African American English: A Linguistic Introduction

Lisa J. Green

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511800306

References

Abrahams, Roger 1972, ‘Talking my talk: black English and social segmentation in black communities,’ The Florida FL Reporter, 10: 29–35

Abrahams, Roger 1976, Talking Black, Rowley, MA: Newbury House

Adger, Carolyn Temple, Donna Christian and Orlando Taylor (eds.) 1999, Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students, McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co., Inc

Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer and Robert M. Harnish 1995 (4th edn), Linguistics: an Introduction to Language and Communication, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Akmajian, Adrian, Steele, Susan M., and Wasow, Thomas 1979, ‘The category AUX in universal grammar,’ Linguistic Inquiry, 10: 1–64

Alexander, Clara Franklin 1985, ‘Black English dialect and the classroom teacher,’ in Charlotte K. Brooks (ed.), Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner, Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 20–29

Alvarez, Louis and Andrew Kolker 1987, American Tongues, New York: Center for New American Media

Andrews, William L. [1980] 1992, ‘Charles W. Chesnutt (1858–1932),’ in James P. Draper (ed.), Black Literature Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Most Significant Works of Black Authors Over the Past 200 Years, vol. I, Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., pp. 389–396

Artiles, Alfredo J. and Trent, Stanley C. 1994, ‘Overrepresentation of minority students in special education: a continuing debate,’ The Journal of Special Education, 24: 410–437

Babcock, C. Merton 1963, ‘A word-list from Zora Neale Hurston,’ Publication of the American Dialect Society, 40: 1–11

Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie 1987, ‘Decreolization?’ Language and Society, 16: 449–473

Bailey, Guy and Cynthia Schnebly 1988, ‘Auxiliary deletion in black English Vernacular,’ in Kathleen Ferrara, Becky Brown, Keith Walters and John Baugh (eds.), Linguistic Change and Contact: NWAV-XVI, Texas Linguistic Forum, pp. 34–41

Bailey, , Guy, Tom Wikle, Tillery, Jan and Sand, Lori 1991, ‘The apparent time construct,’ Language Variation and Change, 3: 241–264

Baker, Jr., Houston A. 1993a, Black Studies: Rap and the Academy, University of Chicago Press

Baker, Jr., Houston A. 1993b, ‘Spike Lee and the commerce of culture,’ in Manthia Diawara (ed.), Black American Cinema, New York: Routledge, pp. 154–173

Baker, Jr., Houston A. 1984, Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: a Vernacular Theory, University of Chicago Press

Baran, Jane and Seymour, Harry 1976, ‘The influence of three phonological rules of black English on the discrimination of minimal word pairs,’ Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 129: 467–474

Baratz, Joan C. and Roger Shuy (eds.) 1969, Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics

Baugh, John 1978, ‘The politics of black power handshakes,’ Natural History, October 1978

Baugh, John 1980, ‘A re-examination of the black English copula,’ in William Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space, New York: Academic Press, pp. 83–106

Baugh, John 1983a, Black Street Speech, Austin: University of Texas Press

Baugh, John 1983b, ‘Survey of Afro-American English,’ Annual Review of Anthropology, 12: 335–354

Baugh, John 1984, ‘Steady: progressive aspect in black vernacular English,’ American Speech, 59: 1–12

Baugh, John 1988, ‘Discourse functions for come in black English vernacular,’ in Kathleen Ferrara, Becky Brown, Keith Walters and John Baugh (eds.), Linguistic Change and Contact: NWAV-XVI, Texas Linguistic Forum, pp. 42–49

Baugh, John 1999, Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice, Austin: University of Texas Press

Baugh, John 2000, Beyond Ebonics, New York: Oxford University Press

Bernard, James 1992, “Introduction,” in Fred Brathwaite (ed.), Words & Phrases of the Hip Hop Generation: Fresh Fly Flava, Stamford, CT: Longmeadow Press

Bickerton, Derek 1981, Roots of Language, Ann Arbor: Karoma

Binnick, Robert I. 1991, Time and the Verb: a Guide to Tense & Aspect, New York: Oxford University Press

Blake, Renée 1997, ‘Defining the envelope of linguistic variation: the case of ‘don't count’ forms in the copula analysis of African American vernacular English,’ Language Variation and Change, 9: 55–80

Bogle, Donald 1995 (3rd edn), Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks: an Interpretative History of Blacks in American Films, New York: Continuum

Bowdre, Jr., Paul Hall 1971, ‘Eye dialect as a literary device,’ in Juanita V. Williamson and Virginia M. Burke (eds.), A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., pp. 178–186

Bradley, F. W. 1950, ‘A word-list from South Carolina,’ Publication of the American Dialect Society, 14: 1–73

Brasch, Walter M. 1981, Black English in the Mass Media, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press

