Due to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident in Japan in March 2011, large parts of the country were contaminated by radioactive substances. The Japanese Government has designated and classified evacuation zones according to the progress of reconstruction; the “Difficult-to-return zone” has the most severe radiation contamination and thus is off-limits to residents. The former inhabitants of this zone have not yet been able to return, as of 2022.

This situation, however, has changed in the spring of 2023. The evacuation order for the Nagadoro district of Iitate Village, Fukushima Prefecture, designated as a Difficult-to-return zone, has been lifted because of the progress of radiation decontamination work. The residents will be able to return to their homes, which seems like a preferable situation. However, safety and health issues linked with the living environments in the Nagadoro area are of concern to the residents.

Based on the face-to-face interviews we conducted with 4 male residents, 2 main concerns were identified. The first concern involves accidents in agricultural work. Agriculture is the primary industry in the Nagadoro district, and residents may resume farming after returning home. There may be further potential risk; given the long period of time that has passed since the FDNPP accident (that is, 12 years), residents are required to rebuild the degraded farmland and may have lost their sense and habit of agricultural work. This loss of senses and habits may lead to occupational accidents. These backgrounds could contribute to residents’ increased injury/accident risk when they return to farming. Second, safety concerns related to housing have been expressed, such as fire and burglary. As of August 2022, the number of registered residents in the Nagadoro area was 200. ¹ The average return rate of residents after the evacuation order was lifted is only 31.4% in the communities around Iitate Village. If 62 people (31.4%) of 200 had returned, the population density (residents per km ² ) would be 5.2, as the area of the Difficult-to-return zone in the Nagadoro district is approximately 12 km ² . ² The sparsely populated Nagadoro district presents challenges for implementing effective preventive security measures such as burglary monitoring and early fire detection. Even if residents return, their inevitable lack of human presence will likely cause a delay in the detection of fires and burglaries. As incidents of arson and burglary have already occurred in the evacuation zones surrounding Nagadoro, residents have resorted to barricading and patrolling to protect their properties. ^{3–Reference Shinohara and Yoshida-Ohuchi5} It is rational to assume that similar problems will arise when the evacuation order is lifted for the Nagadoro district. Given the low population density and location, special considerations and measures are needed to restart life in the Nagadoro district.

In addition to radiation decontamination work to purify the affected areas after the radiation disaster and to encourage residents’ return, the government should also take measures to decrease the concerns among residents, as mentioned previously. If these measures prove difficult, the government should not encourage people to return, but rather provide public support to help residents migrate and settle in the evacuated areas where they now live.