Skip to main content Accessibility help
×

Maintenance update

Due to planned maintenance, between 07:00 - 16:00 (UTC) purchasing will not be available. We apologise for any inconvenience.

  • Cited by 151
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      17 November 2009
      04 July 2002
      ISBN:
      9780511613616
      9780521806718
      9780521001496
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.443kg, 200 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.31kg, 200 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    African American language is central to the teaching of linguistics and language in the United States, and this book, in the series Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, is aimed specifically at upper level undergraduates and graduates. It covers the entire field - grammar, speech, and verbal genres, and it also discusses the various historical strands that need to be identified in order to understand the development of African American English. The first section deals with the social and cultural history of the American South, the second with urban and northern black popular culture, and the third with policy issues. Morgan examines the language within the context of the changing and complex African American and general American speech communities, and their culture, politics, art and institutions. She also covers the current heated political and educational debates about the status of the African American dialect.

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    References
    Abrahams, Roger (1962). Playing the Dozens. Journal of American Folklore 75: 209–18
    Abrahams, Roger (1970). Deep Down in the Jungle. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co
    Abrahams, Roger (1976). Talking Black. Rowley, MA: Newbury Press
    Abrahams, Roger. D., and R. C. Troike (1972). Language and Cultural Diversity in American Education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
    Adero, M. Malaika (ed.) (1993). Up South: Stories, Studies and Letters of African American Migrations. New York: The New Press
    Adler, B. (1991). Rap: Portraits and Lyrics of a Generation of Black Rockers. New York: St. Martin's Press
    Alleyne, Mervyn (1980). Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma Press
    Alleyne, Mervyn (1989). Roots of Jamaican Culture. London: Pluto Press
    American Speech (1987). Are Black and White Dialects Diverging? Papers from the NWAVE-XVI Panel Discussion. 62: 3–80
    Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Schocken Press
    Anderson, Elijah (1994). The Code of the Streets. Atlantic Monthly 273: 80A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.90
    Anderson, James D. (1995). Literacy and Education in the African-American Experience. In Vivian Gadsden and Daniel A. Wagner (eds.), Literacy among African-American Youth, pp. 19–38. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc
    Ards, Angela (1999). Rhyme and Resist: Organizing the Hip-Hop Generation. The Nation
    Atoon, P. (1992–9). The Rap Dictionary. www.rapdict.org
    Austin, John L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Bailey, Beryl (1965). Toward a New Perspective in Negro English Dialectology. American Speech 40: 171–7
    Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie (1987). Decreolization? Language in Society 16: 449–73
    Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1981a). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1981b). Discourse in the Novel. In M. Holquist (ed.), The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, pp. 259–422. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Ball, Arnetha (1992). Cultural Preference and the Expository Writing of African-American Adolescents. Written Communication 9(4): 501–32
    Baratz, Joan (1973). Language Abilities of Black Americans. In M. Dreger (ed.), Comparative Studies of Blacks and Whites in the United States, pp. 125–83. New York: Seminar Press
    Baratz, Joan, and Roger Shuy (eds.) (1969). Teaching Black Children to Read. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Baugh, John (1980). A Re-examination of the Black English Copula. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    Baugh, John (1981). Design and Implementation of Language Arts Programs for Speakers of Nonstandard English: Perspectives for a National Neighborhood Literacy Program. In B. Cronell (ed.), The Linguistic Needs of Linguistically Different Children, pp. 17–43. Los Alamitos, CA: South West Regional Laboratory (SWRL)
    Baugh, John (1983a). A Survey of Afro-American English. Annual Review of Anthropology 12: 335–54
    Baugh, John (1983b). Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure and Survival. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Baugh, John (1984). Steady: Progressive Aspect in Black English. American Speech 50: 3A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.12
    Baugh, John (1988). Discourse Function for Come in Black English Vernacular. Texas Linguistics Forum 31: 42–9
    Baugh, John (1992). Hypocorrection: Mistakes in Production of Vernacular African American English as a Second Dialect. Language and Communication 12(3/4): 317–26
    Baugh, John (1999). Out of the Mouths of Slaves. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Bauman, Richard (1986). Story, Performance and Event: Contextual Studies of Oral Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Bender, John, and David E. Wellbery (eds.) (1991). Chronotypes: The Construction on Time. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    Benedict, Ruth (1940/1959). Race: Science and Politics. New York: Viking
    Benedict, Ruth (1934/1959). Patterns of Culture. New York: American Library, Mentor Books
    Bereiter, C., and S. Engelman (1966). Teaching Disadvantaged Children in the Preschool. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
    Berry, Mary F., and John Blassingame (1982). Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Bezilla, R. (ed.) (1993). America's Youth in the 1990s. Princeton, NJ: George H. Gallup International Institute
    Bidwell, C. E., and N. E. Friedkin (1988). The Sociology of Education. In N. J. Smelser (ed.), Handbook of Sociology, pp. 449–71. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
