Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 144
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      17 July 2009
      19 September 2005
      ISBN:
      9780511498558
      9780521851329
      9780521143424
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.514kg, 278 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.41kg, 280 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    This book explores the epistemological and ethical issues at the foundations of environmental philosophy, emphasising the conservation of biodiversity. Sahota Sarkar criticises attempts to attribute intrinsic value to nature and defends an anthropocentric position on biodiversity conservation based on an untraditional concept of transformative value. Unlike other studies in the field of environmental philosophy, this book is as much concerned with epistemological issues as with environmental ethics. It covers a broad range of topics, including problems of explanation and prediction in traditional ecology and how individual-based models and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology is transforming ecology. Introducing a brief history of conservation biology, Sarkar analyses the consensus framework for conservation planning through adaptive management. He concludes with a discussion of directions for theoretical research in conservation biology and environmental philosophy.

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    References
    References
    Ackery, P. R., and Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    Aerts, R., and Chapin, F. S. III. 2000. “The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants Revisited: A Re-Evaluation of Processes and Patterns.” Advances in Ecological Research 30: 1–67
    Agarwal, A. 1992. “Sociological and Political Constraints to Biodiversity Conservation.” In Sandlund, O. T., Hinder, K., and Brown, A. H. D., eds., Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, pp. 293–302
    Aggarwal, A., Garson, J., Margules, C. R., Nicholls, A. O., and Sarkar, S. 2000. ResNet Ver 1.1 Manual. Austin: University of Texas Biodiversity and Biocultural Conservation Laboratory
    Aiken, W. 1992. “Human Rights in an Ecological Era.” Environmental Values 1: 191–203
    Alihan, M. A. 1938. Social Ecology: A Critical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press
    Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H. V. 1980. “Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.” Science 208: 1095–1098
    Amato, G., Rabinowitz, A., and Egan, M. G. 1999. “A New Species of Muntjac, Muntiacus putaoensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae from Northern Myanmar).” Animal Conservation 2: 1–7
    Andelman, S. J., and Fagan, W. F. 2000. “Umbrellas and Flagships: Efficient Conservation Surrogates, or Expensive Mistakes?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97: 5954–5959
    Angermeier, P. L., and Karr, J. R. 1994. “Biological Integrity versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives.”BioScience 44: 690–697
    Araújo, M. B., Densham, P. J., Lampinen, R., Hagemeijer, W. J. M., Mitchell-Jones, A. J., and Gase, J. P. 2001. “Would Environmental Diversity Be a Good Surrogate for Species Diversity?” Ecography 24: 103–110
    Arrhenius, O. 1921. “Species and Area.” Journal of Ecology 9: 95–99
    Arrow, K. J., and Raynaud, H. 1986. Social Choice and Multicriterion Decision-Making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Arthur, J. L., Hachey, M., Sahr, K., Huso, M., and Kiester, A. R. 1997. “Finding All Optimal Solutions to the Reserve Site Selection Problem: Formulation and Computational Analysis.” Environmental and Ecological Statistics 4: 153–165
    Asteris, G., and Sarkar, S. 1996. “Bayesian Procedures for the Estimation of Mutation Rates from Fluctuation Experiments.” Genetics 142: 313–326
    Atfield, R. 1987. A Theory of Value and Obligation. London: Croom Helm
    Athanasiou, T., and Baer, P. 2003. Dead Heat: Global Justice and Global Warming. New York: Seven Sisters Press
    Austin, M. P., and Heyligers, P. C. 1989. “Vegetation Survey Design for Conservation: Gradsect Sampling of Forests in North-eastern New South Wales.” Biological Conservation 50: 13–32
    Austin, M. P., and Margules, C. R. 1986. “Assessing Representativeness.” In Usher, M. B., ed., Wildlife Conservation Evaluation. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 45–67
    Bahadur, K. N. 1986. “Bamboos.” In Hawkins, R. E., ed., Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 30–38
    Balmford, A., Bruner, A., Cooper, P., Constanza, R., Farber, S., Green, R. E., Jenkins, M., Jefferiss, P., Jessamy, V., Madden, J., Munro, K., Myers, N., Naeem, S., Paavola, J., Rayment, M., Rosendo, S., Roughgarden, J., Trumper, K., and Turner, R. K. 2002. “Economic Reasons for Conserving Nature.” Nature 297: 950–953
    Barbier, E. B., Brown, G., Dalmazzone, S., Folke, C., Gadgil, M., Hanley, N., Holling, C. S., Lesser, W. H., Mäler, K.-G., Mason, P., Panayotou, T., Perrings, C., Turner, R. K., and Wells, M. 1995. “The Economic Value of Biodiversity.” In Heywood, V. H., ed., Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 824–914
    Barrow, C. J. 2000. Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press
    Batchelor, M., and Brown, K., eds. 1994. Buddhism and Ecology. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
    Bateman, I. J., and Willis, K. G., eds. 1999. Valuing Environmental Preferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Beissinger, S. R. 2002. “Population Viability Analysis: Past, Present, Future.” In Beissinger, S. R., and McCullough, D. R., eds., Population Viability Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 5–17
    Beissinger, S. R., and McCullough, D. R., eds. 2002. Population Viability Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Beissinger, S. R., and Westphal, M. I. 1998. “On the Use of Demographic Models of Population Viability in Endangered Species Management.” Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 821–841
    Benyus, J. M. 1997. Biomimicry. New York: William Morrow
    Bevis, W. W. 1995. Borneo Log: The Struggle for Sarawak's Forests. Seattle: University of Washington Press
    Biehl, J., and Staudenmaier, P. 1995. Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience. Edinburgh: AK Press
    Bj⊘rklund, I. 1990. “Sámi Reindeer Pastoralism as an Indigenous Resource Management System in Northern Norway: A Contribution to the Common Property Debate.” Development and Change 21: 75–86
    Bogetoft, P., and Pruzan, P. 1997. Planning with Multiple Criteria: Investigation, Communication and Choice. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press
    Bolker, J. A. 1995. “Model Systems in Developmental Biology.” BioEssays 17: 451–455
    Bookchin, M. 1995. The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism. Montreal: Black Rose Books
    Borgmann, A. 1995. “The Nature of Reality and the Reality of Nature.” In Soulé, M. E., and Lease, G., eds. Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 31–45
    Bormann, F. H., and Likens, G. E. 1979a. “Catastrophic Disturbance and the Steady State in Northern Hardwood Forests.” American Scientist 67: 660–669
    Bormann, F. H., and Likens, G. E. 1979b. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    Boulding, K. 1966. “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth.” In Jarrett, H., ed., Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3–14
    Boyce, M. S., Meyer, J. S., and Irwin, L. 1994. “Habitat-Based PVA for the Northern Spotted Owl.” In Fletcher, D. J., and Manly, B. F. J., eds., Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press, pp. 63– 85
