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Barth, Heinrich. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, being a journal of an Expedition undertaken under the auspices of H.B.M.'s Government in the years 1849–1855. 1857. Reprint, 3 vols., London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1965
Blake, John William, ed. and trans. Europeans in West Africa. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1942
British Parliamentary Papers: Colonies. Africa, Volume 1: Reports from Select Committees on Petitions of the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company, and the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, and on the State of the Settlements and Forts on the Coast of Africa. Shannon: Irish University Press, 1968
Bruce, James. Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773. Edinburgh: Printed by J. Ruthven, for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, London, 1790
Caillié, Réné. Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco, Performed in the Years 1824–1828. London: Colburn and Bentley, 1830
Crone, G. R., ed. The Voyages of Cadamosto and Other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1937
Despatches from United States Consuls in London, 1790–1906. National Archives and Records Administration Microcopy No. T-168, Roll 10 (August 3, 1812–November 28, 1816)
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Boston: The Anti-Slavery Office, 1845
Dupuis, Joseph. Journal of a Residence in Ashantee. London: H. Colburn, 1824. Reprint, London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1966
Gray, William, Major, . Travels in West Africa: in the Years 1818, 19, 20, and 21, from the River Gambia through Woolli, Bondoo, Galam, Kasson, Kaarta, and Foolidoo, to the River Niger. London: John Murray, 1825
Hallett, Robin, ed. Records of the African Association, 1788–1831. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1964
Hornemann, Friedrich. The Journal of Frederick Hornemann's Travels, from Cairo to Mourzouk, the Capital of the Kingdom of Fezzan, in Africa, in the Years 1797–8. London: Printed by W. Bulmer and Co., Cleveland-Row, St. James's, for G.&W. Nicol, Booksellers to His Majesty, Pall-Mall, 1802
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Battuta, Ibn, Muhammed, Abu Abdullah. Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Trans. H. A. R. Gibb. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1929
Jackson, James Grey. An Account of the Empire of Marocco, and the District of Suse: compiled from miscellaneous observations made during a long residence in, and various journeys through these countries; to which is added, an accurate and interesting account of Timbuctoo, the great emporium of central Africa. London: G. and W. Nicol, 1809
Jackson, James Grey. An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa, Territories in the Interior of Africa. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1820
Jomard, Edme-François. “Geographical Remarks and Inquiries concerning the travels of M. Caillié, in central Africa.” In R. Caillié, Travels Through Central Africa (1830), 225–501
Labat, Jean Baptiste. Nouvelle Relation de l'Afrique Occidentale, Contenant une Description Exacte du Senegal et des Païs Situés Entre le Cap-Blanc et la Riviere de Serrelione, Jusqu'à Plus de 300 Lieuës en Avant Dans les Terres. L'Histoire Naturelle de ces Païs, les differentes Nations qui y sont répanduës, leurs Religions et les Moeurs. Avec l'Etat ancien et present des Compagnies qui y font le Commerce. Ouvrage enrichi de quantité de Cartes, de Plans, et de Figures en Taille-Douce. Paris: Chez G. Cavelier, 1728
Vaillant, François. Voyage de Monsieur Le Vaillant dans L'Intérieur de l'Afrique par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, dans les Années 1780, 81, 82, 83, 84, & 85. Paris: Chez LeRoy, 1790
Africanus, Leo. Historiale Description de l'Afrique, Tierce Partie du Monde, Contenant ses Royaumes, Iles, Coutumes; Escrite de Nôtre Temps par Iean Leon, Premierement en Langue Arabesque, Puis en Toscane, et à Present Mise en François. Plus, Cinq Navigations au Païs des Noirs, avec les Discours sur Celles. Trans. Jean Temporal. 3 vols. Lyon: par Jean Temporal, 1556
Africanus, Leo. The History and Description of Africa, and of the notable things therein contained, written by Al-Hassan Ibn-Mohammed Al-Wezaz Al-Fasi, a Moor, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus. Tr. John Pory, 1600. Reissued, ed. Robert Brown, 3 vols., London: Hakluyt Society, 1896
Mármol Carvajal, Luis del. Descripción General de Áffrica, con Todos los Successos de Guerras que a Aiudo entre los Infieles, y el Pueblo Christiano, y entre Ellos Mesmos desde que Mahoma Inueto su Secta, hasta el Año del Señor Mil y Quinientos y Setenta y Uno. Granada: Rene Rabut, 1573–99
“Minutes of evidence [of Mr. Rigby, Mr. Gyles, and Mr. Cock] respecting the shipping and carrying of slaves.” London: n.p., 1799
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Paddock, Judah. A Narrative of the Shipwreck of the Ship Oswego, on the Coast of South Barbary, and of the Sufferings of the Master and the Crew while in Bondage among the Arabs: Interspersed with Numerous Remarks upon the Country and its Inhabitants, and Concerning the Peculiar Perils of that Coast. New York: Collins & Co., 1818
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Riley, James. An Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig Commerce, Wrecked on the Western Coast of Africa, in the Month of August, 1815. With an Account of the Sufferings of Her Surviving Officers and Crew, Who Were Enslaved by the Wandering Arabs on the Great African Desart, or Zahahrah; and Observations Historical, Geographical, &c., Made During the Travels of the Author, While a Slave to the Arabs, and in the Empire of Morocco. New York: James Riley, 1817
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SECONDARY WORKS CONSULTEDAbitbol, Michel. Tombouctou et les Arma: De la Conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'Empire Peulh du Macina en 1833. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1979
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Ed. Gates, Henry Louis and Appiah, Kwamme Anthony. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999
Allison, Robert. The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
Ajayi, J. F. A., and Crowder, Michael, eds. History of West Africa. 2 vols. 2nd ed. New York: Longman Group Ltd., 1976
Baepler, Paul. White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999