    Boas, Franz (1945). Commencement Address at Atlanta University. In E. P. Boas (ed.), Race and Democratic Society. New York: Augustin
    Boas, Franz (1963/1945). The Mind of Primitive Man. New York: Macmillan
    Bobo, Lawrence (1997). The Color Line, the Dilemma, and the Dream: Race Relations in America at the Close of the Twentieth Century. In J. Higham (ed.), Civil Rights and Social Wrongs, pp. 31–58. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press
    Bobo, Lawrence (1998). Mapping Racial Attitudes at the Century's End: Has The Color Line Vanished or Merely Reconfigured? New York: Aspen Institute
    Bond, Horace M. (1969). Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel. New York: Atheneum
    Bourdieu, Pierre (1977/1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books
    Brenneis, Donald, and Fred Myers (1984). Dangerous Words: Language and Politics in the Pacific. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
    Brent, Linda, and H. Jacob (1973). Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich
    Brodkin, Karen (1998). How Jews Became White Folks and What that Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
    Brooks, C. K. (ed.) (1985). Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English
    Bryce-Laporte, Roy S. (1971). The Slave Plantation: Background to Present Conditions of Urban Blacks. In P. Orleans and W. R. Ellis Jr. (eds.), Race Change and Urban Society, pp. 257–84. Beverly Hills: Sage
    Burgest, D. R. (September 1973). The Racist Use of the English Language. Black Scholar 37(41)
    Burling, R. (1973). English in Black and White. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
    Butler, Judith (1995). Collected and Fractured: Response to Identities. In Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr. (eds.), Identities, pp. 439–47. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Butters, Ronald (1989). The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. Frankfurt: Lang
    Carter, Prudence (1999). Balancing “Acts”: Issues of Identity and Cultural Resistance in the Social and Educational Behaviors of Minority Youth. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York, NY
    Carter, Prudence (in press). Low-Income Black and Latino Youths' Orientation to Mobility: Why School Success is not Perceived as “Acting White.” American Sociological Review
    Chadwick, B. A., and T. B. Heaton (1996). Statistical Handbook on Adolescents in America. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press
    Chodorow, N. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press
    Clark, Kenneth (1965). The Dark Ghetto. New York: Harper and Row
    Collins, Sharon M. (1997). Black Corporate Executives: The Making and Breaking of a Black Middle Class. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
    Connor, M. (1995). What is Cool? Understanding Black Manhood in America. New York: Crown Publishers
    Coombe, Rosemary (1996). Embodied Trademarks. Mimesis and Alterity on American Commercial Frontiers. Cultural Anthropology 11: 202–24
    Crenshaw, Kimberle (1992). Whose Story Is It Anyway? Feminist and Antiracist Appropriations of Anita Hill. In T. Morrison (ed.), Race-ing Justice, Engendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, pp. 402–40. New York: Pantheon Books
    Crenshaw, Kimberle (1998). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Gender in Antidiscrimination Law, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics. In Anne Phillips (ed.), Feminism and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press
    Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M. and Major, B. (1991). Social Stigma: The Affective Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60: 218–28
    Cross, W. (1991). Shades of Black: Diversity in African American Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
    Dalby, David (1969). Black Through White: Patterns of Communication in Africa and the New World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    Dalby, David (1972). The African Element in American English. In Kochman, 1972a: 170–86
    Dandy, E. (1991). Black Communications: Breaking Down the Barriers. Chicago: African American Images
    De Genova, N. (1995). Gangster Rap and Nihilism in Black America. Social Text 43: 89–132
    DeBerry, S. (1995). Gender Noise: Community Formation, Identity and Gender Analysis in Rap Music. MS
    DeBose, C., and N. Faraclas (1993). An Africanist Approach to the Linguistic Study of Black English: Getting to the Roots of the Tense-Aspect-Modality and Copula Systems in Afro-American. In S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, pp. 364–87. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press
    DeFrantz, A. (1979). A Critique of the Literature on Ebonics. Journal of Black Studies 9(4): 383–96
    Deutsch, M., I. Katz and A. Jensen (eds.) (1968). Social Class, Race, and Psychological Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
    Dewese, M. (1991). How Kool Can One Blackman Be. On Kool Moe Dee: Funke Funke Wisdom
    Dewey, John (1900). The School and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Dillard, J. L. (1968). Nonstandard Negro Dialects: Convergence or Divergence? Florida Reporter 6: 9A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.12
    Dillard, J. L. (1972). Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House
    Dillard, J. L. (1977). Lexicon of Black English. New York: Seabury Press
    Dillard, J. L. (1978). Bidialectal Education: Black English and Standard English in the United States. In B. Spolsky and R. L. Cooper (eds.), Case Studies in Bilingual Education, pp. 293–311. Rowley, MA: Newbury House
    Dillingham, G. (1981). The Emerging Black Middle Class: Class Conscious or Race Conscious? Ethnic Racial Studies 4(4): 432–51
    Dollard, J. (1939/1973). The Dozens: Dialectic of Insult. In A. Dundes (ed.), Motherwit from the Laughing Barrel, pp. 277–94. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press
    Drake, St. Claire, and Horace Cayton (1962/1945). Black Metropolis. New York: Harcourt, Brace
    DuBois, W. E. B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg
    Dunbar, Paul Lawrence (1893). Oak and Ivy. Dayton, OH: Brethren