    Bramwell, A. 1989. Ecology in the 20th Century: A History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Brower, L. P., and Malcolm, S. B. 1991. “Animal Migrations: Endangered Phenomena.” American Zoologist 31: 265–276
    Brown, J. H., and Lomolino, M. V. 1989. “Independent Discovery of the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography.”Ecology 70: 1954–1957
    Buss, L. 1987. The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Cabeza, M., and Moilenan, A. 2001. “Design of Reserve Networks and the Persistence of Biodiversity.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 242–248
    Callicott, J. B. 1980. “Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair.” Enviromental Ethics 2: 331–338
    Callicott, J. B. 1986. “On the Intrinsic Value of Nonhuman Species.” In Norton, B. G., ed., The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 138–172
    Callicott, J. B. 1989. In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press
    Callicott, J. B. 1991a. “The Good Old-Time Wilderness Religion.” Environmental Professional 13: 378–379
    Callicott, J. B. 1991b. “The Wilderness Idea Revisited: The Sustainable Development Alternative.” Environmental Professional 13: 235–247
    Carr, A. 1984. The Sea Turtle: So Excellent a Fishe. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
    Caufield, C. 1984. In the Rainforest: Report from a Strange, Beautiful, Imperiled World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Caughley, G. 1994. “Directions in Conservation Biology.” Journal of Animal Ecology 63: 215–244
    Caughley, G., and Gunn, A. 1996. Conservation Biology in Theory and Practice. Boston: Blackwell Science
    Church, R. L., Stoms, D. M., and Davis, F. W. 1996. “Reserve Selection as a Maximal Covering Location Problem.” Biological Conservation 76: 105–112
    Cockburn, A., and Ridgeway, J., eds. 1979. Political Ecology. New York: Times Books
    Cocks, K. D., and Baird, I. A. 1989. “Using Mathematical Programming to Address the Multiple Reserve Selection Problem: An Example from the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.” Biological Conservation 49: 113–130
    Cohen, G. A. 2000. If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're So Rich? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Cohen, J. E. 1995. How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York: Norton
    Connor, E. F., and McCoy, E. D. 1979. “The Statistics and Biology of the Species-Area Relationship.” American Naturalist 113: 791–833
    Cox, S. J. B. 1985. “No Tragedy on the Commons.” Environmental Ethics 7: 49–61
    Cronon, W. 1996a. “Introduction: In Search of Nature.” In Cronon, W., ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: Norton, pp. 23–56
    Cronon, W. 1996b. “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature.” In Cronon, W., ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: Norton, pp. 69–90
    Cronon, W., ed. 1996c. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: Norton
    Denevan, W. M. 1992. “The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82: 369–385
    Dennis, B. 1996. “Discussion: Should Ecologists Become Bayesians?” Ecological Applications 6: 1095–1103
    Diamond, J. M. 1975a. “Assembly of Species Communities.” In Cody, M. L., and Diamond, J. M., eds., Ecology and the Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 342–459
    Diamond, J. M. 1975b. “The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves.” Biological Conservation 7: 129–146
    Diamond, J. M. 1976. “Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations.” Science 193: 1027–1029
    Diamond, J. M., and May, R. M. 1976. “Island Biogeography and the Design of Natural Reserves.” In May, R. M., ed., Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 163–186
    Dickie, G. 1974. Art and the Aesthetic: An Institutional Analysis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, University Press
    Dyer, J. S., and Sarin, R. K. 1979. “Measurable Multiattribute Value Functions.” Operations Research 27: 810–822
    Eagleton, T. 1991. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso
    Eagleton, T., ed. 1994. Ideology. London: Longmans
    Easterbrook, G. 1995. A Moment on Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism. New York: Viking
    Ebenhard, T. 1988. “Introduced Birds and Mammals and Their Ecological Effects.” Swedish Wildlife Research 13: 1–107
    Ehrenfeld, D. W. 1976. “The Conservation of Non-Resources.” American Scientist 64: 648–656
    Ehrlich, P. R., and Ehrlich, A. 1968. The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine
    Ehrlich, P. R., and Ehrlich, A. 1981. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. New York: Random House
    Elliott, R. 2001. “Normative Ethics.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, UK: Blackwell, pp. 175–191
    Ellison, A. M. 1996. “An Introduction to Bayesian Inference for Ecological Research and Environmental Decision-Making.” Ecological Applications 6: 1036–1046
    Ereshefsky, M., ed. 1992. The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Faber, D. 1993. Environment under Fire: Imperialism and the Ecological Crisis in Central America. New York: Monthly Review Press
    Fahrig, L. 2003. “Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34: 487–515
    Faith, D. P. 1995. Biodiversity and Regional Sustainability Analysis. Lyneham: CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology
    Faith, D. P., and Walker, P. A. 1996. “How Do Indicator Groups Provide Information about the Relative Biodiversity of Different Sets of Areas?: On Hotspots, Complementarity, and Pattern-based Approaches.” Biodiversity Letters 3: 18–25
    Fanon, F. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin
    Fayrer-Hosken, R. A., Grobler, D., Altena, J. J., Bertschinger, H. J., and Kirkpatrick, J. F. 2000. “Immunocontraception of African Elephants.” Nature 407: 149
    Fayrer-Hosken, R. A., Grobler, D., Altena, J. J., Bertschinger, H. J., and Kirkpatrick, J. F. 2001. “African Elephants and Contraception.” Nature 411: 766
    Feinberg, J. 1974. “The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations.” In Blackstone, W. I., ed., Philosophy and the Enviornmental Crisis. Athens, University of Georgia Press, pp. 43–68
    Ferrier, S., and Watson, G. 1997. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Environmental Surrogates and Modelling Techniques in Predicting the Distribution of Biological Diversity: Consultancy Report to the Biodiversity Convention and Strategy Section of the Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. Arimidale: Environment Australia
    Ferry, L. 1995. The New Ecological Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Fisher, J. A. 2001. “Aesthetics.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, UK: Blackwell, pp. 264–276
    Foley, P. 1994. “Predicting Extinction Times from Environmental Stochasticity and Carrying Capacity.” Conservation Biology 8: 124–137
    Foley, P. 1997. “Extinction Models for Local Populations.” In Hanski, I. A., and Gilpin, M. E., eds., Metapopulation Biology. New York: Academic Press, pp. 215–246
    Foreman, D. 1991. “Second Thoughts of an Eco-Warrior.” In Chase, S., ed., Defending the Earth: A Dialogue between Murray Bookchin and Dave Foreman. Boston: South End Press, pp. 107–119
    Fowler, L. E. 1979. “Hatching Success and Nest Predation in the Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas, at Tortuguero, Costa Rica.” Ecology 60: 946–955