Brathwaite, Fred. 1992, Words & Phrases of the Hip-Hop Generation: Fresh Fly Flava, Stamford, CT: Longmeadow Press

Brinton, Laurel 1988, The Development of English Aspectual Systems: Aspectualizers and Post-Verbal Particles, Cambridge University Press

Brooks, Charlotte K. (ed.) 1985, Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner, Urbana, IL:, National Council of Teachers of English

Brown, Alan and David Taylor (eds.) 1997, Gabr'l Blow Sof': Sumter County, Alabama, Slave Narratives, Livingston, AL: Livingston Press

Brown, H. Rap 1972, ‘Street talk,’ in Thomas Kochman (ed.), Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 205–207

Brown, William Wells 1853, Clotel; or the President's Daughter: a Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), Three Classic African-American Novels, New York: Vintage Books, pp. 7–164

Burford, Michelle 2000, ‘Retreat to health: One sister's meatless and mellow vacation,’ Essence, 30: 116–117

Burling, Robbins 1973, English in Black and White, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc

Butters, Ronald R. 1989, The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars, New York: Verlag Peter Lang

Callahan, John F. 1988, In the African-American Grain, Urbana: University of Illinois Press

Carroll, Susanne 1983, ‘Remarks on FOR-TO infinitives,’ Linguistic Analysis, 12: 415–451

Carter, Delores, Rev. and Rev. Nolan E. Williams (eds.) 2001, African American Heritage Hymnal: 575 Hymns, Spirituals, and Gospel Songs, Chicago, IL: GIA Publications Inc

Cassidy, Frederick (ed.) 1985, Dictionary of American Regional English, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Chesnutt, Charles W. [1900] 1993, The House Behind the Cedars, New York: Penguin Books

Chomsky, Noam and Lasnik, Howard 1977, ‘Filters and control,’ Linguistic Inquiry, 8: 425–504

Christian, Donna 1991, ‘The personal dative in Appalachian speech,’ in Peter Trudgill and J. K. Chambers (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation, London: Longman, pp. 11–17

Coles, D'Jaris 1996, ‘Immediate and remote future interpretations of Ima among African American English speakers,’ talk presented at the Memphis Research Symposium, June 1996

Comrie, Bernard 1976, Aspect, Cambridge University Press

Cruttenden, Alan 1986, Intonation, Cambridge University Press

Dalby, David 1972, ‘The African element in American English,’ in Thomas Kochman (ed.), Rappin and Stylin Out: Communication in Urban Black America, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 170–186

Dandy, Evelyn B. 1991, Black Communications: Breaking Down the Barriers, Chicago, IL: African American Images

Dayton, Elizabeth 1996, ‘Grammatical categories of the verb in African American vernacular English,’ Ph. D. diss. University of Pennsylvania

DeBose, Charles and Nicholas Faraclas 1993, ‘An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of black English: getting to the roots of tense-aspect-modality and copula systems in Afro-American,’ in Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, pp. 364–387

Déchaine, Rose-Marie 1993, ‘Predicates across categories: towards a category neutral syntax,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Massachusetts

Delpit, Lisa 1998, ‘Ebonics and culturally responsive instruction,’ in Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit (eds.), The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language and the Education of African-American Children, Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 17–28

Diawara, Manthia (ed.) 1993, Black American Cinema, New York: Routledge

Dillard, J. L. 1972, Black English: its History and Usage in the United States, New York: Vintage House

Dillard, J. L. 1977, Lexicon of Black English, New York: Seabury Press

Dillard, J. L. 1992, A History of American English, New York: Longman

Dollard, John 1939, ‘The dozens: dialectic of insult,’ The American Imago, 1: 3–25

Dunn, Ernest F. (1976), ‘Black-Southern white dialect controversy,’ in Deborah S. Harrison and Tom Trabasso (eds.), Black English: A Seminar, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 105–122

Edwards, Walter F. 1985, ‘Inner-city English,’ in Charlotte K. Brooks (ed.), Tapping Potential: English and Language Arts for the Black Learner. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 78–80

Edwards, Walter F. 1991, ‘A comparative description of Guyanese Creole and black English preverbal aspect marker don,’ in Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.), pp. 240–255

Edwards, Walter F. 2000, ‘The northern cities chain shift in black and white Detroit speech,’ talk presented at the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, January 2000

Edwards, Walter F. 2001 ‘Aspectual dәn in African American Vernacular English in Detroit,’ Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 413–427

Edwards, Walter F. and Donald Winford (eds.) 1991, Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press

Ellison, Ralph 1952, Invisible Man, New York: Vintage Books

Ellison, Ralph [1955] 1999, ‘The Art of Fiction: An Interview,’ in Hazel Arnett Ervin (ed.), African American Literary Criticism, 1773 to 2000, New York: Twayne Publishers, pp. 105–110

Ewers, Traute 1996, The Origin of American Black English: Be Forms in HOODOO Texts, New York: Mouton de Gruyter