    Dunbar, Paul Lawrence (1940). The Complete Poems of Paul Lawrence Dunbar. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co
    Duranti, Alessandro (1993). Truth and Intentionality: An Ethnographic Critique. Culture Anthropology 8(2): 214–45
    Duranti, Alessandro (1994). From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village. Berkeley: University of California Press
    Duranti, Alessandro (1997). Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Durkheim, E. (1925/1961). Moral Education. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
    Dylan, Bob (1963/1968). The Death of Emmett Till. Warner Bros. Inc. Renewed 1991 Special Rider Music
    Early, Gerald (1993). Lure and Loathing: Twenty Black Intellectuals Address W.E.B. DuBois's Dilemma of the Double-Consciousness of African Americans. New York: Penguin Books
    Etter-Lewis, G. (1991). Standing Up and Speaking Out: African American Women's Narrative Legacy. Discovering Society 2: 425–37
    Etter-Lewis, G. (1993). My Soul Is My Own: Oral Narratives of African American Women in the Professions. New York: Routledge
    Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn, and Michele Foster (1996). Unrelated Kin: Race and Gender in Women's Personal Narratives. New York: Routledge
    Fab 5 Freddy (1992). Fresh Fly Flavor: Words and Phrases of the Hip-Hop Generation. Stamford, CT: Longmeadow Press
    Fabian, J. (1990). Power and Performance. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
    Fanon, Frantz (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press
    Fasold, R. (1972). Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Fasold, R., and R. Shuy (eds.) 1970. Teaching Standard English in the Inner City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Feagin, Joe, and Melvin P. Sykes (1994). Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Boston: Beacon Press
    Ferguson, C., and S. Heath (eds.) (1981). Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Ferrell, Jeff (1996). Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Criminality. Boston: Northeastern University Press
    Fields, B. J. (1985). Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
    Fischer, C., M. Hout, M. S. Jankowksi, A. Swidler and S. R. Lucas (1996). Inequality By Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton: Princeton University Press
    Fisher, L. (1976). Dropping Remarks and the Barbadian Audience. American Ethnologist 3(2): 227–42
    Fordham, Signithia (1996). Black Out: Dilemmas of Race, Identity and Success at Capital High. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Fordham, Signithia, and Ogbu, John (1986). Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White. Urban Review 18Colons indicate that the sound just before the colon has been lengthened.176A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.206
    Foster, M. (1994). Are You with Me? Power, Solidarity and Community in the Discourse of African American Women. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon (eds.), Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference, pp. 132–43. Berkeley: Berkeley Woman and Language Group
    Foucault, Michel (1973). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books
    Foucault, Michel (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon
    Fox, Derrick (1992, July). Punchline. The Source, p. 20
    Franklin, John Hope and Alfred A. Moss Jr. (1947/1988). From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
    Frazier, E. Franklin (1934). Traditions and Patterns of Negro Family Life in the United States. In E. B. Reuter (ed.), Race and Culture Contacts, pp. 191–201. New York: MacGraw-Hill
    Frazier, E. Franklin (1939/1966). The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Frazier, E. Franklin (1968). On Race Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Frege, Gottlob (1977). Translations from the Philosophical Writings, ed. and trans. P. T. Geach and Max Black. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    Garner, T. (1983). Playing the Dozens: Playing the Dozens as Strategies for Living. Quarterly Journal of Speech 69: 47–57
    Gates Jr., Henry Louis (1988). The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Gee, J. P. (1996). Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses. London: Taylor and Francis
    Geertz, C. (1983). Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books
    George, Nelson (1992). Buppies, B-Boys, Baps and Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture. New York: Harper Collins
    Giddings, Paula (1984). When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: William Morrow
    Gilligan, C. (1982). In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Gilroy, Paul (1993a). Small Acts: Thoughts on the Politics of Black Cultures. London: Serpent's Tail
    Gilroy, Paul (1993b). The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Gilroy, Paul (1994). After the Love Has Gone: Biopolitics and Ethopoetics in the black public sphere. Public culture 7: 49A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.76
    Gilyard, Keith (1991). Voices of the Self: A Study of Language Competence. Detroit: Wayne State University Press
    Gilyard, Keith (1996). Let's Flip the Script: An African American Discourse on Language, Literature and Learning. Detroit: Wayne State University Press
    Ginsberg, E. (1967). The Middle Class Negro in a White Man's World. New York: Columbia University Press
    Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel P. Moynihan (1963). Beyond the Melting Pot. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Harvard University Press
    Glenn, Norval (1963). Negro Prestige Criteria: A Case Study in the Base of Prestige. American Journal of Sociology 68(6): 645–57
    Goffman, Erving (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Anchor Books
    Goffman, Erving (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday
    Goffman, Erving (1974). Frame Analysis. New York: Harper Collins
    Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of Talk. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    Goffman, Erving (1997). The Goffman Reader, ed. Charles Lemert and Ann Branaman. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    Goodwin, M. H. (1982). “Instigating”: Storytelling as a Social Process. American Ethnologist 9: 76A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.96