    Fox, W. 1993. “What Does the Recognition of Intrinsic Value Entail?” Trumpeter 10: 101
    Frankena, W. K. 1939. “The Naturalistic Fallacy.” Mind 48: 464–477
    Fryxell, J. M., and Lundberg, P. 1998. Individual Behavior and Community Dynamics. London: Chapman and Hall
    Funch, P., and Kristensen, R. M. 1995. “Cycliophora Is a New Phylum with Affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoiprocta.” Nature 378: 711–714
    Gadgil, M., and Berkes, F. 1991. “Traditional Resource Management Systems.” Resource Management and Optimization 8: 127–141
    Gadgil, M., and Guha, R. 1992. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
    Gadgil, M., and Guha, R. 1995. Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India. New Delhi: Penguin
    Garey, M. R., and Johnson, D. S. 1979. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman
    Garson, J., Aggarwal, A., and Sarkar, S. 2002. “Birds as Surrogates for Biodiversity: An Analysis of a Data Set from Southern Québec.” Journal of Biosciences 27 (S2): 347–360
    Gaston, K. J., and May, R. M. 1992. “The Taxonomy of Taxonomists.” Nature 356: 281–282
    Gause, G. F. 1934. The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins
    George, W. 1981. “Wallace and His Line.” In Whitmore, T. C., ed., Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 3–8
    Giao, P. M., Tuoc, D., Dung, V. V., Wikramanayake, E., Amato, G., Arctander, P., and MacKinnon, J. R. 1998. “Description of Muntiacus truongsonensis, a New Species of Muntjac (Artiodactyla: Muntiacidae) from Central Vietnam, and Implications for Conservation.” Animal Conservation 1: 61–68
    Gilbert, F. S. 1980. “The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography: Fact or Fiction?” Journal of Biogeography 7: 209–235
    Gilpin, M. E., and Soulé, M. E. 1986. “Minimum Viable Populations: Processes of Species Extinction.” In Soulé, M. E., ed., Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 19–34
    Gleason, H. A. 1922. “On the Relation between Species and Area.” Ecology 3: 158–162
    Golley, F. B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More than the Sum of the Parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Goodman, D. 1975. “The Theory of Diversity-Stability Relationships in Ecology.” Quarterly Review of Biology 50: 237–266
    Goodman, D. 2002. “Predictive Bayesian Population Viability Analysis: A Logic for Listing Criteria, Delisting Criteria, and Recovery Plans.” In Beissinger, S. R., and McCullough, D. R., eds., Population Viability Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 447–469
    Goodpaster, K. 1978. “On Being Morally Considerable.” Journal of Philosophy 75: 308–325
    Griffiths, P. E. 1997. What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Grimm, V., and Wissel, C. 1997. “Babel, or the Ecological Stability Discussions: An Inventory and Analysis of Terminology and a Guide for Avoiding Confusions.” Oecologia 109: 323–334
    Groombridge, B., ed. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. London: Chapman and Hall
    Groves, C. R., Jensen, D. B., Valutis, L. L., Redford, K. H., Shaffer, M. L., Scott, J. M., Baumgartner, J. V., Higgins, J. V., Beck, M. W., and Anderson, M. G. 2002. “Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: Putting Conservation Science into Practice.” BioScience 52: 499–512
    Guha, R. 1989. “Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique.” Environmental Ethics 11: 71–83
    Guha, R., ed. 1994. Social Ecology. Delhi: Oxford University Press
    Haila, Y. 1986. “On the Semiotic Dimension of Ecological Theory: The Case of Island Biogeography.” Biology and Philosophy 1: 377–387
    Haila, Y., 1997. “Trivialization of Critique in Ecology.” Biology and Philosophy 12: 109–118
    Haila, Y., and Levins, R. 1992. Humanity and Nature: Ecology, Science and Society. London: Pluto Press
    Haila, Y., and Margules, C. R. 1996. “Survey Research in Conservation Biology.” Ecography 19: 323–331
    Hanski, I. 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Hardin, G. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162: 1243–1248
    Hardin, G. 1995. The Immigration Dilemma: Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons. Washington: Federation for American Immigration Reform
    Harrison, S. 1991. “Population Growth, Land Use and Deforestation in Costa Rica.” Interciencia 16: 83–93
    Hecht, S., and Cockburn, A. 1990. The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon. New York: Harper Perennial
    Hedrick, P. W., Lacy, R. C., Allendorf, F. W., and Soulé, M. E. 1996. “Directions in Conservation Biology: Comments on Caughley.” Conservation Biology 10: 1312–1320
    Heinzerling, L., and Ackerman, F. 2002. Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Law Center
    Higgs, A. J. 1981. “Island Biogeography Theory and Nature Reserve Design.” Journal of Biogeography 8: 117–124
    Hobbs, R. J., and Huenneke, L. F. 1992. “Disturbance, Diversity, and Invasion – Implications for Conservation.” Conservation Biology 6: 324–337
    Holling, C. S. 1973. “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1–23
    Holling, C. S., ed. 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. Chichester: Wiley
    Horgan, J. 1995. “The New Social Darwinists.” Scientific American 273(4): 174–181
    Horgan, J. 1999. The Undiscovered Mind: How the Human Brain Defies Replication, Medication, and Explanation. New York: Free Press
    Horwich, C., and Urbach, P. 1993. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach. La Salle, IL: Open Court
    Howard, P. C., Viskanic, P., Davenport, T. R. B., Kigenyi, F. W., Baltzer, M., Dickinson, C. J., Lwanga, J. S., Matthews, R. A., and Balmford, A. 1998. “Complementarity and the Use of Indicator Groups for Reserve Selection in Uganda.” Nature 394: 472–475
    Hume, D. 1948 [1779]. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. New York: Hafner
    Hume, D. 1972 [1737]. A Treatise on Human Nature. London: Fontana
    Huston, M., DeAngelis, D., and Post, W. 1988. “New Computer Models Unify Ecological Theory.” BioScience 38(10): 682–691
    International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 1980. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature
    International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 1983. Parks and Life: Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature
    Jablonski, D. 1993. “Mass Extinctions: New Answers, New Questions.” In Kaufman, L., and Mallory, K., eds., The Last Extinction, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 47–68
    Jablonski, D. 1995. “Extinctions in the Fossil Record.” In Lawton, J. H., and May, R. M., eds. Extinction Rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 25–44
    Jaffe, M. 1994. And No Birds Sing: The Story of an Ecological Disaster in a Tropical Paradise. New York: Simon and Schuster
    Janzen, D. H. 1986. “The Future of Tropical Ecology.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 305–324
    Jones, B. D. 1999. “Bounded Rationality.” Annual Review of Political Science 2(1): 297–321
    Justus, J., and Sarkar, S. 2002. “The Principle of Complementarity in the Design of Reserve Networks to Conserve Biodiversity: A Preliminary History.” Journal of Biosciences 27 (S2): 421–435
    Karr, J. R. 1991. “Biological Integrity: A Long Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management.” Ecological Applications 1: 66–84
    Kasischke, E. S., Christensen, N. L., and Stocks, B. J. 1995. “Fire, Global Warming, and the Carbon Balance of Boreal Forests.” Ecological Applications 5: 437–451
