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Infant Strangulation from an Amber Teething Necklace

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2016

Catherine Cox ,
Neil Petrie  and
Katrina F. Hurley
Catherine Cox
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
Neil Petrie
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
Katrina F. Hurley*
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
*
Correspondence to: Katrina Hurley, Department of Emergency Medicine, IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, Canada B3K 6R8; Email: kfhurley@dal.ca

Abstract

Amber teething necklaces supposedly provide analgesia for teething infants. Their use is becoming more widespread, despite lack of peer-reviewed evidence and warnings from Health Canada that they pose a strangulation and aspiration risk. To date, there have been no published reports of strangulation secondary to amber teething necklaces. In this report we present a case of non-fatal infant strangulation from the first time use of an amber teething necklace. We will also discuss the role of physicians as advocates in reporting similar cases and educating families. Finally, we will comment on the responsibility of all professionals and professional organizations that work with infants and toddlers to advocate for children by raising concerns and counselling parents.

Résumé

Les colliers d’ambre pour dentition auraient des propriétés analgésiques chez les nourrissons. Leur utilisation gagne de plus en plus de terrain malgré le manque de données évaluées par les pairs et des avertissements de Santé Canada selon lesquels ces colliers présentent des risques de strangulation et d’aspiration. Aucun rapport publié jusqu’à maintenant ne fait état de cas de strangulation liés à l’utilisation de colliers d’ambre pour dentition. Toutefois sera décrit ici un cas de strangulation non mortelle chez un nourrisson dès la première utilisation d’un collier d’ambre pour dentition. Il sera également question du rôle des médecins comme défenseurs des enfants dans la déclaration de cas semblables et dans l’éducation des familles. Enfin, les auteurs discuteront de la responsabilité de tous les professionnels et de toutes les organisations professionnelles voués au bien-être des nourrissons et des tout-petits dans la défense des intérêts des enfants en exprimant des préoccupations et en informant les parents.

Keywords

strangulationamber teething necklacepaediatricsinjury prevention

Information

Type
Case Reports
Information
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine , Volume 19 , Issue 5 , September 2017 , pp. 400 - 403
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 2016 

Introduction

Healing amber teething necklaces are considered an alternative medical therapy for pain due to teething. Manufacturers claim that analgesia is due to release and absorption of succinic acid when the beads are warmed against a child's skin. The necklaces are targeted toward children between three months and two years of age. While some manufacturers claim infants/toddlers should wear the necklace as much as possible to achieve full therapeutic effect, others advise against unsupervised or overnight use. We have yet to identify a manufacturer that explicitly cites strangulation or aspiration as potential risks. In fact, manufacturers counter this risk by claiming that amber teething necklaces are “safe” for the following three reasons:Reference Amber 1

  1. 1) a knot between each bead reduces the probably of multiple beads coming loose;

  2. 2) the amber beads are “pea” sized and are reportedly more likely to be swallowed than aspirated; and,

  3. 3) the clasp used to connect the beads will break open under tension, preventing strangulation.

These marketing claims do not have face validity. A PubMed search for evidence supporting transdermal absorption of succinic acid or the safety of these devices found no scientific evidence to back up these claims. Health Canada has issued two consumer product safety warnings around the use of teething necklaces in 2001 and 2013, with the following statement: “Never place a necklace, teething necklace, string, ribbon or chain around the neck of a child under three. These products can be strangulation and choking hazards.” 2 Despite the 2013 warning from Health Canada and lack of scientific evidence establishing benefit and safety, it appears, anecdotally, that use of amber teething necklaces for infants is becoming increasingly popular among Canadian parents. Furthermore, during an anonymous conversation with an international broker of amber teething necklaces; we were informed that distribution to Canada and the US alone has increased by 30% since 2010.

Case Report

A previously healthy four-month-old male presented to the Emergency Department (ED) after waking up with a new petechial rash on his face (Figure 1). Because of concerns about teething discomfort, he went to bed wearing an amber teething necklace for the first time overnight. Parents reported that the necklace was “not tight” and had been fitted by store personnel. There was no history of fever, cough, vomiting, or feeding difficulty. Triage vitals were within normal limits.

Figure 1

Petechiae on the face and neck.

He was born at 36 weeks and five days via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no complications. He had phototherapy for neonatal jaundice and had been well since discharge from hospital. His vaccinations were up to date. Head-to-toe physical examination was unremarkable with the exception of petechiae on the face and scalp. Diagnostic testing in the ED included complete blood count, coagulation studies, and C-reactive protein, all of which were within normal limits.

