $ is at least one, we may assume $x\notin \Sigma $ . We now consider tangent vectors $v_\varphi \in \mathcal {D}_\varphi $ taking values in the symplectic orthogonal to $\varphi (S)$ , i.e., $\varphi ^*i_{v_\varphi }\omega =0$ , supported in $S\setminus \Sigma $ . The isotropic embedding theorem of Weinstein [Reference Weinstein25] allows to choose $v_\varphi $ such that in addition $\omega (u_\varphi ,v_\varphi )\in C^{\infty }(S)$ is a nonzero nowhere negative function. Plugging $v_\varphi $ in (3.8), we obtain $\int _{S}\omega (u_\varphi ,v_\varphi )\alpha>0$ , leading to a contradiction. Thus, there exists $Z\in \mathfrak X(S)$ with $u_\varphi =T\varphi {\circ } Z$ .

For each $h\in C^\infty (S)$ with $dh|_\Sigma =0$ , there exists $v_\varphi \in \mathcal {D}_\varphi $ with $v_\varphi |_\Sigma =0$ such that $\varphi ^*i_{v_\varphi }\omega =dh$ . Plugging this into the identity in (3.8) and using Stokes’ theorem yields $\int _S hd(\lambda -i_Z\alpha )=0$ . In particular, this holds for all h with $\operatorname {\mathrm {supp}}(h)\cap \Sigma =\emptyset $ . As the codimension of $\Sigma $ is at least one, this implies $d(\lambda -i_Z\alpha )=0$ , and hence $d\lambda =L_Z\alpha $ .

By Lemma 3.6, the leafwise differential 2-form $\Omega $ in (3.7) descends to a leafwise symplectic form $\bar {\Omega }$ on $(\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M),\bar {\mathcal {D}})$ . Thus, every leaf $\mathcal G$ of the isodrastic distribution $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ in $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is endowed with a symplectic form, the restriction of $\bar {\Omega }$ , which we denote by the same letter. By Proposition 3.5, $\mathcal G$ is an orbit for the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on the weighted isotropic nonlinear Grassmannian $\operatorname {Gr}_S^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ . This action is Hamiltonian with injective and $\operatorname {Symp}(M)$ equivariant moment map [Reference Lee15]

(3.9) $$ \begin{align} J:\mathcal G\subseteq\operatorname{Gr}_S^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)\to\operatorname{\mathfrak{ham}}_c(M)^*,\quad \langle J(N,\nu),X_f\rangle=\int_Nf\nu. \end{align} $$

Here, we use the $\operatorname {Symp}(M)$ equivariant isomorphism $\operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)=C_0^{\infty }(M)$ where the latter denotes the Lie algebra of all compactly supported functions on M for which the integral with respect to the Liouville form vanishes on all closed connected components of M.

For connected S, the subsequent theorem is due to Weinstein [Reference Weinstein26] in the Lagrangian case and due to Lee [Reference Lee15] for isotropic submanifolds.

In this generality, the theorem follows from the discussion above and the following folklore result (see, for instance, the Appendix in [Reference Haller and Vizman9]):

The same coadjoint orbits of the Hamiltonian group, under the additional restriction $H^1(S;\mathbb {R})=0$ on the closed connected manifold S, can be obtained via symplectic reduction in the Marsden–Weinstein ideal fluid dual pair [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman5, Reference Marsden and Weinstein17], as shown in [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman7]. With a choice of an ambient Riemannian metric, the reduced symplectic form can be expressed as a sum of three terms (see [Reference Gay-Balmaz and Vizman7, Theorem 4.1]). These are analogous to the three summands appearing in our natural approach via the associated bundle construction (see (3.7)), which avoids the auxiliary Riemannian metric.

3.3 Manifolds of isotropic nonlinear flags

In this section, we extend the constructions of the previous section to nonlinear flags.