    Kass, L. R., and Wilson, J. O. 1998. The Ethics of Human Cloning. Washington, DC: AEI Press
    Kass, R. E., and Raftery, A. E. 1995. “Bayes Factors.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 90: 773–795
    Keeney, R. L., and Raiffa, H. 1993. Decisions with Multiple Alternatives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Keller, D. R., and Golley, F. B., eds. 2000. The Philosophy of Ecology: From Science to Synthesis. Athens: University of Georgia Press
    Kellert, S. R. 1996. The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Kellog, E. A., and Shaffer, H. B. 1993. “Model Organisms in Evolutionary Studies.” Systematic Biology 42: 409–414
    Kingsland, S. E. 1985. Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Kingsland, S. 2002. “Designing Nature Reserves: Adapting Ecology to Real-World Problems.” Endeavour 26: 9–14
    Kirkpatrick, J. B. 1983. “An Iterative Method for Establishing Priorities for the Selection of Nature Reserves: An Example from Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 25: 127–134
    Kitcher, P. 1985. Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human NatureCambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Korsgaard, C. 1983. “Two Distinctions in Goodness.” Philosophical Review 92: 169–195
    Krieger, M. 1973. “What's Wrong with Plastic Trees?” Science 179: 446–453
    Kuhn, T. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Lacy, R. C., and Miller, P. S. 2002. “Incorporating Human Populations and Activities into Population Viability Analysis.” In Beissinger, S. R., and McCullough, D. R., eds., Population Viability Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 490–510
    Lear, L. 1997. Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. New York: Henry Holt
    Lee, M. F. 1995. Earth First! Environmental Apocalypse. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press
    Lehman, C. L., and Tilman, D. 2000. “Biodiversity, Stability, and Productivity in Competitive Communities.” American Naturalist 156: 534–552
    Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County Almanac. London: Oxford University Press
    Leopold, A. 1950. “Conservation.” In Leopold, L., ed., Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 145–157
    Levins, R. 1966. “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology.” American Scientist 54: 421–431
    Levins, R. 1974. “The Qualitative Analysis of Partially Specified Systems.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 231: 123–138
    Levins, R. 1975. “Evolution in Communities Near Equilibrium.” In Cody, M. L., and Diamond, J. M., eds. Ecology and the Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 16–50
    Levins, R. 1993. “A Response to Orzack and Sober: Formal Analysis and the Fluidity of Science.” Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 547–555
    Lewis, M. 2003. Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1945–1997. New Delhi: Orient Longman
    Lewis, W. H., and Elvin-Lewis, M. P. F. 1977. Medical Botany. New York: John Wiley
    Lewontin, R. C. 1969. “The Meaning of Stability.” Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 22: 13–24
    Liem, D. S. 1973. “A New Genus of Frog of the Family Leptodactylidae from SE Queensland, Australia.” Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 16: 459–470
    Light, A., ed. 1998. Social Ecology after Bookchin. New York: Guilford Press
    Lomborg, B. 2001. The Skeptical Environmentalist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Loomis, J. B., and White, D. S. 1996. “Economic Benefits of Rare and Endangered Species: Summary and Meta-analysis.” Ecological Economics 18: 197–206
    Lovejoy, T. E. 1986. “Species Leave the Ark One by One.” In Norton, B. G., ed., The Preservation of Species. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 13–27
    MacArthur, R. H. 1965. “Patterns of Species Diversity.” Biological Review 40: 510–533
    MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. 1963. “An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography.” Evolution 17: 373–387
    MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Mace, G. M. 1994. “An Investigation into Methods for Categorizing the Conservation Status of Species.” In Edwards, P. J., May, R. M., and Webb, N. R., eds., Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 295–314
    Mace, G. M. 1995. “Classification of Threatened Species and Its Role in Conservation Planning.” In Lawton, J. H., and May, R. M., eds., Extinction Rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 197–213
    Mackey, B. G., Nix, H. A., Stein, J. A., Cork, S. E., and Bullen, F. T. 1989. “Assessing the Representative of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Property.” Biological Conservation 50: 279–303
    Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Maisto, S. A. 2003. Drug Use and Abuse. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
    Malpas, J. E. 1999. Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Manly, B. F. J., McDonald, L. L., and Thomas, D. L. 1993. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. London: Chapman and Hall
    Mann, C. C., and Plummer, M. L. 1995. Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species. New York: Knopf
    Marchak, M. P. 1995. Logging the Globe. Montreal: McGill–Queens University Press
    Margules, C. R. 1989. “Introduction to Some Australian Developments in Conservation Evaluation.” Biological Conservation 50: 1–11
    Margules, C. R., Higgs, A. J., and Rafe, R. W. 1982. “Modern Biogeographic Theory: Are There Lessons for Nature Reserve Design?” Biological Conservation 24: 115–128
    Margules, C. R., Nicholls, A. O., and Pressey, R. L. 1988. “Selecting Networks of Reserves to Maximize Biological Diversity.” Biological Conservation 43: 63–76
    Margules, C. R., and Pressey, R. L. 2000. “Systematic Conservation Planning.” Nature 405: 242–253
    Martin, R. D. 1993. “Primate Origins: Plugging the Gaps.” Nature 363: 223–234
    Mathews, F. 2001. “Deep Ecology.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 218–232
    May, R. M. 1973. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    May, R. M. 1975. “Island Biogeography and the Design of Wildlife Preserves.” Nature 254: 177–178
    May, R. M., Lawton, J. H., and Stork, N. E. 1995. “Assessing Extinction Rates.” In Lawton, J. H., and May, R. M., eds., Extinction Rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–24
    Maynard Smith, J. 1975. The Theory of Evolution, 3rd. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin
    Mayr, E. 1976. Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    McCann, K. S. 2000. “The Diversity-Stability Debate.” Nature 405: 228–233
    McCully, P. 1996. Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. London: Zed Books
    McDonald, K. R. 1990. “Rheobatachrus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan and Lee (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: Distribution and Decline.” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 114: 187–194
    McIntosh, R. P. 1985. The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    McLellan, D. 1986. Ideology. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press
    Meffe, G. K., and Carroll, C. R. 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates
    Mill, J. S. 1962. Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Essay on Bentham. New York: Meridian
    Moffett, A., Dyer, J., and Sarkar, S. 2005. “Integrating Biodiversity Representation with Multiple Criteria in North-Central Namibia Using Non-Dominated Alternatives and a Modified Analytic Hierarchy Process.”