    Goodwin, M. H. (1985). The Serious Side of Jump Rope: Conversational Practices and Social Organization in the Frame of Play. Journal of American Folklore 98: 315–30
    Goodwin, M. H. (1988). Cooperation and Competition Across Girls' Play Activities. In S. Fisher and A. Todd (eds.), Gender and Discourse: The Power of Talk, pp. 55–94. Norwood, NJ: Ablex
    Goodwin, M. H. (1990). He-Said-She-Said: Talk As Social Organization Among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    Goodwin, M. H. (1992). Orchestrating Participation in Events: Powerful Talk Among African American Girls. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon (eds.), Locating Power: Proceedings of the 1992 Berkeley Women and Language Group, pp. 182–296. Berkeley: Berkeley Woman and Language Group, Linguistics Dept
    Grier, W., and P. Cobbs (1968). Black Rage. New York: Bantam Books
    Griffin, Farah J. (1995). “Who Set You Flowin'?”: The African American Migration Narrative. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Gwaltney, John (1981). Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black American. New York: Vintage Books
    Hale-Benson, J. (1982). Black Children: Their Roots, Culture and Learning Styles. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
    Hall, Stuart, David Held, Don Hubert, and Kenneth Thompson (eds.) (1996). Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies. Oxford: Blackwell
    Hall, Kira, and Mary Bucholtz (1995). Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. London: Routledge
    Halliday, Michael K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interaction of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold
    Hannerz, Ulf (1969). Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. New York: Columbia University Press
    Harris, C. I. (1996). Finding Sojourner's Truth: Race, Gender and the Institution of Property. Cardozo Law Review 18: 309A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.409
    Haskins, J., and H. F. Butts (1973). The Psychology of Black Language. New York: Hippocrene Books
    Heath, Shirley B. (1983). Ways With Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Heller, Monica (1993). Code-Switching and the Politics of Language. In L. Milroy and P. Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-linguistic Perspectives on Code-Switching, pp. 158–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Hernstein, R., and C. Murray (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press
    Herskovits, Melville (1925). The Negro's Americanism. In A. Locke (ed.), The New Negro 1974, pp. 353–60. New York: Atheneum
    Herskovits, Melville (1935). What Has Africa Given America? New Republic 84(1083): 92–6
    Herskovits, Melville (1941). The Myth of the Negro Past. Boston: Beacon Press
    Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon (1996). Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Hill, L. (1998). The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill. New York: Ruffhouse Records
    Hine, D. C. (1991). Black Migration to the Urban Midwest: The Gender Dimension, 1915–1945. In Joe William Trotter Jr. (ed.), The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class and Gender, pp. 127–46. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
    Hochschild, J. (1995). Facing up to the American Dream: Race, Class and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press
    Holt, G. S. (1972). “Inversion” in Black Communication. In Kochman, 1972a: 152–9
    hooks, b. (1990). Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End Press
    hooks, b. (1992). Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press
    Hopper, P. J., and E. C. Traugott (1993). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Horton, J. (1972). Time and Cool People. In Kochman, 1972a: 19–31
    Hughes, L. (1957). Simple Stakes a Claim. New York: Rinehart
    Hull, G., B. Scott and B. Smith (1982). All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press
    Hunter, L. (1982). Silence is Also Language: Hausa Attitudes about Speech and Language. Anthropological Linguistics 24(4): 389–95
    Hurston, Zora Neale (1935/1993). Mules and Men. Philadelphia: Lippincott
    Hutcherson, W. (1993). Dr. Hutcherson's Guide to Mother Jokes. Source 4: 52
    Ice T, and H. Siegmund (1994). The Ice Opinion. New York: St. Martin's Press
    Irvine, Judith (1974). Strategies of Status Manipulation in the Wolof Greeting. In R. Bauman and J. Sherzer (eds.), Exploration in the Ethnography of Speaking, pp. 167–9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Irvine, Judith (1982). Language and Affect: Some Cross-Cultural Issues. In H. Byrnes (ed.), Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
    Irvine, Judith (1990). Registering Affect: Heteroglossia in the Linguistic Expression of Emotion. In C. Lutz and L. Abu-Lughod (eds.), Language and the Politics of Emotion, pp. 126–61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Irvine, Judith (1993). Insult and Responsibility: Verbal Abuse in a Wolof Village. In J. H. Hill and J. T. Irvine (eds.), Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Irvine, Judith (1998). Ideologies of Honorific Languages. In B. Schieffelin, Kathryn Wollard and Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, pp. 51–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Irvine, Judith (1989). When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy. American Ethnologist 19(2): 248–68
    Isaacs, H. (1963). The New World of Negro Americans. New York: John Day
    Jacobs-Huey, L. (1999). Becoming Cosmetologists: Language Socialization in an African American Beauty College. University of California, Los Angeles
    James Sherman, A. (1994). John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18Colons indicate that the sound just before the colon has been lengthened.163–82
    Jensen, A. (1969). How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? Harvard Educational Review 39(1): 1A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.123
    Johnson, Charles (1982). Oxherding Tales. New York: Grove Weidenfeld