As in Section 2.3, we let $\iota =(\iota _1,\dotsc ,\iota _{r-1})$ denote a collection of fixed embeddings $\iota _i\colon S_i\to S_{i+1}$ . We let $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ denote the preimage of $\operatorname {Gr}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_{S_r}(M)$ (cf. [Reference Haller and Vizman9, Remark 2.11]). This is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ called the manifold of isotropic nonlinear flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in M. Using Lemma 3.4, and proceeding by induction on the depth of the flag, one readily shows that the canonical inclusion

(3.10) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\subseteq\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Gr}_{S_i}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M) \end{align} $$

is a splitting smooth submanifold.

Let $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ denote the preimage of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)\to \operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ . This is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ called the manifold of weighted isotropic nonlinear flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in M. The diffeomorphism in (2.25) restricts to a diffeomorphism of bundles over $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ ,

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota)}\operatorname{Den}_\times({\mathcal S}). \end{align*}$$

The canonical inclusion $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\subseteq \prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}_{S_i}^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in view of (3.10).

As in Section 2.4, we fix $\mu =(\mu _1,\dotsc ,\mu _r)\in \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ , and let $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ denote the preimage of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ under the canonical bundle projection $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)\to \operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ . This is a splitting smooth submanifold in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)$ called the manifold of weighted isotropic nonlinear flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu )$ in M. The diffeomorphism in (2.26) restricts to a diffeomorphism

(3.11) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)=\operatorname{Emb}^{\operatorname{iso}}_{S_r}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota)}\operatorname{Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota,\mu}. \end{align} $$

Using (3.10) and proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 2.11(c), one readily shows that the canonical inclusion $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\subseteq \prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}_{S_i,\mu _i}^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold.

Recall the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ equivariant linear map $h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }:\operatorname {Den}({\mathcal S})\to H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in (2.28) with kernel

$$\begin{align*}\ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota}=\{(d\gamma_1,\dotsc,d\gamma_r):\gamma_i\in\Omega^{k_i-1}(S_i;\mathcal O_{S_i}),\iota_{i-1}^*\gamma_i=0\}, \end{align*}$$

whose restriction to $\operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ we also denote by $h_{{\mathcal S},\iota }$ . The product with the isodrastic distribution gives the integrable distribution $\mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota }$ on $\operatorname {Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ , of finite codimension $\dim H^1(S_r;\mathbb {R})+\dim H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ . This $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ invariant distribution descends to an integrable distribution

$$ \begin{align*} \bar{\mathcal{D}} =\mathcal{D}\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota)}\ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota} \end{align*} $$

of the same codimension on $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ . The image of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ under the forgetful map is an integrable distribution on $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ of codimension $\dim H^1(S_r;\mathbb {R})$ , which coincides with the distribution that descends from the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ invariant isodrastic distribution $\mathcal {D}$ on $\operatorname {Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ by the principal bundle projection. Using Proposition 2.10(c) and (3.11), we see that each leaf $\mathcal F$ of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ is a connected component in the preimage of an isodrast ${\mathcal L}$ in $\operatorname {Gr}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ under the bundle projection $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , for some volume density $\mu $ on ${\mathcal S}$ . Hence, each leaf $\mathcal F$ of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ is a splitting smooth submanifold of codimension $\dim H^1(S_r;\mathbb {R})$ in $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ .

Proof Suppose ${\mathcal L}$ is an isodrastic leaf in $\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S_r}(M)$ , and let $\operatorname {Flag}_{S,\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}$ denote its preimage under the canonical projection $\operatorname {Flag}_{S,\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}}(M)\to \operatorname {Gr}_{S_r}(M)$ . It suffices to show that the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Flag}_{S,\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}$ admits local smooth sections. The diffeomorphism in (3.11) restricts to a diffeomorphism

(3.12) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{Flag}_{S,\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}=\operatorname{Emb}^{\operatorname{iso}}_{S_r}(M)|_{{\mathcal L}}\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota)}\operatorname{Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota,\mu}. \end{align} $$

By Proposition 3.1, the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on $\operatorname {Emb}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S_r}(M)|_{\mathcal L}$ admits local smooth sections. According to Proposition 2.10(c), the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ action on $\operatorname {Den}({\mathcal S})_{\iota ,\mu }$ admits local smooth sections too. With the help of Lemma A.1, we conclude that the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on the associated bundle (3.12) admits local smooth sections.