Faelton, Shannon (ed.) 1999, ‘Celebrate Your Beauty: 200 Secrets for Radiant Skin,’ in Prevention Health Books, Emmaus, PA: Rodale Inc

Farrison, W. Edward 1970, ‘Dialectology versus Negro dialect,’ CLA Journal 13: 21–27

Fasold, Ralph W. 1972, Tense Marking in Black English, Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics

Favor, J. Martin 1999, Authentic Blackness: the Folk in the New Negro Renaissance, Durham, NC: Duke University Press

Feagin, Crawford 1997, ‘The African contribution to southern states English,’ in Cynthia Berstein, Thomas Nunnally and Robin Sabino (eds.) Language Variety in the South Revisited, University of Tuscaloosa, AL: Alabamȧ Press, pp. 123–139

Feagin, Crawford 1979, Variation and Change in Alabama English: a Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Fishkin, Shelley Fisher 1993, Was Huck Black? Mark Twain and African American Voices, New York: Oxford University Press

Folb, Edith A. 1980, Runnin' Down Some Lines: the Language and Culture of Black Teenagers, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Fordham, Signithia 1996, Blacked Out: Dilemmas of Race, Identity, and Success at Capital High, University of Chicago Press

Foreman, Christina G. 1999, ‘Identification of African-American English dialect from prosodic cues,’ in Nisha Merchant Goss, Amanda Doran and Anastasia Coles (eds.), Salsa VII, Proccedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium about Language and Society, Austin, TX: Texas Linguistic Forum 43, pp. 57–66

Fromkin, Virginia (ed.) 2000, Linguistics: an Introduction to Linguistic Theory, New York: Blackwell

Fromkin, Virginia and Robert Rodman 1998 (6th edn), An Introduction to Language, New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers

Gaines, Ernest 1968, Bloodline, New York: The Dial Press

Gaines, Ernest 1968, ‘A long day in November,’ in Gaines (1968), pp. 3–79

Gaines, Ernest 1968, ‘Three men,’ in Gaines (1968), pp. 121–155

Gaines, Ernest 1968, ‘The sky is gray,’ in Gaines (1968), pp. 79–117

Gates, Jr., Henry Louis 1988, The Signifying Monkey: a Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism, New York: Oxford University Press

Gates, Jr., Henry Louis 1990, ‘Introduction,’ in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), Three Classic African-American Novels, New York: Vintage Books, pp. ⅶ–ⅹⅶ

George, Nelson 1998, Hip Hop America, New York: Penguin Books

Gibson, Kean 2001, Comfa Religion and Creole Language in a Caribbean Community, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press

Goodman, Morris 1993, ‘African substratum: some cautionary words,’ in Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, pp. 64–73

Green, Lisa 1987, ‘An overview of the occurrence of for-to in a Southern English dialect,’ mimeo, University of Massachusetts

Green, Lisa 1990, ‘Intonational patterns of questions in black English: some observations,’ mimeo, University of Massachusetts

Green, Lisa 1991, ‘Consonant cluster reduction and suffix interface in African American English,’ mimeo, University of Massachusetts

Green, Lisa 1993, ‘Topics in African American English: the verb system analysis,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Massachusetts

Green, Lisa 1995, ‘Study of verb classes in African American English,’ Linguistics and Education, 7: 65–81

Green, Lisa 1998a, ‘Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English,’ in Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds.), 1998, African-American English: Structure, History and Use, New York: Routledge, pp. 37–68

Green, Lisa 1998b, ‘Remote past and states in African-American English,’ American Speech 73: 115–138

Green, Lisa 2000, ‘Aspectual be-type constructions and coercion in African American English,’ Natural Language Semantics, 8: 1–25

Green, Lisa 2001, ‘Negative concord and negative inversion in African American English,’ mimeo, Austin: University of Texas

Guy, Gregory 1991, ‘Explanation in variable phonology: an exponential model of morphological constraints,’ Language Variation and Change, 3: 1–22

Harris, John 1985, ‘Expanding the superstrate: habitual aspect markers in Atlantic Englishes,’ Sheffield Working Papers in Linguistics, 2: 72–97

Harris, M. A. 1974, The Black Book, New York: Random House

Harris, Joel Chandler [1880] 1955, The Complete Tales of Uncle Remus, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company

‘Uncle Remus initiates the little boy,’ in Harris ([1880] 1955), pp. 3–6

‘The wonderful tar-baby story,’ in Harris ([1880] 1955), pp. 6–8

Harris-Wright, K. 1987, ‘The challenge of educational coalescence: teaching nonmainstream English-speaking students,’ Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 11: 209–215

Harris-Wright, K. 1999, ‘Enhancing bidialectalism in urban African American students,’ in Carolyn Temple Adger, Donna Christian and Orlando Taylor (eds.), Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students, McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co., Inc., pp. 53–60

