The gravity of the problem in Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, Ayurvedic medicinal practitioners have been using cannabis and opium as therapeutic agents for centuries. However, no measures were initiated to address the non-medicinal use of psychoactive agents in Sri Lanka until the late 1970s.⁵ Even though clinicians seem to acknowledge that prescription medication misuse is a massive problem in their everyday clinical practice, there is a significant lack of published data about this issue in Sri Lanka.^{4,Reference Dissabandara, Dias, Dodd and Stadlin6} The commonly misused psychotropic agents in Sri Lanka include: pethidine, tramadol, various benzodiazepines (including diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam and oxazepam), cough mixtures containing dextromethorphan, the antipsychotic quetiapine, and anticonvulsants cum chronic pain medications such as pregabalin and gabapentin.^{4,Reference Dissabandara, Dias, Dodd and Stadlin6–Reference Hapangama and Kuruppuarachchi8}

Problems in legislation

Sri Lanka has several legislations regarding drug control and these include the Penal Code, the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Act, the Cosmetic Devices and Drugs Act, the Customs Ordinance and the Indigenous Medicine Act.^9,10 However, there is poor implementation of these codes and acts. As far as we are aware, there are no clear regulations in place to monitor medication prescription and to define the maximum number of medications per prescription in Sri Lanka. In countries such as the USA, to prescribe medications that are considered to have a high potential to be misused, it is mandatory that the prescriber has a licence to prescribe such medication and the pharmacist must have a licence to dispense it.^{Reference Gabay11} Unfortunately, no such rules or regulations, although present to a certain extent, are practised widely in Sri Lanka, which also contributes to this problem. In addition, to our best knowledge, there are hardly any regulations in place to monitor the dispenser (pharmacist) in Sri Lanka in any manner and the meagre rules that are in existence are applied extremely rarely.

Lax attitudes of prescribers and pharmacists

The apex body of medical practitioners in the country, the Sri Lanka Medical Council (SLMC), issues a registration number to all medical practitioners who are eligible to practise and prescribe in Sri Lanka. This number is expected to be inserted/written on any prescription written/issued by that practitioner. However, some prescribers are known to issue prescriptions without their prescriber number and pharmacists are known to dispense medications for prescriptions written without an SLMC registration number.

We are aware that some countries require clinicians to obtain ʻauthority' to prescribe certain medications, such as antipsychotics, and/or require the prescriber to mention the indication for prescribing a particular medication.^{Reference Garada, McLachlan, Schiff and Lehnbom12,Reference Dresser and Frader13} However, in Sri Lanka, no such rules apply, which in our opinion results in the lax attitude of the prescribers to writing off-label prescriptions for various benzodiazepines, quetiapine, gabapentin and pregabalin. Furthermore, prescribers are rarely taken to task for such habits, which may also result in the continuation of these substandard practices.

To the best of our knowledge, a pharmacist practising in Sri Lanka should not only have registration but also apply for a certificate of good standing from the SLMC. However, not all currently practising pharmacists appear to be following these stipulated guidelines.

Lack of trained mental health personnel

The lack of a workforce in Sri Lanka to deal with the health needs of its population has placed a large case-load per clinician and this affects mental health services more than any other discipline of medicine in this country.^{Reference Jenkins, Mendis, Cooray and Cooray14} Under such circumstances, psychological treatment methods, especially those indicated for various anxiety, depressive and sleep disorders, which may take a longer clinician–patient time than prescribing medication, may appear non-cost-effective to some clinicians. This unfortunately results not only in the patients receiving substandard care but also in some of these patients continuing such medications for years without an authorised prescription or monitoring, leading them to develop a dependence on these agents.

The role of the patient

In addition to the lack of regulations and the practices of prescribers and the pharmacists, another reason for prescription medication misuse in Sri Lanka is the self-medication habits of the public, who at times procure medications over the counter without a valid prescription and at times use medications prescribed for another ailment or even prescribed for someone else. On certain occasions, patients continue to take a medication for years on end without any monitoring by the prescriber.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may have had an impact on the availability and the price of illegal drugs on the streets, which may divert people who misuse or are dependent on them to use over-the-counter medications for a far cheaper price. This has been reported to have occurred in other countries^{Reference Chiappini, Guirguis, Corkery and Schifano15} and is seen in our day-to-day clinical practice in Sri Lanka.

In addition, the health regulations and travel restrictions imposed to contain the pandemic have resulted in patients not being able to be reviewed by their doctors, resulting at times in patients obtaining their medications through improper means.

Solutions

Research

Proper and robust studies regarding the diversion of narcotics and psychotropic agents need to be conducted in all areas and settings of the country and not just in the prison system.^{Reference Dissabandara, Dias, Dodd and Stadlin6} This would provide much-needed data regarding the gravity of this problem and help in tightening the regulations and improving prescribing and dispensing practices.

We believe that prescription drug misuse has reached epidemic proportions in Sri Lanka and all stakeholders, including authorities, regulatory bodies, prescribers, dispensers and the general public, should be held responsible and accountable for mitigating this menace.