3.4 Weighted isotropic nonlinear flag manifolds as coadjoint orbits

In this section, we describe coadjoint orbits of the Hamiltonian group consisting of weighted isotropic nonlinear flags.

We aim at defining a leafwise symplectic form $\bar \Omega $ on $(\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M),\bar {\mathcal {D}})$ . We start with leafwise differential 2-forms $\Omega _i$ on $(\operatorname {Emb}_{S_i}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times (S_i),\mathcal {D}_i\times \ker Th_{S_i})$ , for $i=1,\dotsc ,r$ , defined as in Lemma 3.6. Let $j_i:=\iota _{r-1}{\circ }\cdots {\circ }\iota _i\in \operatorname {Emb}(S_i,S_r)$ . We consider

$$\begin{align*}q_i:=j_i^*\times\operatorname{pr}_i:\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\times\operatorname{Den}_\times({\mathcal S})\to\operatorname{Emb}_{S_i}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\times\operatorname{Den}_\times(S_i), \end{align*}$$

which maps the distribution $\mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota }$ to $\mathcal {D}_i\times \ker Th_{S_i}$ . Then

(3.13) $$ \begin{align} \Omega:=\sum_{i=1}^rq_i^*\Omega_i \end{align} $$

is a closed leafwise differential 2-form on $(\operatorname {Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S}),\mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota })$ .

The $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ action on $\operatorname {Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ ,

(3.14) $$ \begin{align} g\cdot(\varphi,(\alpha_i))=(\varphi{\circ} g_r,(g_i^*\alpha_i)),\text{ for }g=(g_1,\dotsc,g_r)\in\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota), \end{align} $$

has infinitesimal generators of the form

(3.15) $$ \begin{align} \zeta_Z(\varphi,(\alpha_i))= (T\varphi{\circ} Z_r,(L_{Z_i}\alpha_i)),\text{ for }Z=(Z_1,\dotsc,Z_r)\in\mathfrak X({\mathcal S};\iota). \end{align} $$

They belong to the integrable distribution $\mathcal {D}\times \ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota }$ . Notice that $q_i=j_i^*\times \operatorname {pr}_i$ is equivariant over the homomorphism $g\in \operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )\mapsto g_i\in \operatorname {Diff}(S_i)$ , because $j_i{\circ } g_i=g_r{\circ } j_i$ for all i. Now, from the $\operatorname {Diff}(S_i)$ invariance of $\Omega _i$ and (3.13), we deduce the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ invariance of $\Omega $ .

Proof The contraction of $\Omega $ with an infinitesimal generator $\zeta _Z$ , given in (3.15), vanishes for all $Z\in \mathfrak X({\mathcal S};\iota )$ . This follows from the analogous statement for $\Omega _i$ and the infinitesimal generators $\zeta _{Z_i}$ on $\operatorname {Emb}_{S_i}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times (S_i)$ in Lemma 3.6, together with the fact that the infinitesimal generators $\zeta _Z$ and $\zeta _{Z_i}$ are $q_i$ related (cf. (3.13)).

To prove the converse implication, we will proceed by induction on r, the length of $\mathcal S$ , using Lemma 3.7. The formula for the leafwise 2-form in Lemma 3.6 provides a similar formula for $\Omega $ :

(3.16) $$ \begin{align} &\Omega_{(\varphi,(\alpha_i))}((u_\varphi,(d\lambda_i)),(v_\varphi,(d\gamma_i))) =\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{S_i}j_i^*\omega(u_\varphi,v_\varphi)\alpha_i\nonumber\\ &\quad-\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{S_i}j_i^*(\varphi^*i_{u_\varphi}\omega)\wedge\gamma_i +\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{S_i}j_i^*(\varphi^*i_{v_\varphi}\omega)\wedge\lambda_i. \end{align} $$