Harry, Beth and Anderson, Mary G. 1995, ‘The disproportionate placement of African-American males in special education programs: a critique of the process,’ Journal of Negro Education, 63: 602–619

Henderson, Stephen E. [1973] 1999 ‘From the forms of things unknown in understanding the new black poetry and black music,’ in Hazel A. Ervin (ed.), African American Literary Criticism, 1773 to 2000, New York: Twayne Publishers, pp. 141–152

Henry, Alison, 1992, ‘Infinitives in a for-to dialect,’ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 10: 279–301

Henry, Alison, 1995, Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation in Parameter Setting, New York: Oxford University Press

Hilliard III, Asa G. 1999, ‘Language, diversity, and assessment – ideology, professional practice, and the achievement gap,’ in Carolyn Temple Adger, Donna Christian and Orlando Taylor (eds.), Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students, McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co., Inc., pp. 125–136

Holloway, Karla F. C. 1978, ‘A critical investigation of literary and linguistic structures in the fiction of Zora Neale Hurston,’ Ph. D. diss., Michigan State University

Holloway, Karla F. C. 1987, The Character of the Word: The Texts of Zora Neale Hurston, West Port, CT: Greenwood Press

Holm, John 1984, ‘Variability of the copula in black English and its creole kin,’ American Speech, 59: 291–309

Holt, Grace Sims 1972, ‘Stylin’ outta the black pulpit,' in Thomas Kochman (ed.), Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press., pp. 189–204

Holton, Sylvia Wallace 1984, Down Home and Up Town: the Representation of Black Speech in American Fiction, London: Associated University Press

Hopkins, Pauline E. [1900] 1991, ‘General Washington: a Christmas story,’ in Elizabeth Ammons (ed.), Short Fiction by Black Women, 1900–1920, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 69–82

Hoover, Mary 1985, ‘Ethnology of black communications,’ Journal of Black Reading/Language Education, 2: 2–4

Howe, Darin M. 1997, ‘Negation and the history of African American vernacular English,’ Language Variation and Change, 9: 267–294

Howe, Darin M. and James A. Walker 2000, ‘Negation and creole-origins hypothesis: evidence from early African American English,’ in Shana Poplack (ed.), The English History of African American English, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 109–140

Huggins, Nathan Irvin 1971, Harlem Renaissance, New York: Oxford University Press

Hughes, Langston [1926] 1999, ‘The Negro artist and the racial mountain,’ in Hazel A. Ervin (ed.), African American Literary Criticism, 1773 to 2000, New York: Twayne Publishers, pp. 44–48

Hughes, Langston 1961, The Best of Simple, New York: Hill and Wang

Hughes, Langston 1961, ‘Bones, bombs, chicken necks,’ in Hughes, pp. 199–202

Hughes, Langston 1961, ‘Last whipping,’ in Hughes, pp. 74–78

Hughes, Langston 1961, ‘Seven rings,’ in Hughes, pp. 94–100

Hughes, Langston 1961, ‘Springtime,’ in Hughes, pp. 72–74

Hughes, Langston 1961, ‘What can a man say?’ in Hughes, pp. 100–103

Hurston, Zora Neale [1934] 1990, Jonah's Gourd Vine, New York: Harper & Row. [1942] 1984 (2nd edn), Dust Tracks on a Road: an Autobiography, New York: Harper & Row

Hurston, Zora Neale 1983, ‘Characteristics of Negro expression,’ in Zora Neale Hurston, pp. 41–78

Hurston, Zora Neale 1983, The Sanctified Church, Turtle Island, Berkeley

Hymes, Dell 1972, ‘Models of the interaction of language and social life,’ in J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: Ethnography of Communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., pp. 35–71

Jackson, Janice E. 1998, ‘Linguistic aspect in African-American English speaking children: an investigation of aspectual be,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Massachusetts

Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Hyams, Nina M. 1993, ‘On the independence and interdependence of syntactic and morphological properties: English aspectual come and go, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 11: 313–346

Jones, Rachel [1982] 1992, ‘What's wrong with black English,’ in Gary Goshgarian (ed.), Exploring Language, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, pp. 96–99

Jun, Sun-Ah and Christina Foreman 1996, ‘Boundary tones and focus realization in African-American English intonation,’ talk presented at the third joint meeting of ASA and ASJ

Kallen, Jeffrey L. 1985, ‘The co-occurrence of do and be in Hiberno-English,’ in John Harris, David Little and David Singleton (eds.), Perspectives on English Language in Ireland, Proceedings of the First Symposium on Hiberno-English, Dublin: Trinity College, pp. 133–147

Kochman, Thomas (ed.), 1972, Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press

Kochman, Thomas 1972, ‘Toward an ethnography of black American speech behavior,’ in Thomas Kochman (ed.), pp. 241–264