    Johnson, Daniel, and Rex Campbell (1981). Black Migration in America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
    Johnson, James Weldon (1922). The Book of American Negro Poetry. New York: Harcourt, Brace
    Jones, D. (1988). Towards a Native Anthropology. In J. Cole (ed.), Anthropology for the Nineties, pp. 30–41. New York: Free Press
    Jones, K. M. (1994). The Story of Rap Music. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press
    King, B. B. (1978). Midnight Believer. Universal City, CA: MCA Records, Inc
    Kochman, Thomas (ed.) (1972a). Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press
    Kochman, Thomas (1972b). Toward an Ethnography of Black American Speech Behavior. In Kochman, 1972a: 241–64
    Kochman, Thomas (1973). Review of Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community by Claudia Mitchell-Kernan. Language 49(4): 967–83
    Kochman, Thomas (1981). Black and White Styles in Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Kochman, Thomas (1983). The Boundary Between Play and Nonplay in Black Verbal Dueling. Language and Society 12(3): 329–37
    Kochman, Thomas (1986). Strategic Ambiguity in Black Speech Genres: Cross-Cultural Interference in Participant-Observation Research. Text 6(2): 153–70
    Kondo, Dorinne (1997). About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater. London: Routledge
    Krapp, George (1924). The English of the Negro. American Mercury 2: 190–5
    Kronus, S. (1970). Some Neglected Aspects of Negro Class Comparison. Phylon 31(4): 359–71
    Kunjufu, J. (1986). Countering the Conspiracy to Destroy Black Boys (vols. I and II). Chicago: African American Images
    Kunjufu, J. (1989). Critical Issues in Educating African American Youth. Chicago: African American Images
    Kurath, H. (1928). The Origin of Dialectal Differences in Spoken American English. Modern Philology 25: 285–95
    Labov, William (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Labov, William (1969). Contraction and Deletion and Inherent Variability of the English Copula. Language 45: 715–62
    Labov, William (1972a). Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    Labov, William (1972b). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    Labov, William (1972c). Rules for Ritual Insults. In Kochman 1972a: 265–314
    Labov, William (1982). Objectivity and Commitment in Linguistic Science: The Case of the Black English Trial in Ann Arbor. Language in Society 11: 165A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.202
    Labov, William (1985). The Increasing Divergence of Black and White Vernaculars, The Influence of Urban Minorities on Linguistic Change
    Labov, William (1998). Co-existent Systems in African-American Vernacular English. In Mufwene et al., 1998: 110–53
    Labov, William, and Wendell A. Harris (1986). De Facto Segregation of Black and White Vernaculars. In Sankoff, 1986: 45–58
    Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books
    Lee, Carol (1993). Signifying as a Scaffold for Literary Interpretation: The Pedagogical Implications of an African American Discourse Genre. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE
    Lee, D. L. (1969). But He Was Cool or: He Even Stopped for Green Lights, Don't Cry, Scream. Detroit: Broadside Press
    Leech, Geoffrey N. (1971). Meaning and the English Verb. London: Longman
    Leech, Geoffrey N., and Jan Svartvik (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman
    Levine, Lawrence (1977). Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Lewis, Oscar (1969). The Culture of Poverty. In Daniel P. Moynihan (ed.), On Understanding Poverty. New York: Basic Books
    Liebow, Elliott (1967). Tally's Corner: A study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston: Little Brown
    Lin, San-Su C. (1965). Pattern Practice in the Teaching of Standard English to Students with a Non-Standard Dialect. New York: Teachers' College, Columbia University
    Lindstrom, L. (1992). Context Contests: Debatable Truth Statements on Tanna (Vanuatu). In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, pp. 101–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Locke, Alain (ed.) (1974). The New Negro. New York: Atheneum
    Luelsdorff, P. (ed.) (1975). Linguistic Perspectives on Black English. Regensburg, Germany: Verlag Hans Carl
    Major, Clarence (1970). Dictionary of Afro-American Slang. New York: International Publishers
    Major, Clarence (1994). Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang. New York: Penguin Books
    Majors, R., and J. M. Billson (1992). Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America. New York: Lexington Books
    Males, M. A. (1996). The Scapegoat Generation: America's War on Adolescents. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press
    Mama, A. (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity. London: Routledge
    Mannix, Daniel and Malcolm Cowley (1962). Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Viking Press
    Marks, Carole (1989). Farewell – We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    Massey, D. S., and N. A. Denton (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge MA/ London: Harvard University Press
    McClendon, G. O. (1993). The African-American Guide to Better English. Culver, IN: Hampton Academic Press
    McDavid, Raven (ed.) (1963). The American Language by H. L. Mencken (with the assistance of D. W. Maurer). New York: Knopf
    McDavid, Raven, and McDavid, Virginia (1951). The Relationship of the Speech of the American Negroes to the Speech of Whites. American Speech 26: 3A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.17
    McWhorter, John (1997). Wasting Energy on an Illusion: Six Months Later. Black Scholar 27(2): 2A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.5
    Meier, A. (1963). Negro Thought in America, 1800–1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    Mencken, H. L. (1977). The American Language: An Inquiry Into the Development of English in the United States. New York: Knopf
    Mercer, K. (1994). Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York / London: Routledge
    Miller, J. B. (1976). Toward a New Psychology of Women. Boston: Beacon Press