Suppose $(u_\varphi ,(d\lambda _i))$ is in the kernel of $\Omega _{(\varphi ,(\alpha _i))}$ . Considering $\gamma _1=\cdots =\gamma _{r-1}=0$ , we obtain

(3.17) $$ \begin{align} \int_{S_r}\omega(u_\varphi,v_\varphi)\alpha_r -\int_{S_r}\varphi^*i_{u_\varphi}\omega\wedge\gamma_r +\int_{S_r}\varphi^*i_{v_\varphi}\omega\wedge\lambda_r=0, \end{align} $$

for all $\gamma _r$ with $\iota _{r-1}^*\gamma _r=0$ , and all $v_\varphi $ with $v_\varphi |_{\iota _{r-1}(S_{r-1})}=0$ . By Lemma 3.7, there exists $Z_r\in \mathfrak X(S_r)$ such that $T\varphi \circ Z_r=u_\varphi $ and $L_{Z_r}\alpha _r=d\lambda _r$ . Using Lemma 3.6, we conclude that (3.17) holds for all $\gamma _r$ and $v_\varphi $ . Combining this with (3.16), we see that $(u_\varphi \circ \iota _{r-1},(d\lambda _i))$ is in the kernel of the leafwise differential 2-form $\Omega ^{\prime }_{(\varphi \circ \iota _{r-1},(\alpha _i))}$ on $(\operatorname {Emb}_{S_{r-1}}^{\operatorname {iso}}(M)\times \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S}'),\mathcal {D}'\times \ker Th_{{\mathcal S}',\iota '})$ where ${\mathcal S}'=(S_1,\dots ,S_{r-1})$ and $\iota '=(\iota _1,\dots ,\iota _{r-2})$ . By induction, there exists $Z'=(Z_1,\dotsc ,Z_{r-1})\in \mathfrak X({\mathcal S}',\iota ')$ such that $T(\varphi {\circ }\iota _{r-1}){\circ } Z_{r-1}=u_\varphi {\circ }\iota _{r-1}$ and $L_{Z_i}\alpha _i=d\lambda _i$ for $i=1,\dots ,r-1$ . Combining this with $T\varphi \circ Z_r=u_\varphi $ and using the injectivity of $T\varphi $ , we obtain $T\iota _{r-1}{\circ } Z_{r-1}=Z_r{\circ }\iota _{r-1}$ . Hence, $Z=(Z_1,\dotsc ,Z_{r})\in \mathfrak X({\mathcal S},\iota )$ and $(u_\varphi ,(d\lambda _i))$ is the infinitesimal generator at $(\varphi ,(\alpha _i))$ . This ensures that the kernel of $\Omega $ is spanned by the infinitesimal generators of the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S};\iota )$ action.

As a consequence, $\Omega $ descends to a leafwise symplectic form $\bar \Omega $ on the associated bundle

$$\begin{align*}(\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M),\bar{\mathcal{D}})=(\operatorname{Emb}_{S_r}^{\operatorname{iso}}(M)\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)}\operatorname{Den}_\times({\mathcal S}), \mathcal{D}\times_{\operatorname{Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota)}\ker Th_{{\mathcal S},\iota}). \end{align*}$$

The restriction of $\bar \Omega $ to $(\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M),\bar {\mathcal {D}})$ is a leafwise symplectic form as well. Thus, every leaf of $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ is symplectic.

Let $\mathcal F$ denote a leaf of the isodrastic distribution $\bar {\mathcal {D}}$ on $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ , equipped with the symplectic form $\bar \Omega $ . Restricting (2.18), we obtain a $\operatorname {Symp}(M)$ equivariant smooth map

(3.18) $$ \begin{align} J\colon\mathcal F\to\operatorname{\mathfrak{ham}}_c(M)^*,\qquad\langle J(\mathcal{N},\nu),X_f\rangle=\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{N_i}f\nu_i, \end{align} $$

where we identify $\operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)=C^\infty _0(M)$ as in (3.9). This is a moment map for the (Hamiltonian) action of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ on $(\mathcal F,\bar \Omega )$ . Indeed, this follows readily by combining (3.13) with the expression for the moment map in (3.9). Moreover, J is injective according to Proposition 2.5. By Proposition 3.11, the $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ action on $\mathcal F$ is transitive. Using Proposition 3.9, we thus obtain the following generalization of Theorem 3.8.