Labov, Teresa 1992, ‘Social and language boundaries among adolescents,’ American Speech, 67: 339–366

Labov, William 1969a, ‘Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability in the English copula,’ Language, 45: 715–776

Labov, William 1969b, ‘Some sources of reading problems for Negro speakers of nonstandard English,’ in Joan C. Baratz and Roger Shuy (eds.), Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 29–67

Labov, William 1972, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Labov, William 1987, ‘Are black and white vernaculars diverging?’ Papers from the NWAVE XIV panel discussion, American Speech, 62: 5–12

Labov, William 1991, ‘The three dialects of English,’ in Penelope Eckert (ed.), New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change, New York: Academic Press. pp. 1–44

Labov, William 1995, ‘Can reading failure be reversed: a linguistic approach to the question,’ in Vivian Gadsden and Daniel A. Wagner (eds.), Literacy Among African-American Youth: Issues in Learning, Teaching, and Schooling, Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc., pp. 39–68

Labov, William 1998, ‘Coexistent systems in African-American vernacular English,’ in Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History and Use, New York: Routledge, pp. 110–153

Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robbins and John Lewis 1968, A Study of Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, 2 vols, Philadelphia: US Regional Survey

Ladefoged, Peter 1993 (3rd edn), A Course in Phonetics, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers

Lewis, Shirley A. 1981, ‘Practical aspects of teaching composition to bidialectal students: the Nairobi method,’ in Marcia Farr Whiteman (ed), Writing: the Nature, Development, and Teaching of Written Composition, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 189–196

Lott, Eric 1993, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press

Lott, Eric 1996, ‘Blackface and blackness: the minstrel show in American culture,’ in Annemarie Bean, James Vernon Hatch and Brooks McNamara (eds.), Inside the Minstrel Mask: Readings in Nineteenth-Century Blackface Minstrelsy, London: University Press of New England, pp. 3–32

Luelsdorff, Phillip 1973, A Segmental Phonology of Black English, The Netherlands: Mouton

McCarthy, John J. 1991, ‘Synchronic rule inversion,’ in L. Sutton, C. Johnson and R. Shields (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley: University of California, pp. 192–207

McCloskey, James 1992, ‘Adjunction, selection and embedded verb second,’ mimeo, Santa Cruz: University of California

McManis, Carolyn, Deborah Stollenwerk and Zhang Zheng-Sheng (eds.) 1987, Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language, Reynoldsburg, OH: Advocate Publishing Group

Major, Clarence 1994, Juba to Jive: a Dictionary of African-American Slang, New York: Penguin Books

Mao, Charmaine 2000, ‘Tales of whoa!’ Vibe, 8, 5: 161–164

Margolick, David 1995, ‘Simpson witness saw a white car,’ The New York Times National, July 13, 1995

Maroney, Oahn, Tracey Thomas, Gerard Lawrence and Susan Salcedo 1994, ‘Black dialect vs. standard English in education,’ in The AAVE Happen in', John R. Rickford, Lisa Green, Jennifer Arnold, Renée Blake (compilers),1994: 3–45, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Department of Linguistics

Martin Luther King Junior Elementary School Children v. Ann Arbor School District Board, July 12, 1979. Civil Action No. 7–71861 (E. D. Mich)

Martin, Stefan E. 1992, ‘Topics in the syntax of nonstandard English,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Maryland

Meier, Terry 1998, ‘Teaching teachers about black communications,’ in Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit (eds.), The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language and the Education of African American Children, Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 117–125

Menand, Louis 1997, ‘Johnny be good: ebonics and the language of cultural separatism,’ The New Yorker, 72: 4–5

Meredith, Scott and Caroline Hinton, (no date) ‘Transcriptions and analysis of the prosody of a black vernacular English Idiolect,’ mimeo

Miller, Michael 1986, ‘The greatest blemish: plurals in -sp, -st, -sk,’ in Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey (eds.), Language Variety in the South, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press

Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia 1972, ‘Signifying, loud-talking and marking,’ in Thomas Kochman (ed.), Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 315–335

Montgomery, Michael and Mishoe, Margaret 1999, ‘He bes took up with a Yankee girl and moved up there to New York: the verb bes in the Carolinas and its history,’ American Speech, 74: 240–281

Morgan, Marcyliena 1996, ‘Conversational signifying: grammar and indirectness among African American women,’ in E. Ochs, E. Schegloff and S. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar, Cambridge University Press, pp. 405–434

Morgan, Marcyliena 1994, ‘The African-American speech community: reality and sociolinguistics,’ in Marcyliena Morgan (ed.), The Social Construction of Identities in Creole Situations, Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, pp. 121–148

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1992, ‘Ideology and facts on African American English,’ Pragmatics 2: 141–166