    Mintz, Sidney (1970). Foreword. In N. Whitten and J. Szwed (eds.), Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives, pp. 1–15. New York: Free Press
    Mintz, Sidney, and Richard Price (1992). The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Boston: Beacon Press
    Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia (1971). Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community (Working Paper 23). Berkeley, CA: Language Behavior Research Laboratory
    Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia (1972a). On the Status of Black English for Native Speakers: An Assessment of Attitudes and Values. In C. Cazden, V. P. John and D. Hymes (eds.), Functions of Language in the Classroom. New York: Teachers' College Press
    Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia (1972b). Signifying, Loud-talking, and Marking. In Kochman, 1972a: 315–35
    Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia (1973). Signifying. In A. Dundes (ed.), Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel, pp. 310–28. New York: Garland Publishing
    Morgan, K. (1980). Children of Strangers: The Stories of a Black Family. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1989). From Down South to up South: The Language Behavior of Three generations of Black Women Residing in Chicago. University of Pennsylvania
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1991). Indirectness and Interpretation in African American Women's Discourse. Pragmatics 1(4): 421A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.51
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1993). The Africanness of Counterlanguage among Afro-Americans. In S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, pp. 423–35. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press
    Morgan, Marcyliena (ed.) (1994a). Language and the Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Afro-American Studies
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1994b). The African American Speech Community: Reality and Sociolinguistics. In Morgan, 1994a: 121–48
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1996). Conversational Signifying: Grammar and Indirectness Among African American Women. In E. Ochs, E. Schegloff and S. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar, pp. 405–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1997). Editorial. UCLA Today
    Morgan, Marcyliena (1998). More Than a Mood or an Attitude: Discourse and Verbal Genres in African-American Culture. In Mufwene et al., 1998: 251–81
    Morrison, Toni (1987). Beloved. New York: Knopf
    Morrison, Toni (1994). The Nobel Lecture in Literature, 1993. New York: Knopf
    Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). The Invention of African: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
    Mudimbe, V. Y. (1994). The Idea of Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
    Mufwene, Salikoko (1992a). Ideology and Facts on African American English. Pragmatics 2(2): 141A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.68
    Mufwene, Salikoko (1992b). Why Grammars are not Monolithic. In D. Brentari, G. Larsen and L. A. MacLeod (eds.), The Joy of Grammar: A Festschrift in Honor of James D. McCawley, pp. 225–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
    Mufwene, Salikoko (1994). African-American English. In J. Algeo (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Mufwene, Salikoko, John Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds.) (1998). African-American English: Structure, History, and Use. London / New York: Routledge
    Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row
    Nelson, Jill (1993). Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience. Chicago: Noble
    Ochs, Elinor and Capps, Lisa (1996). Narrating the Self. Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 19A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.43
    Ochs, Elinor, and Bambi Schieffelin (1984). Language Acquisition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories. In Emotion, pp. 276–320. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Ogbu, J. (1978). Minority Education and Caste. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
    Oliver, M. L., and T. M. Shapiro (1997). Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge
    Painter, N. (1977). The Exodusters. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
    Painter, N. (1994). Representing Truth: Sojourner Truth's Knowing and Becoming Known. Journal of American History 81(2): 461–92
    Peirce, Charles S. (1960). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Percelay, J., I. Monteria and S. Dweck (1994). Snaps. New York: Quill
    Perkins, W. E. (ed.) (1996). Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
    Phillips, U. (1918). American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime. New York: D. Appleton
    Polanyi, L. (1989). Telling the American Story. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Pomerantz, A. (1984). Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action, pp. 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Pratt, Mary Louise (1992). Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge
    Price, Richard (1983). First-Time: The Historical Vision of an Afro-American People. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    Quirk, R., G. L. Greenbaum and J. Svartvik (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman
    Rauch, E. N. (1991). Paul Lawrence Dunbar 1872–1906. In V. Smith (ed.), African American Writers, pp. 87–102. New York: Scribners
    Reed, Adolph L. (1997). W. E. B. DuBois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line. New York: Oxford University Press
    Reisman, K. (1974). Contrapuntal Conversations in an Antiguan Village. In Richard Bauman and J. Sherzer (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, pp. 110–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Rickford, John (1975). Carrying the New Wave into Syntax: The Case of Black English Bin. In R. W. Fasold and R. W. Shuy (eds.), Analyzing Variation in Language, pp. 162–83. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