Baepler, Paul. “The Barbary Captivity Narrative in Early America.” Early American Literature 30 (1995): 95–120
Lofti, Ben Rejeb. “Barbary's ‘Character’ in European Letters, 1514–1830.” Dialectical Anthropology 6 (1982): 345–55
Boahen, A. Adu. Britain, the Sahara, and the Western Sudan, 1788–1861. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964
Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997
Bovill, E. W.The Golden Trade of the Moors. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1968
Breeden, James O., ed. Advice Among Masters: The Ideal in Slave Management in the Old South. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980
Briggs, Lloyd Cabot. Tribes of the Sahara. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960
Bulliet, Richard W.The Camel and the Wheel. 1975. Reprint, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990
Carlyle, Thomas. Shooting Niagara; and After?London: Chapman and Hall, 1867
Clissold, Stephen. The Barbary Slaves. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1977
Colley, Linda. Captives. New York: Pantheon Books, 2002
Craton, Michael. Sinews of Empire: A Short History of British Slavery. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1974
Curtin, Philip D.The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780–1850. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964
Davies, K. G.The Royal African Company. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1957
Villiers, Marq, and Hirtle, Sheila. Sahara: The Extraordinary History of the World's Largest Desert. New York: Walker & Co., 2002
Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. Vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1931
Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. Ed. Middleton, John. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1997
Encyclopedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnology, and Biography of the Muhammedan Peoples. 4 vols. London: Luzac & Co., 1913
Ennaji, Mohammed. Serving the Master: Slavery and Society in Nineteenth-Century Morocco. Trans. Seth Graebner. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999
Fabian, Ann. The Unvarnished Truth: Personal Narratives in Nineteenth-Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000
Ferro, João Pedro. A População Portuguesa no Final do Antigo Regime (1750–1815). Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1995
Fleming, Fergus. Barrow's Boys. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2000
Fryer, Peter. Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. London: Pluto Press, 1984
Gascoigne, John. Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: Useful Knowledge and Polite Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
Gash, Norman. Lord Liverpool: The Life and Political Career of Robert Banks Jenkinson, Second Earl of Liverpool, 1770–1828. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984
Gardner, Brian. The Quest for Timbuctoo. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968
Hallett, Robin. Africa to 1875: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970
Hall, Luella J.The United States and Morocco, 1776–1956. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1971
Heath, Jeffrey. Dictionnaire Songhay-Anglais-Français. 3 vols. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998
Heffernan, Michael. “‘A dream as frail as those of ancient Time’: The Incredible Geographies of Timbuctoo.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19 (2001): 203–25
Hickey, Donald R.The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989
Imperato, Pascal James. Historical Dictionary of Mali. 2nd ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1986
Jenkins, William Sumner. Pro-Slavery Thought in the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1935
Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Ed. Shuffleton, Frank. New York: Penguin Books, 1999
King, Dean. Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Tale of Survival. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2004
Lipschutz, Mark P., and Rasmussen, R. Kent. Dictionary of African Historical Biography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986
Martin, Eveline C.The British West African Settlements, 1750–1821. 1927. Reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1970
Matar, Nabil. “English Accounts of Captivity in North Africa and the Middle East: 1577–1625.” Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001): 553–72
Maugham, Robin. The Slaves of Timbuktu. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961
McCarthy, Mary. Social Change and the Growth of British Power in the Gold Coast: The Fante States, 1807–1874. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983
McMurtry, R. Gerald. “The Influence of Riley's Narrative upon Abraham Lincoln.” Indiana Magazine of History 30 (1934): 133–8
Miner, Horace. The Primitive City of Timbuctoo. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965
Mountfield, David. A History of African Exploration. London: Domus Books, 1976
Nouvelle Biographie Générale, Depuis les Temps Plus Reculés Jusqu'a nos Jours. 46 vols. Paris: Firmin Didot, Fréres, 1855–70
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 60 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004
Park, Mungo. Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa. Ed. Marsters, Kate Ferguson. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000
Pazzanita, Anthony, and Hodges, Tony, eds. Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994
Ricks, Christopher, ed. The Poems of Tennyson. 3 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987
Saad, Elias N.Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983
Said, Edward W.Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978
Segal, Ronald. Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001
Spencer, William. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980
Sumner, Charles. White Slavery in the Barbary States. Boston: John P. Jewett, 1853
Vitkus, Daniel J., ed. Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001
Walvin, James. Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London: Fontana Press, 1993
Walvin, James. England, Slaves and Freedom, 1776–1838. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986
Willis, John Ralph. “The Western Sudan from the Moroccan Invasion (1591) to the death of Al-Mukhtar Al-Kunti (1811).” In History of West Africa, ed. Ajayi, J. F. A. and Crowder, Michael. 2nd ed., vol. 1. New York: Longman, 1976