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996, ‘The founder principle in creole genesis,’ Diachronica, 13: 83–134

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000, ‘Some sociohistorical inferences about the development of African American English,’ in Shana Poplack (ed.), The English History of African American English, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 233–263

Mufwene, Salikoko S., John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds.) 1998, African-American English: Structure, History and Use, New York: Routledge

Myhill, John 1991, ‘The use of invariant be with verbal predicates in BEV,’ in Walter Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.), Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, pp. 101–113

Myhill, John and Wendell A. Harris 1986, ‘The use of verbal -s inflection in BEV,’ in D. Sankoff (ed.) Diversity and Diachrony, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 25–32

Nathan, Hans 1996, ‘The performance of the Virginia minstrels,’ in Annemarie Bean, James V. Hatch and Brooks McNamara (eds.), Inside the Minstrel Mask: Readings in Nineteenth-Century Blackface Minstrelsy. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England

The Nation's Report Card, Fourth Grade Reading 2000, National Assessment of Educational Progress, April 6, 2001, US Department of Educational Research and Improvement

Nesteby, James R. 1982, Black Images in American Films, 1896–1954: the Interplay Between Civil Rights and Film Culture, Washington, DC: University Press of America

Oetting, Janna B. and McDonald, Janet L. 2001, ‘Nonmainstream dialect use and specific language impairment,’ Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44: 207–223

O'Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky and Mark Aronoff 1993 (2nd edn), Contemporary Linguistics: an Introduction, New York: St. Martin's Press

Ostrom, Hans 1993, Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction, New York: Twayne Publishers

Parker, Henry H. and Marilyn I. Crist 1995, Teaching Minorities to Play the Corporate Language Game, Columbia: National Resource Center for the Freshman Year Experience and Students in Transition, University of South Carolina

Parsons, Terence 1990, Events in the Semantics of English: a Study in Subatomic Semantics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Paskman, Dailey 1976, ‘Gentlemen, Be Seated!’: a Parade of the American Minstrels, New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc

Percelay, James, Stephan Dweck and Monteria Ivey 1994, Snaps, New York: William Morrow & Company

Percelay, James, Monteria Ivey and Stephan Dweck 1995, Double Snaps, New York: William Morrow & Company

Perry, Theresa and Lisa Delpit 1998, ‘Embracing ebonics teaching standard English: an interview with Oakland teacher Carrie Scott,’ in Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit (eds.), The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language and the Education of African-American Children, Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 79–88

Pierrehumbert, Janet 1980, ‘The phonology and phonetics of English intonation,’ Ph. D. diss., MIT

Pierrehumbert, J. and J. Hirschberg 1987, ‘The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse,’ mimeo, AT&T Bell Laboratories

Piestrup, Anne McCormick 1973, Black Dialect Interference and Accommodation of Reading Instruction in First Grade, monographs of the Language Behavior Research Laboratory, no. 4, Berkeley: University of California

Pitts, Jr., Walter F. 1993, Old Ship of Zion: the Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora, New York: Oxford University Press

Pollock, Karen 1998, ‘Clinical implications,’ talk presented at the American Speech Language and Hearing Association, San Antonio, TX: November 1998

Poplack, Shana (ed.) 2000, The English History of African American English. New York: Blackwell

Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali 1989, ‘There's no tense like the present: verbal -s inflection in early black English,’ Language Variation and Change, 1: 47–84

Potter, Russell A. 1995, Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip Hop and the Politics of Postmodernism, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press

Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1999, ‘African American vernacular English is not Standard English with mistakes,’ in Rebecca S. Wheeler (ed.), The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives, Westport, CT: Praeger, 39–58

Pullum, Geoffrey and Wilson, Deirdre 1977, ‘Autonomous syntax and the analysis of auxiliaries,’ Language, 53: 741–788

Radford, Andrew 1988, Transformational Grammar: a First Course, Cambridge University Press

Rickford, Angela Marshall 1999, Teaching Narratives and Reading Comprehension to African American and Other Ethnic Minority Students, New York: University Press of America

Rickford, John R. 1972, ‘“Sounding” black or “sounding” white: a preliminary investigation,’ mimeo, University of Pennsylvania

Rickford, John R. 1973, ‘Been in black English,’ mimeo, University of Pennsylvania

Rickford, John R. 1975, ‘Carrying the new wave into syntax: the case of black English been,’ in Ralph W. Fasold (ed.), Variation in the Form and Use of Language, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 98–119

Rickford, John R. 1977, ‘The question of prior creolization in black English,’ in A. Valdman (ed.), Pidgin-Creole Linguistics, Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, pp. 199–221

Rickford, John R. 1986, ‘Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno-English and new world black English,’ Language, 62: 245–289

Rickford, John R. 1987, Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts and Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese Creole, Stanford University Press

Rickford, John R. 1998, ‘The creole origin of African American vernacular English: evidence from copula absence,’ in Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History and Use, New York: Routledge, pp. 154–200