    Rickford, John (1977). The Question of Prior Creolization of Black English. In A. Valdman (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, pp. 190–221. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    Rickford, John (1986). The Need for New Approaches to Social Class Analysis in Sociolinguistics. Language and Communication 6(3): 215–21
    Rickford, John (1997). Unequal Partnership: Sociolinguistics and the African American Speech Community. Language and Society 26: 161–97
    Rickford, John (1999). African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    Rickford, John, Ball, Arnetha, Blake, Renée, Jackson, Raina and Martin, Nomi (1991). Rappin on the Copula Coffin: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Copula Variation in African American Vernacular. Language Variation and Change 3: 103–32
    Rickford, John, and Faye McNair-Knox (1993). Addressee and Topic-influenced Style Shift: A Quantitative Sociolinguistic study. In Perspectives on Register: Situation Register Variation Within Sociolinguistics, ed. D. Biber and E. Finegan. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Rickford, John, and Rickford, Angela (1976). Cut-Eye and Suck Teeth: African Words and Gestures in New World Guise. Journal of American Folklore 89(353): 194A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.309
    Rickford, John, and Angela Rickford (1995). Dialect Readers Revisited. Linguistics and Education 7: 107–28
    Rose, Tricia (1994). Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press
    Rosenthal, Judy (1995). The Signifying Crab. Cultural Anthropology 10(4): 581–6
    Rossi-Landi, F. (1983). Language as Work and Trade: A Semiotic Homology for Linguistics and Economics. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, Inc
    Saah, K. (1984). Language Use and Attitudes in Ghana. Anthropological Linguistics 28(3): 367–77
    Sacks, Harvey, Schegloff, Emmanuel and Jefferson, Gail (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization for Turn-Taking in Conversation. Language 50(4): 696A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.735
    Sager, M. (1990). Cube: The Word According to Amerikka's Most Wanted Rapper. Rolling Stone 10
    Sampson, W., and Milan, V. (1975). The Interracial Attitudes of the Black Middle-Class: Have They Changed? Social Problems 23(2): 151–65
    Sankoff, David (ed.) (1986). Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam: Benjamins
    Sapir, Edward (1949 [1929]). The Status of Linguistics as a Science. In D. Mandelbaum (ed.), Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality, pp. 160–6. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
    Schieffelin, B., and E. Ochs (1986). Language Socialization Across Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    Schneider, E. (1989). American Earlier Black English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press
    Scott, David (1991). That Event, this Memory: Notes on the Anthropology of African Diasporas in the New World. Diaspora 1(3): 261–84
    Sebba, Mark (1997). Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. New York: St. Martin's Press
    Silverstein, Michael (1979). Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In P. R. Clyne, W. F. Hanks and C. L. Hofbauer (eds.), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, pp. 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society
    Silverstein, Michael (1993). Metapragmatic Discourse and Metapragmatic Function. In J. Lucy (ed.), Reflexive Language, pp. 33–58. New York: Cambridge University Press
    Silverstein, Michael (1998). The Uses and Utility of Ideology: A Commentary. In Bambi Schieffelin and Kathryn Woolard (eds.), Language Ideologies Practice and Theory, pp. 123–45. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Simonsen, T. (1986). You May Plow Here: The Narrative of Sara Brooks. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc
    Simpkins, G., and C. Simpkins (1981). Cross Cultural Approach to Curriculum Development. In Smitherman, 1981a: 221–40
    Simpkins, G. A., G. Holt and C. Simpkins (1977). Bridge: A Cross-Cultural Reading Program. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
    Slaughter, Diane (1983). Early Intervention and its Effects on Maternal and Child Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Smith, E. (1997). The Historical Development of African-American Language: The Transformationalist Theory. San Francisco: Aspire Books
    Smith, Valerie (1987). Self-Discovery and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    Smitherman, Geneva (1977). Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
    Smitherman, Geneva (ed.) (1981a). Black English and the Education of Black Children and Youth: Proceedings of the National Invitational Symposium on the King Decision. Detroit: Harpo Press
    Smitherman, Geneva (1981b). What Go Round Come Round: King in Perspective. Harvard Educational Review 1: 40A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.56
    Smitherman, Geneva (1991). What Is Africa to Me? Language, Ideology and African American. American Speech 66: 115–32
    Smitherman, Geneva (1994). Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. New York: Houghton Mifflin
    Smitherman, Geneva (1998). Word from the Hood: The Lexicon of African American English. In Mufwene et al., 1998: 203–25
    Snow, Catherine (1987). Factors Influencing Vocabulary and Reading Achievement in Low Income Children. In R. Apple (ed.), Toegepaste tallwetenschap in artikelen, pp. 124–8. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: ANELA
    Snow, Catherine (1993). Families as Social Contexts for Literacy Development. In C. Daiut (ed.), The Development of Literacy Through Social Interaction, pp. 11–24. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
    Sorokin, P. (1927). Social and Cultural Mobility. New York: Harper
    Spears, A. (1982). The Semi-Auxiliary come in Black English Vernacular. Language 58: 850–72
    Spears, A. (1988). Black American English. In J. Cole (ed.), Anthropology for the Nineties: Introductory Readings, pp. 96–113. New York: Free Press
    Stack, Carol (1975). All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper and Row
    Starling, M. (1981). The Slave Narrative: Its Place in American History. Washington, DC: Howard University Press
    Stavsky, L., I. E. Mozeson and D. Reyes Mozeson (1995). A2Z: The Book of Rap and Hip-Hop Slang. New York: Boulevard Books