Remark 3.16 In Section 3.3, we have seen that the inclusion

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)\subseteq\prod_{i=1}^r\operatorname{Gr}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}_{S_i,\mu_i}(M) \end{align*}$$

is a splitting smooth submanifold. The symplectic leaf $\mathcal F$ described in Theorem 3.15 is a splitting symplectic submanifold of a product $\prod _{i=1}^r\mathcal G_i$ of symplectic leaves described in Theorem 3.8. To show that this is indeed a splitting smooth submanifold, one can proceed as in the proof of Theorem 2.11(c), using the fact that each isodrastic leaf in $\operatorname {Flag}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }(M)$ is a splitting smooth submanifold in a product of isodrastic leaves in $\prod _{i=1}^r\operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S_i}(M)$ . The latter can be show by induction on the depth of the flag using Lemma 3.4.

Remark 3.17 The leafwise symplectic form $\bar \Omega $ on $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ can be seen as a Poisson structure whose symplectic leaves are the isodrasts $\mathcal F$ from Theorem 3.15 (see Remark 3.4 in [Reference Weinstein26] about isodrasts in the nonlinear Grassmannian of weighted Lagrangian submanifolds). Restricting (2.18), we obtain a Poisson moment map

$$\begin{align*}J:\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)\to \operatorname{\mathfrak{ham}}_c(M)^*,\quad \langle J(\mathcal{N},\nu),X_f\rangle=\sum_{i=1}^r\int_{N_i}f\nu_i, \end{align*}$$

for the Poisson action of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ on weighted isotropic nonlinear flags, where we identify $\operatorname {\mathfrak {ham}}_c(M)=C^\infty _0(M)$ as before.

Example 3.18 Let M be a symplectic manifold that possesses isotropic submanifolds diffeomorphic to the sphere $S^r$ with $r>1$ . We use the setting of Example 2.19 to describe some coadjoint orbits of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ consisting of nested weighted spheres. Since $H^1(S^r;\mathbb {R})=0$ , by Remark 3.10, each connected component of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(M)$ is a coadjoint orbit of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(M)$ . Similarly to (2.44), we get

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M) =\left\{(\mathcal{N},\nu)\in\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(M)\middle| \begin{array}{c} \{\int_{N_i^+}\nu_i,\int_{N_i^-}\nu_i\}=\{a_i^+,a_i^-\},\\ \text{where }N_i^\pm\text{ denote the connected}\\ \text{components of }N_i\setminus N_{i-1} \end{array} \right\}. \end{align*}$$

Example 3.19 The coadjoint orbits of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(\mathbb {R}^2)$ consisting of pointed vortex loops, studied in [Reference Ciuclea and Vizman4], are the lowest-dimensional examples of coadjoint orbits of weighted nonlinear flags as described in Theorem 3.15.

Their type is $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ , with $\iota :\{1,\dots ,k\}\to S^1$ , $\iota (i)=t_i$ consecutive points on the circle. We get the cohomology space

$$ \begin{align*} H(\mathcal S,\iota) \cong\mathbb{R}^k\times\mathbb{R}^k, \end{align*} $$

where the class $[\mu ]\in H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ is identified with its integrals over connected components of $\{1,\dots ,k\}$ resp. $S^1\setminus \{t_1,\dots ,t_k\}$ . These are $\Gamma _i=\int _{\{i\}}\mu _0$ and $w_i=\int _{t_i}^{t_{i+1}}\mu _1$ , for $i=1,\dots ,k$ . The $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ action on $H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ factorizes through an action of the dihedral group $D_{2k}$ on $\mathbb {R}^k\times \mathbb {R}^k$ . More precisely, one let the dihedral group act on a regular k-gon, with $\Gamma _i$ assigned to the vertex i and $w_i$ assigned to the edge $[i,i+1]$ . For generic density $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ , the orbit $H({\mathcal S},\iota )_{[\mu ]}$ consists of $2k$ elements. The orbit is a one-point set if and only if $\Gamma _1=\dots =\Gamma _k$ and $w_1=\dots =w_k$ .