Rickford, John R. 1999, African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications, New York: Blackwell

Rickford, John R., Ball, Arnetha, Blake, Renee, Jackson, Raina and Martin, Nomi 1991, ‘Rappin’ on the copula coffin: theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African-American vernacular English,' Language Variation and Change, 3: 102–132

Rickford, John R. and Angela E. Rickford 1976, ‘Cut-eye and suck teeth: African words and gestures in new world guise,’ in J. L. Dillard (ed.), Perspectives on American English New York: Mouton Publishers, pp. 347–365

Rickford, John R. and Rickford, Angela E. 1995, ‘Dialect readers revisited,’ Linguistics and Education, 7: 107–128

Rickford, John R. and Russell John Rickford 2000, Spoken Soul, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Rickford, John R. and Théberge-Rafal, Christine 1996, ‘Preterite had in the narratives of African American preadolescents,’ American Speech, 71: 227–254

Rose, Tricia 1994, Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England

Ana, Santa, , Otto A. 1992, ‘Chicano English evidence for exponential hypothesis: a variable rule pervades lexical phonology,’ Language Variation and Change, 4: 275–288

Schneider, Edgar W. 1989, American Earlier Black English, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Selkirk, Elisabeth O. 1982, The Syntax of Words, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Sells, Peter, John R. Rickford and Thomas Wasow 1996, ‘An optimality approach to variation in negative inversion in AAVE,’ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 14: 591–627

Seymour, Harry 1998, ‘Development and validation of a language test for children speaking non-standard English: a study of children who speak African American English,’ NIH Contract N01-DC8–2104, Amherst: University of Massachusetts

Shannon, Sandra G. 1999, ‘Blues, history and dramaturgy: an interview with August Wilson (1994),’ in Hazel A. Ervin (ed.), African American Literary Criticism, 1773 to 2000, New York: Twayne Publishers, pp. 44–48

Simmons, Donald C. 1963, ‘Possible West African sources for the American Negro “dozens”,’ Journal of American Folklore, 76: 339–340

Simpkins, Gary A., G. Holt and Charlesetta Simpkins 1977 (1st edn), Bridge: a Cross-Cultural Reading Program, Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Singler, John Victor 1991, ‘Copula variation in Liberian settler English,’ in Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.), Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, pp. 129–164

Sledd, James 1958, ‘Some questions of English phonology,’ Language, 34: 252–258

Smith, Carlota S. 1997, The Parameter of Aspect (2nd edn), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press

Smith, Ernie 1998, ‘What is black English? What is Ebonics?’ in Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit (eds.), The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language, and the Education of African-American Children, Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 49–58

Smitherman, Geneva 1977, Talkin and Testifyin: the Language of Black America, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press

Smitherman, Geneva 1981, ‘What go round come round: King in perspective,’ Harvard Eduational Review, 51: 40–56

Smitherman, Geneva 1985, ‘It bees dat way sometime: sounds and structure of present-day black English,’ in Virginia P. Clark (ed.), Language: Introductory Readings, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 552–568

Smitherman, Geneva 1994, Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner, Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Smitherman, Geneva 1995, ‘If I'm lyin’, I'm flyin': an introduction to the art of the snap,' in J. Percelay, S. Dweck, and M. Ivey (eds.) Double Snaps, New York: Morrow and Company

Smitherman, Geneva 2000, ‘English teacher, why you be doing the thangs you don't do?’ in Smitherman, pp. 123–131

Smitherman, Geneva 2000, Talkin that Talk: Language, Culture and Education in African America, New York: Routledge

Spears, Arthur K. 1982, ‘The black English semi-auxiliary come,’ Language, 58: 850–872

Spears, Arthur K. 2000, ‘Stressed stay: a new African-American English aspect marker,’ talk presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL: January 2000

Spears, Arthur K. 2001, ‘Standard African-American English: race, grammar, and ideology,’ talk presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Washington, DC: January 2001

Stockman, Ida J. and Vaughn-Cooke, Fay 1982, ‘Semantic categories in the language of working class black children,’ Proceedings of the Second International Child Language Conference, 1: 312–327

Tagliamonte, Sali and Poplack, Shana 1988, ‘How black English past got to the present: evidence from Samaná,’ Language in Society, 17: 513–533

Tarone, Elaine E. 1972, ‘Aspects of intonation in vernacular white and black English speech,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Washington

Tarone, Elaine E. 1973, ‘Aspects of intonation in black English,’ American Speech, 48: 29–36

Taylor, Hanni U. 1989, Standard English, Black English, and Bidialectalism: a Controversy, New York: Peter Lang

Taylor, Mikki, Barnett, Amy Dubois and Burt-Murray, Angela 1999, ‘Looking through the glass reflections of timeless beauty rituals,’ Essence 30: 21–28, December 1999