    Steele, Claude M. (1999, August). Thin Ice: “Stereotype Threat” and Black College Students. The Atlantic Monthly 284(2): 44–7, 50–4
    Stepto, Robert (1991[1979]). From Behind the Veil: A Study of Afro-American Narrative. Chicago and Urbana: University of Illinois Press
    Stevenson, Brenda (1997). Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Stewart, W. (1967). Sociolinguistic Factors in the History of American Negro Dialects. Florida FL Reporter 6: 14A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.16, 18
    Stewart, W. (1969). Historical and Structural Bases for the Recognition of Negro Dialect. In J. Alatis (ed.), School of Languages and Linguistics Monogr. Ser. No. 22, pp. 215–25. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
    Stewart, W. (1975). Teaching Blacks to Read Against Their Will. In Luelsdorff, 1975: 107–32
    Stonequist, E. V. (1965). Race Relations and the Great Society. Saratoga Springs, NY: Skidmore Faculty Research Lecture
    Stuckey, Sterling (1971). Twilights of Our Past: Reflections on the Origins of Black History. In J. A. Williams and C. F. Harris (eds.), Amistad 2, pp. 261–95. New York: Vintage
    Stuckey, Sterling (1987). Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundation of Black America. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Szwed, John (1974). An American Anthropological Dilemma: The Politics of African-American Culture. In D. Hymes (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology, pp. 153–81. New York: Vintage
    Tolliver-Weddington, Gloria (1979). Introduction: Ebonics (Black English): Implications for Education. Journal of Black Studies 9(4): 364–6
    Toop, David (1991). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. London: Pluto Press
    Turner, Lorenzo D. (1949/1973). Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    Turner, Patricia (1993). I Heard It Through the Grapevine: Rumor in African American Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press
    van Keulen, J., G. Tolliver-Weddington and C. E. DeBose (eds.) (1998). Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
    Visweswaran, K. (1994). Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. London: University of Minnesota Press
    Volosinov, V. N. (1930/1973). Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Trans. Ladislav Metajka and I. R. Titunik. New York: Seminar Press
    Walker, Alice (1982). The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
    Ward, Martha C. (1971). Them Children. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
    West, Cornel (1993). Race Matters. Boston: Beacon Press
    West, E. H. (1972). The Black American and Education. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill
    Wharton, V. L. (1947). The Negro in Mississippi, 1865–1890. New York: Harper Torchbooks
    Wheeler, E. (1992). “Most of My Heroes Don't Appear on No Stamps”: The Dialogics of Rap Music. Black Music Research Journal 11(2): 193A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.216
    Whitfield, S. (1988). A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    Whorf, B. (1956). Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    Williams, Patricia (1996, December 29). Op-Ed. The New York Times
    Williams, R. (ed.) (1975). Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. St. Louis: Institute of Black Studies
    Williams, Shirley Ann (1986). Dessa Rose. New York: Berkeley Books
    Williamson, Juanita (1970). Selected Features of Speech: Black and White. Colloquial Language Association Journal 13(4): 420–3
    Williamson, Juanita (1971). A Look at Black English. Crisis 78: 169–73
    Willis, William (1970). Anthropology and Negroes on the Southern Colonial Frontier. In J. C. Curtis and L. L. Gould (eds.), The Black Experience in America. Austin: University of Texas Press
    Wilson, W. J. (1978). The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Wilson, W. J. (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Wilson, W. J. (1996). When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf
    Winford, D. (1992). Another Look at the Copula in Black English and Caribbean Creoles. American Speech 67(1): 21A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.60
    Winfrey, O. (1987). Standard and “Black” English (transcript no. W309). Chicago: WLS TV
    Wiredu, K. Wasi (1992). Formulating Modern Thought in African Languages: Some Theoretical Considerations. In V. Y. Mudimbe (ed.), The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness 1947–1987. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    Wolfram, Walt (1969). A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics
    Wolfram, Walt (1991). Dialects and American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall and Center for Applied Linguistics
    Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (1998). American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
    Woodson, Carter G. (1930). The Rural Negro. Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History
    Woodson, Carter G. (1933/1990). The Mis-Education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc
    Woolard, K. (1998). Introduction: Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry. In B. Schieffelin, K. Woolard, and P. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, pp. 3–47. New York: Oxford University Press
    Woolard, Kathryn and Schieffelin, Bambi (1994). Language Ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 55A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.82
    Wright, Richard (1957). White Man Listen! New York: Doubleday
    Yankah, Kwesi (1991a). Power and the Circuit of Formal Talk. Journal of Folklore Research 28(1): 1A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.22
    Yankah, Kwesi (1991b). Oratory in Akan Society. Discourse and Society 2.1: 47A single dash can indicate (1) a short untimed pause, (2) halting, abrupt cutoff, or, when multiple dashes hyphenate the syllables of a word or connect strings of words, the stream of talk so marked has (3) a stammering quality.64
    Yankah, Kwesi (1995). Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan Royal Oratory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.