    Moore, G. E. 1903. Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Morris, S. C. 1995. “New Phylum from the Lobster's Lips.” Nature 378: 661–662
    Mrosovsky, N. 2001. “The Future of Ridley Arribadas in Orissa: From Triple Waste to Triple Win.” Kachhapa 5: 1–3
    Mukerjee, R. K. 1942. Social Ecology. London: Green and Co
    Munansinghe, M. 1993. “Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development.” Washington, DC: World Bank
    Munroe, E. G. 1948. “The Geographical Distribution of Butterflies in the West Indies.” Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University
    Nabhan, G. P. 1995. “Cultural Parallax in Viewing North American Habitats.” In Soulé, M. E., and Lease, G., eds., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 87–101
    Nabhan, G. P. 1997. Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story. Washington, DC: Counterpoint
    Nabhan, G. P., Rea, A. M., Reichardt, K. L., Mellink, E., and Futchinson, E. F. 1982. “Papago Influences on Habitat and Biotic Diversity: Quitovac Oasis Ethnoecology. Journal of Ethnobiology 2: 124–143
    Naeem, S. 1998. “Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability.” Conservation Biology 12: 39–45
    Naeem, S. 2002. “Biodiversity Equals Instability?” Nature 416: 23–24
    Naess, A. 1986. “Intrinsic Value: Will the Defenders of Nature Please Rise?” In Soulé, M., ed., Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 504–515
    Naess, A. 1995 [1973]. “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement.” In Drengson, A., and Inoue, Y., eds., The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, pp. 3–9
    Naess, A., and Sessions, G. 1995 [1984]. “Platform Principles of the Deep Ecology Movement.” In Drengson, A., and Inoue, Y., eds., The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, pp. 49–53
    Nash, R. 1973. Wilderness and the American Mind, 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Nash, R. 1982. Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Nicholls, A. O. 1989. “How to Make Biological Surveys Go Further with Generalised Linear Models.” Biological Conservation 50: 51–75
    Nix, H. A., Faith, D. P., Hutchinson, M. F., Margules, C. R., West, J., Allison, A., Kesteven, J. L., Natera, G., Slater, W., Stein, J. L., and Walker, P. 2000. The BioRap Toolbox: A National Study of Biodiversity Assessment and Planning for Papua New Guinea: Consultancy Report to the World Bank. Canberra: CSIRO Press
    Norse, E. A. 1990. Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Norton, B. G. 1987. Why Preserve Natural Variety? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Norton, B. G. 1991. Toward Unity among Environmentalists. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Norton, B. G. 2003. Searching for Sustainability. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Noss, R. 1984. “Deep Ecology, Elitism and Reproduction.” Earth First! 4 (5): 16
    Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books
    Odenbaugh, J. 2005. “Ecology.” In Sarkar, S., and Pfeifer, J., eds., The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge, in press
    Oelschlaeger, M. 1991. The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    O'Neill, J. 1992. “The Varieties of Intrinsic Value.” The Monist 75: 119–137
    O'Neill, J. 1993. Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World. London: Routledge
    O'Neill, J. 2001. “Meta-ethics.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 163–176
    Orians, G. H., and Heerwagen, J. H. 1992. “Evolved Responses to Landscapes.” In Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J., eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 555–579
    Orzack, S. H., and Sober, E. 1993. “A Critical Assessment of Levins's The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology (1966).” Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 533–546
    Pandav, B., and Kar, C. S. 2000. “Reproductive Span of Olive Ridley Turtles at Gahirmatha Rookery, Orissa, India.” Marine Turtle Newsletter 87: 8–9
    Pearce, D. W. 1993. Economic Value and the Natural World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Peet, R., and Watts, M., eds. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. London: Routledge
    Pence, G. E. 1998. Who's Afraid of Human Cloning? Oxford: Rowman and Lilltefield
    Peters, R. H. 1991. A Critique for Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Pfisterer, A., and Schmid, B. 2002. “Diversity-Dependent Production Can Decrease Stability of Ecosystem Functioning.” Nature 416: 84–86
    Pianka, E. R. 2000. Evolutionary Ecology, 6th. ed., San Francisco: Benjamin-Cummings
    Pickett, S. T. A., Kolasa, J., and Jones, C. G. 1994. Ecological Understanding. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    Pimm, S. L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Pimm, S. L., and Aarde, R. J. 2001. “African Elephants and Contraception.” Nature 411: 766
    Plumwood, V. 1998. “Wilderness Skepticism and Wilderness Dualism.” In Callicott, J. B., and Nelson, M. P., eds., The Great New Wilderness Debate. Athes: University of Georgia Press, pp. 652–690
    Polasky, S., Camm, J. D., Solow, A. R., Csuti, B., White, D., and Ding, R. 2000. “Choosing Reserve Networks with Incomplete Species Information.” Biological Conservation 94: 1–10
    Possingham, H., Ball, I., and Andelman, S. 2000. “Mathematical Methods for Identifying Representative Reserve Networks.” In Ferson, S., and Burgman, M., eds., Quantitative Methods for Conservation Biology. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 291–305
    Pounds, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L., and Campbell, J. H. 1999. “Biological Response to Climate Change on a Tropical Mountain.” Nature 398: 611–615
    Power, M. E., Tilman, D., Estes, J. A., Menge, B. A., Bond, W. J., Mills, L. S., Daily, G., Castilla, J. C., Lubchenco, J., and Paine, R. T. 1996. “Challenges in the Quest for Keystones.” BioScience 46: 609–620
    Prendergast, J. R., Quinn, R. M., and Lawton, J. H. 1999. “The Gaps between Theory and Practice in Selecting Nature Reserves.” Conservation Biology 13: 484–492
    Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., Goulden, M. L., Heimann, M., Jaramillo, V. J., Kheshgi, H. S., Le Quere, C., Scholes, R. J., and Wallace, D. W. R. 2001. “The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” In Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A., eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–237
    Pressey, R. L. 1994. “Ad Hoc Reservations: Forward or Backward Steps in Developing Representative Reserve Systems.” Conservation Biology 8(3): 662–668