Since the history and clinical exam indicated accidental strangulation secondary to the overnight use of an amber teething necklace, it was reported to Health Canada. In the 13 months since this incident, the patient has remained well with no further ED visits.

Discussion

Parents do not always receive satisfactory information from health care providers regarding normal infant teething and associated symptoms.Reference Plutzer, Spencer and Keirse 3 Despite the knowledge that infant teething is a benign physiological process, parents report significant anxiety and concern for their teething child.Reference Plutzer, Spencer and Keirse 3 Parents may also incorrectly attribute symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, or vomiting to teething.Reference Owais, Zawaideh and Bataineh 4 These factors, coupled with a perceived lack of effective over-the-counter medical therapy for reducing teething symptoms, may explain why some parents seek alternative remedies such as amber teething necklaces.

In 2012, TailleferReference Taillefer, Casaoprana and Cascarigny 5 conducted a qualitative study that explored parental concerns surrounding infant teething and the resultant use of healing amber teething necklaces. In this study, parents of children wearing amber teething necklaces were individually interviewed and asked about their reasons for using these products. Even after the parents in this study were informed about the life-threatening risks associated with use of teething necklaces, they still continued to use them. TailleferReference Taillefer, Casaoprana and Cascarigny 5 postulated that parents’ fear of the pain associated with infant teething took precedence over the theoretical risk of aspiration or strangulation.

Hanging related to toy necklaces has been well described.Reference Chin and Berns 6 Though we found a news report of infant strangulation by amber teething necklace,Reference Slater 7 searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar failed to identify any cases in the medical literature. This injury identifies an important opportunity for injury prevention, advocacy, and action.

Advocacy is a core competency for physiciansReference Sherbino, Bonnycastle and Côte 8 and a central pillar of medical professionalism. 9 In addition to advocacy, the Canadian Association of Emergency physicians recently highlighted injury prevention as a core responsibility. 10 Emergency physicians are uniquely positioned to bear witness to acute presentation of injury and associated consequences. Some suggest that this timing in particular is an opportunity for a “teachable moment” to instigate a behavioural change.Reference Zonfrillo, Melzer-Lange and Gittelman 11 This approach is described by emergency physicians who counsel adolescents about alcohol misuse,Reference Diestelkamp, Arnaud and Sack 12 smoking cessation,Reference Cheung 13 and intimate partner violence.Reference Kendall, Pelucio and Casaletto 14

Physicians can engage in injury prevention and advocate for children by counselling parents about the process of normal infant teething, safe remedies for teething analgesia, and the risks associated with wearing an amber teething necklace (or any other kind of necklace). Seeing a child wearing an amber necklace, or parents seeking advice about infant teething, can trigger this conversation.Reference Zonfrillo, Melzer-Lange and Gittelman 11

In addition to this bedside advocacy, physicians are encouraged to report cases of strangulation, aspiration, injury, or death related to amber teething necklaces to Health Canada. Incidents involving a consumer product are easily reported online (reporting instructions are found at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/advisories-avis/incident/index-eng.php). 15 In addition to reporting directly to Health Canada, participating hospitals can also report cases via the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP). CHIRPP questionnaires are administered to families when an injured person presents to the ED. The data are uploaded into a national dataset. According to CHIRPP there was only one reported case of an injury related to a teething necklace during the period of April 1, 2011 to November 24, 2015 (Jennifer Crain, personal communication, 28 November 2015). The first step of comprehensive injury reporting is recognition and appropriate classification. In this instance, physicians will need to have a high index of suspicion to recognize the manifestations of infant strangulation and diligence in ensuring these cases are classified as strangulation injuries, regardless of their presenting features. For example, this case was not identified to CHIRPP, since the registered complaint was a “rash.” Reporting these instances substantiates product safety warnings and could result in a consumer product recall. This was demonstrated with Heath Canada’s recall of “Buckyball magnetic sets,” which were recalled due to their risk of bowel perforation secondary to accidental pediatric ingestion. 16

Conclusion

On a broader scale, all professionals working with infants and toddlers (pediatricians, nurses, family physicians, dentists, etc.) have a professional obligation to counsel families about preventable injury. Included in this discussion should be sufficient and factual information about normal infant teething with mention of safe infant analgesic strategies. This case illustrates a serious risk associated with amber teething necklaces. We encourage health professionals to discuss the use of such devices with their patient community and respective professional associations. Reporting these cases to Health Canada will help substantiate consumer product safety warnings and could result in a consumer product recall. Professional organizations, such as hospitals and community clinics, may also advocate by posting credible information (such as this case report) identifying the dangers associated with amber teething necklaces.

Competing Interests: None declared.

References

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Figure 0

Figure 1 Petechiae on the face and neck.