Let us denote the weighted flags of type $({\mathcal S},\iota )$ in $\mathbb {R}^2$ by $((\{x_1,\dots ,x_k\},\nu _0),(C,\nu _1))$ . The area a enclosed by the curve C singles out one isodrast ${\mathcal L}_a\subset \operatorname {Gr}^{\operatorname {iso}}_{S^1}(\mathbb {R}^2)$ , as in Example 3.3. Theorem 3.15 implies that each connected component of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(\mathbb {R}^2)|_{{\mathcal L}_a}$ is a coadjoint orbit of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(\mathbb {R}^2)$ . Using the above description of $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ action on $H({\mathcal S},\iota )$ , we get

(3.19) $$ \begin{align} &\operatorname{Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota,\mu}^{\operatorname{wt}\operatorname{iso}}(\mathbb{R}^2)|_{{\mathcal L}_a} \nonumber\\&\quad=\left\{((\{x_1,\dots,x_k\},\nu_0),(C,\nu_1))\middle| \begin{array}{c} x_i\text{ consecutive points in }C\in{\mathcal L}_a,\\ \exists\sigma\in D_{2k}\text{ such that}\\ \int_{\{x_i\}}\nu_0=\sigma(\Gamma_i),\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\nu_1=\sigma(w_i) \end{array}\right\}. \end{align} $$

In particular, the invariants are the area a enclosed by the loop C, the point vorticities $\Gamma _i$ , and the net vorticities $w_i=\int _{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\nu _1$ between two consecutive points on the loop.

Example 3.20 Let ${\mathcal L}_{[a_1,a_2]}$ be a union of isodrastic leaves of Lagrangian 2-tori in $\mathbb {R}^4$ , as in Example 3.3, with $[a_1,a_2]$ the $\operatorname {GL}(2,\mathbb Z)$ orbit of the pair of action integrals $(a_1,a_2)\in \mathbb {R}^2$ . Let $S_1$ be a disjoint union of k circles, $S_2=\mathbb T^2$ the 2-torus, and $\iota :S_1\to S_2$ the embedding that maps the ith circle to the circle $\{t_i\}\times S^1\subseteq \mathbb T^2$ , with consecutive points $t_1,\dots , t_k\in S^1$ . For fixed density $\mu \in \operatorname {Den}_\times ({\mathcal S})$ , we aim at describing the coadjoint orbits of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(\mathbb {R}^4)$ that are connected components of $\operatorname {Flag}_{{\mathcal S},\iota ,\mu }^{\operatorname {wt}\operatorname {iso}}(\mathbb {R}^4)|_{{\mathcal L}_{[a_1,a_2]}}$ . To this end, we need the isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} H(\mathcal S,\iota) \cong\mathbb{R}^k\times\mathbb{R}^k \end{align*} $$

given by integration of $\mu _1$ over the components of $S_1$ and of $\mu _2$ over the torus surface between two successive embedded circles. As in the previous example, the $\operatorname {Diff}({\mathcal S},\iota )$ action on $H(\mathcal S,\iota )$ factorizes through the dihedral group. One can now express these coadjoint orbits of $\operatorname {Ham}_c(\mathbb {R}^4)$ as in (3.19), with the help of the dihedral group. Thus, the invariants are: the $\operatorname {GL}(2,\mathbb Z)$ orbit of the two action integrals for the embedded 2-torus, the total weights of the k isotopic loops on the torus, and the partial weights between two such consecutive loops on the torus.