    Pressey, R. L., and Cowling, R. M. 2000. “Reserve Selection Algorithms and the Real World.” Conservation Biology 15: 275–277
    Preston, F. W. 1962a. “The Canonical Distribution of Commonness and Rarity: Part I.” Ecology 43: 185–215
    Preston, F. W. 1962b. “The Canonical Distribution of Commonness and Rarity: Part II.” Ecology 43: 410–432
    Primack, R. B. 1993. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
    Puccia, C. J., and Levins, R. 1985. Qualitative Modeling of Complex Systems. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Pyne, S. J. 1982. Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Rabinowitz, A. 2001. Beyond the Last Village: A Journey of Discovery in Asia's Forbidden Wilderness. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Rabinowitz, D., Cairns, S., and Dillon, T. 1986. “Seven Forms of Rarity and Their Frequency in the Flora of the British Isles.” In Soulé, M. E., ed., Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 182–204
    Raup, D. M. 1976. “Species Diversity on the Phanerozoic: A Tabulation.” Paleobiology 4: 1–15
    Raup, D. M. 1978. “Cohort Analysis of Generic Survivorship.” Paleobiology 4: 1–15
    Raup, D. M. 1986. “Biological Extinction in Earth History.” Science 231: 1528–1533
    Raup, D. M. 1991. Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck? New York: Norton
    Raup, D. M. 1992. “Large-Body Impact and Extinction in the Phanerozoic.” Paleobiology 18: 80–88
    Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. 1984. “Periodicity of Extinctions in the Geologic Past.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 81: 801–805
    Real, L. A., and Brown, J. H., eds. 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Rebelo, A. G., and Siegfried, W. R. 1990. “Protection of Fynbos Vegetation: Ideal and Real-World Options.” Biological Conservation 54: 15–31
    Redford, K., 1990. “The Ecologically Noble Savage.” Orion Nature Quarterly 9(3): 24–29
    Redford, K., and Sanjayan, M. A. 2003. “Retiring Cassandra.” Conservation Biology 17: 1473–1474
    Regan, T. 1983. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press
    Regan, T. 1992. “Does Environmental Ethics Rest on a Mistake?” Monist 75: 161–183
    ReVelle, C. S., Williams, J. C., and Boland, J. J. 2002. “Counterpart Models in Facility Location Science and Reserve Selection Science.” Environmental Modeling and Assessment 7: 71–80
    Revkin, A. 1990. The Burning Season. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
    Robert, C. P. 2001. The Bayesian Choice, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer
    Robert, J. S. 2004. Embryology, Epigenesis and Evolution: Taking Development Seriously. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Robichaud, W. G. 1998. “Physical and Behavioral Description of a Captive Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.” Journal of Mammalogy 79: 394–405
    Rolston, H. III. 1988. Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
    Rolston, H., III. 1991. “The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed.” Environmental Professional 13: 370–377
    Rosenzweig, M. L. 2005. “Applying Species-Area Relationships to the Conservation of Species Diversity.” In Lomolino, M. V., and Heaney, L. R., eds., Frontiers of Biogeography: New Directions in the Geography of Nature. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, pp. 325–344
    Running, S. W., Nemani, R. R., Peterson, D. L., Band, L. E., Potts, D. F., Pierce, L. L., and Spanner, M. A. 1989. “Mapping Regional Forest Evapotranspiration and Photosynthesis by Coupling Satellite Data with Ecosystem Simulation.” Ecology 70: 1090–1101
    Ryan, M. G. 1991. “Effects of Climate Change on Plant Respiration.” Ecological Applications 1: 157–167
    Saarinen, E., ed. 1982. Conceptual Issues in Ecology. Dordrecht: Reidel
    Saaty, T. L. 1980. The Analytic Hierarchy Process. New York: McGraw-Hill
    Sader, S. A., and Joyce, A. T. 1988. “Deforestation Rates and Trends in Costa Rica.” Biotropica 20: 11–19
    Sagoff, M. 1984. “Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce.” Osgood Hall Law Journal 22: 297–307
    Sagoff, M. 1991. “Zuckerman's Dilemma: A Plea for Environmental Ethics.” Hastings Center Report 21: 32–40
    Salleh, A. K. 1984. “Deeper than Deep Ecology: The Eco-Feminist Connection.” Environmental Ethics 6: 339–345
    Sarakinos, H., Nicholls, A. O., Tubert, A., Aggarwal, A., Margules, C. R., and Sarkar, S. 2001. “Area Prioritization for Biodiversity Conservation in Québec on the Basis of Species Distributions: A Preliminary Analysis.” Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 1419–1472
    Sarkar, S. 1996. “Ecological Theory and Anuran Declines.” BioScience 46: 199–207
    Sarkar, S. 1998a. Genetics and Reductionism. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Sarkar, S. 1998b. “Restoring Wilderness or Reclaiming Forests?” Terra Nova 3(3): 35–52
    Sarkar, S. 1998c. “Wallace's Belated Revival.” Journal of Biosciences 23: 3–7
    Sarkar, S. 1999. “Wilderness Preservation and Biodiversity Conservation – Keeping Divergent Goals Distinct.” BioScience 49: 405–412
    Sarkar, S. 2002. “Defining ‘Biodiversity’: Assessing Biodiversity.” Monist 85: 131–155
    Sarkar, S. 2003. “Conservation Area Networks.” Conservation and Society 1: v–vii
    Sarkar, S. 2004. “Conservation Biology.” In Zalta, E. N., ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2004 edition). <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2004/entries/conservation-biology/>
    Sarkar, S., Aggarwal, A., Garson, J., Margules, C. R., and Zeidler, J. 2002. “Place Prioritization for Biodiversity Content.” Journal of Biosciences 27 (S2): 339–346
    Sarkar, S., and Garson, J. 2004. “Multiple Criterion Synchronizations for Conservation Area Network Design: The Use of Non-Dominated Alternative Sets.” Conservation and Society 2: 433–448
    Sarkar, S., Justus, J., Fuller, T., Kelley, C., Garson, J., and Mayfield, M. 2005. “Effectiveness of Environmental Surrogates for the Selection of Conservation Area Networks.” Conservation Biology, in press
    Sarkar, S., and Margules, C. R. 2002. “Operationalizing Biodiversity for Conservation Planning.” Journal of Biosciences: 27 (S2): 299–308
    Sarkar, S., Pappas, C., Garson, J., Aggarwal, A., and Cameron, S. 2004. “Place Prioritization for Biodiversity Conservation Using Probabilistic Surrogate Distribution Data.” Diversity and Distributions 10: 125–133
    Sarkar, S., Parker, N. C., Garson, J., Aggarwal, A., and Haskell, S. 2000. “Place Prioritization for Texas Using GAP Data: The Use of Biodiversity and Environmental Surrogates within Socioeconomic Constraints.” Gap Analysis Program Bulletin 9: 48–50
