from The Urban Fabric and Environment
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2026
This chapter highlights changes in the relationship between humans and the urban environment by revealing the negotiations and tensions regarding the sealing and unsealing of urban soils and surfaces; organic waste removal and recycling; the use of ‘natural’ and ‘artificial’ soils; spontaneous plant growth and plant cultivation; as well as urbanisation, biodiversity and nature conservation. In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, industrialisation both reinforced and blurred the separation and distinction between urban and rural, city and landscape, centre and periphery. It also produced novel hybrid ecologies which might be called nature-cultures; ecologies in which cities were naturalised and nature was urbanised.
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