Taylor, Orlando 1971, ‘Response to social dialects and the field of speech,’ in R. Shuy (ed.), Sociolinguistic Theory: Materials and Practice, Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 13–20

Teepen, Tom 1991, ‘Talking the talk, in black and white,’ San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 1991

Terry, J. Michael 2000, ‘On the semantics of dәn in African American English,’ in Kiyomi Kusumoto and Elizabeth Villalta (eds.), UMOP 23, Issues in Semantics, 225–249

Tottie, Gunnel and Dawn Harrie 2000, ‘It's all relative: relativization strategies in early African American English,’ in Shana Poplack (ed.), The English History of African American English, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 198–230

Turner, Lorenzo Dow 1949, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

van Keulen, Jean E., Gloria Toliver Weddington and Charles E. DeBose 1998, Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child, Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Viereck, Wolfgang 1988, ‘Invariant be in an unnoticed source of American early black English,’ American Speech, 63: 291–303

Walters, Keith 1999, ‘“He can read my writing but he sho’ can't read my mind”: Zora Neale Hurston's revenge in Mules and Men,' Journal of American Folklore, 112: 334–371

Warner, Anthony 1993, English Auxiliaries: Structure and History, Cambridge University Press

Watkins, S. Craig 1998, Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema, University of Chicago Press

Weldon, Tracey 1995, ‘Variability in negation in African American vernacular English,’ Language Variation and Change, 6: 359–397

Whiteman, Marcia Farr (ed.) 1980, Reactions to Ann Arbor: Vernacular Black English and Education, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics

Wideman, John Edgar 1984, Brothers and Keepers, New York: Penguin Books

Williams, Robert, (ed.) 1975, Ebonics: the True Language of Black Folks, St Louis, MO: The Institute of Black Studies

Williamson, Juanita 1970, ‘Selected features of speech: black and white,’ CLA Journal, 13: 420–433

Wilson, August 1986, Fences, New York: Penguin Books

Winford, Donald 1997, ‘On the origins of African American English – a creolist perspective part I: the sociohistorical background,’ Diachronica, 14: 305–344

Winford, Donald 1998, ‘On the origins of African American English – a creolist perspective part II: linguistic features,’ Diachronica, 15: 99–154

Wolfram, Walt 1969, A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics

Wolfram, Walt 1974, ‘The relationship of white southern speech to vernacular black English,’ Language, 50: 498–527

Wolfram, Walt 1991, Dialects and American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

Wolfram, Walt 1994, ‘On the sociolinguistic significance of dialect structures: The [NPi Call NPi V-ing] construction in African-American vernacular English,’ American Speech, 69: 339–360

Wolfram, Walt 1999, ‘Repercussions from the Oakland ebonics controversy – the critical role of dialect awareness programs,’ in Carolyn Adger Temple, Donna Christian and Orlando Taylor (eds.), Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students, McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Co., Inc., pp. 61–80

Wolfram, Walter A. and Ralph W. Fasold 1969, ‘Toward reading materials for speakers of black English: three linguistically appropriate passages,’ in Joan C. Baratz and Roger Shuy (eds.), Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 138–155

Wolfram, Walter A. and Ralph W. Fasold 1974, Social Dialects in American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes 1998, American English: Dialects and Variation, Malden, MA: Blackwell

Woodard, C. M. 1946, ‘A word-list from Virginia and North Carolina,’ Publication of the American Dialect Society, 6

Wyatt, Toya 1991, ‘Linguistic constraints on copula production in black English child speech,’ Ph. D. diss., University of Massachusetts

Wyatt, Toya 1995, ‘Language development in African American English child speech,’ Linguistics and Education, 7: 7–22

Yetman, Norman R. (ed.) 1970, Voices from Slavery, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Ziegler, Mary B. 2001, ‘“Cause I likedid it that way”: sound and meaning in the AAL past tense,’ talk presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Washington, DC: January 2001

African American English

A Linguistic Introduction

This Book has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.

Book description

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Contents

Frontmatter
pp i-iv

Contents
pp v-viii

Foreword by John R. Rickford
pp ix-x

Preface
pp xi-xii

Introduction
pp 1-11

1 - Lexicons and meaning
pp 12-33

2 - Syntax part 1: verbal markers in AAE
pp 34-75

3 - Syntax part 2: syntactic and morphosyntactic properties in AAE
pp 76-105

4 - Phonology of AAE
pp 106-133

5 - Speech events and rules of interaction in AAE
pp 134-163

6 - AAE in literature
pp 164-199

7 - AAE in the media
pp 200-215

8 - Approaches, attitudes and education
pp 216-244

Endnotes
pp 245-254

References
pp 255-268

Acknowledgments
pp 269-270

Index
pp 271-285

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Book summary page views

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

Accessibility Information