    Sartre, J. P. 1949. Nausea. Norfolk, CT: New Directions
    Sauer, J. D. 1969. “Oceanic Islands and Biogeographical Theory: A Review.” Geographical Review 59: 582–593
    Savidge, J. A. 1987. “Extinction of an Island Avifauna by an Introduced Snake.” Ecology 68: 660–668
    Schaller, G., and Vrba, E. S. 1996. “Description of the Giant Muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis in Laos.” Journal of Mammalogy 77: 675–683
    Schultes, R. E. 1976. Hallucinogenic Plants. New York: Golden Press
    Schweitzer, A. 1976. Civilization and Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
    Scott, J. M., Heglund, P. J., Morrison, M. L., Haufler, J. B., Raphael, M. G., Wall, W. A., and Samson, F. B., eds. 2002. Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Accuracy and Scale. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Scudo, F. M., and Ziegler, J. R., eds. 1978. The Golden Age of Theoretical Ecology, 1923–1940. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    Sellers, P. J., Dickinson, R. E., Randall, D. A., Betts, A. K., Hall, F. G., Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., Denning, A. S., Mooney, H. A., Nobre, C. A., Sato, N., Field, C. B., and Henderson-Sellers, A. 1997. “Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon between the Continents and the Atmosphere.” Science 275: 502–509
    Shafer, C. L. 1999. “National Park and Reserve Planning to Protect Biological Diversity: Some Basic Elements.” Landscape and Urban Planning 44: 123–153
    Shaffer, M. L. 1978. “Determining Minimum Viable Population Sizes: A Case Study of the Grizzly Bear.” Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University
    Shaffer, M. L. 1981. “Minimum Population Sizes for Species Conservation.” BioScience 31: 131–134
    Shaffer, M. L. 1987. “Minimum Viable Populations: Coping with Uncertainty.” In Soulé, M. E., ed., Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 69–86
    Shannon, C. E. 1948. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379–423, 623–656
    Shiva, V. 1991. “Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Profits.” In Shiva, V., Anderson, P., Schücking, H., Gray, A.Lohmann, L., and Cooper, D., Biodiversity: Social and Ecological Perspectives. London: Zed Books, pp. 43–58
    Shrader-Frechette, K. S. 1990. “Island Biogeography, Species-Area Curves, and Statistical Errors: Applied Biology and Scientific Rationality.” In Fine, A., Forbes, M., and Wessels, L., eds., PSA 1990: Proceedings of the 1990 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, pp. 447–456
    Shrader-Frechette, K. S. 1991. Risk and Rationality. Berkeley: University of California Press
    Shrader-Frechette, K. S. 2002. Environmental Justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press
    Shrader-Frechette, K. S., and McCoy, E. D. 1993. Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Shugart, H. H. 1984. A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models. New York: Springer-Verlag
    Shugart, H. H., Smith, T. M., and Post, W. M. 1992. “The Potential Application of Individual-Based Simulation Models for Assessing the Effects of Global Change.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 15–38
    Simberloff, D. S., and Abele, L. G. 1976a. “Island Biogeography Theory and Conservation Practice.” Science 191: 285–286
    Simberloff, D. S., and Abele, L. G. 1976b. “Island Biogeography Theory and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations.” Science 193: 1032
    Singer, P. 1975. Animal Liberation. New York: New York Review
    Singer, P. 1979. Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Singer, P. 2001. “Animals.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 416–425
    Siskind, J. 1973. To Hunt in the Morning. New York: Oxford University Press
    Smith, F. D. M., May, R. M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T. H., and Walker, K. S. 1993a. “Estimating Extinction Rates.” Nature 364: 494–496
    Smith, F. D. M., May, R. M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T. H., and Walker, K. S. 1993b. “How Much Do We Know about the Current Extinction Rate?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 375–378
    Sober, E. 1986. “Philosophical Problems for Environmentalism.” In Norton, B. G., ed., The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 173–194
    Sokal, R., and Crovello, T. 1970. “The Biological Species Concept: A Critical Evaluation.” American Naturalist 104: 127–153
    Soper, K. 1995. What Is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human. Oxford: Blackwell
    Soulé, M. E. 1985. “What Is Conservation Biology?” BioScience 35: 727–734
    Soulé, M. E., 1987. “History of the Society for Conservation Biology: How and Why We Got Here.” Conservation Biology 1: 4–5
    Soulé, M. E., and Kohm, K. 1989. Research Priorities in Conservation Biology. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Soulé, M. E., and Orians, G. H., eds. 2001. Conservation Biology: Research Priorities for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Soulé, M. E., and Sanjayan, M. A. 1998. “Conservation Targets: Do They Help?” Science 279: 2060–2061
    Soulé, M. E., and Simberloff, D. S. 1986. “What Do Genetics and Ecology Tell Us about the Design of Nature Reserves?” Biological Conservation 35: 19–40
    Soulé, M. E., and Terborgh, J., eds. 1999. Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Washington DC: Island Press
    Soulé, M. E., Wilcox, B. A., and Holtby, C. 1979. “Benign Neglect: A Model of Faunal Collapse in the Game Reserves of East Africa.” Biological Conservation 15: 259–272
    Spence, M. D. 1999. Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. New York: Oxford University Press
    Spencer, M. 1997. “The Effects of Habitat Size and Energy on Food Web Structure: An Individual-Based Cellular Automata Model.” Ecological Modelling 94: 299–316
    Stevens, S., ed., 1997. Conservation through Cultural Survival. Washington, DC: Island Press
    Stockwell, D., and Peters, D. 1999. “The GARP Modelling System: Problems and Solutions to Automated Spatial Prediction.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 13: 143–148
    Stone, C. D. 1974. Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann
    Stone, C. D. 1985. “Should Trees Have Standing? Revisited: How Far Will Law and Morals Reach? A Pluralist Perspective.” Southern California Law Review 59: 1
    Sugihara, G. 1981. “S = CAz, z ≈ 1∕4: A Reply to Connor and McCoy.” American Naturalist 117: 790–793
    Sukumar, R. 1989. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Sukumar, R. 1994. Elephant Days and Nights: Ten Years with the Asian Elephant. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
    Sulloway, F. J. 1982. “Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend.” Journal of the History of Biology 15: 1–53
    Sylvan, R., and Bennett, D. 1994. The Greening of Ethics: From Human Chauvinism to Deep-Green Theory. Cambridge, MA: Whitehorse Press
    Takacs, D. 1996. The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    Tansley, A. G. 1935. “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms.” Ecology 16: 284–307
    Taylor, B. L., Wade, P. R., Stehn, R. A., and Cochrane, J. F. 1996. “A Bayesian Approach to Classification Criteria for Spectacled Eiders.” Ecological Applications 6: 1077–1089
    Taylor, P. W. 1986. Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Terborgh, J. 1975. “Faunal Equilibria and the Design of Wildlife Preserves.” In Golley, F., and Medina, E., eds., Tropical Ecological Systems: Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research. New York: Springer, pp. 369–380
    Terborgh, J. 1976. “Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations.” Science 193: 1029–1030
    Thompson, J. 1995. “Aesthetics and the Value of Nature.” Environmental Ethics 17: 291–305
    Tilman, D. 1999. “The Ecological Consequences of Biodiversity: A Search for General Principles.” Ecology 80: 1455–1474
    Tomlinson, R. F. 1988. “The Impact of the Transition from Analogue to Digital Cartographic Representation.” American Cartographer 15: 249–261
    Tyler, M. J., ed. 1983. The Gastric Brooding Frog. Canberra: Croom Helm
    Tyler, M. J., and Davies, M. 1985. “The Gastric Brooding Frog Rheobatachrus silus.” In Grigg, G., Shine, R., and Ehmann, H., eds., Biology of Australian Frogs and Reptiles. Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons, pp. 469–470
    Underhill, L. G. 1994. “Optimal and Suboptimal Reserve Selection Algorithms.” Biological Conservation 70: 85–87
    Gelder, S. and Rysavy, T. 1998. “Dividing the Sierra Club.” Yes! (6): 6
    Vane-Wright, R. I., Humphries, C. J., and Williams, P. H. 1991. “What to Protect? – Systematics and the Agony of Choice.” Biological Conservation 55: 235–254
    Varner, G. E. 1987. “Do Species Have Standing?” Environmental Ethics 9: 57–72
    Varner, G. E. 1998. In Nature's Interests? Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press
    Varner, G. E. 2001. “Sentientism.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 192–203
    Vijayan, V. S. 1987. Keoladeo National Park Ecology Study. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society
    Vitousek, P. M. 1994. “Beyond Global Warming: Ecology and Global Change.” Ecology 75: 1861–1876
    Volterra, V. [1927] 1978. “Variations and Fluctuations in the Numbers of Coexisting Animal Species.” In Scudo, F. M., and Ziegler, J. R., eds., The Golden Age of Theoretical Ecology: 1923–1940. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 65–236
    Wright, G. H. 1963. The Varieties of Goodness. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
    Voss, J., and Sarkar, S. 2003. “Depictions as Surrogates for Places: From Wallace's Biogeography to Koch's Dioramas.” Philosophy & Geography 6: 60–81
    Wade, P. R. 1994. “Abundance and Population Dynamics of Two Eastern Tropical Pacific Dolphins, Stenella attenuata and Stenella attenuata orientalis.” Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego
    Wade, P. R. 2000. “Bayesian Methods in Conservation Biology.” Conservation Biology 14: 1308–1316
    Wade, P. R. 2002. “Bayesian Population Viability Analysis.” In Beissinger, S. R., and McCullough, D. R., eds., Population Viability Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 213–238
    Wallace, A. R. 1855. “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species.” Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16: 184–196
    Wallace, A. R. 1858. “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type.” Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society. Zoology 3: 53–62
    Wenz, P. S. 1988. Environmental Justice. Albany: State University of New York Press
    Western, D., and Ssemakula, J. 1981. “The Fauna of Savannah Ecosystems: Ecological Islands or Faunal Enclaves?” African Journal of Ecology 19: 7–19
    Whitcomb, R. F., Lynch, J. F., and Opler, P. A. 1976. “Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations.” Science 193: 1030–1032
    White, L. 1967. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis.” Science 155: 1203–1207
    Whittaker, R. H. 1972. “Evolution and the Measurement of Species Diversity.” Taxon 21: 213–251
    Whittaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. New York: Macmillan
    Whittle, P. 2000. Probability via Expectation, 4th. ed., New York: Springer
    Williams, B. K. 1997. “Approaches to the Management of Waterfowl under Uncertainly.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 714–720
    Williams, B. K. 2001. “Uncertainty, Learning, and the Optimal Management of Wildlife.” Environmental and Ecological Statistics 8: 269–288
    Williams, P., and Humphries, C. J. 1994. “Biodiversity, Taxonomic Relatedness, and Endemism in Conservation.” In Forey, P. L., Humphries, C. J., and Vane-Wright, R. I., eds., Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 269–287
    Wilson, E. O. 1988a. Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Wilson, E. O. Ed. 1988b. BioDiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    Wilson, E. O., and Willis, E. O. 1975. “Applied Biogeography.” In Cody, M. L., and Diamond, J. M., eds., Ecology and the Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 522–534
    Wimsatt, W. C. 1987. “False Models as Means to Truer Theories.” In Nitecki, M., and Hoffman, A., eds., Natural Modes in Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 23–55
    Wolf, E. 1972. “Land Ownership and Political Ecology.” Anthropological Quarterly 45: 201–205
    Wood, P. M. 2000. Biodiversity and Democracy. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press
    Woods, M. 2001. “Wilderness.” In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 349–361
    Worster, D. 1994. Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Zeiler, M. 1997. Inside ARC/INFO. Santa Fe, NM: OnWord Press
    Zimmerman, B. L., and Bierregard, R. O. 1986. “Relevance of the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography and Species-Area Relations to Conservation with a Case from Amazonia.” Journal of Biogeography 13: 133–143

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.