Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 186
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      07 September 2011
      18 August 2011
      ISBN:
      9780511996429
      9781107011724
      9781107660731
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.52kg, 252 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.4kg, 252 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    Chiozza and Goemans seek to explain why and when political leaders decide to initiate international crises and wars. They argue that the fate of leaders and the way leadership changes, shapes leaders' decisions to initiate international conflict. Leaders who anticipate regular removal from office, through elections for example, have little to gain and much to lose from international conflict, whereas leaders who anticipate a forcible removal from office, such as through coup or revolution, have little to lose and much to gain from conflict. This theory is tested against an extensive analysis of more than 80 years of international conflict and with an intensive historical examination of Central American leaders from 1848 to 1918. Leaders and International Conflict highlights the political nature of the choice between war and peace and will appeal to all scholars of international relations and comparative politics.

    Awards

    Winner of the 2011 Lepgold Prize

    Reviews

    “Chiozza and Goemans make an important contribution to the literature on war and politics. The book’s great strength is its return to an analytic focus on the role of leaders and the incentives they face as individuals.”
    – Allan C. Stam, Professor of Political Science, University of Michigan

    “In tracing decisions for war to the fate of political leaders, including both the probability and consequences of being removed from office, and in testing their theory through sophisticated statistical analyses and detailed case studies, Chiozza and Goermans provide a new answer to the old question of what causes war.”
    – Jack S. Levy, Board of Governors Professor, Rutgers University

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    Bibliography
    Acemoglu, DaronRobinson, James A. 2000 Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality and Growth in Historical PerspectiveQuarterly Journal of Economics 115 1167
    Acemoglu, DaronRobinson, James A. 2001 A Theory of Political TransitionsAmerican Economic Review 91 938
    Acemoglu, DaronRobinson, James A. 2006 Economic Origins of Dictatorship and DemocracyNew YorkCambridge University Press
    Akins, James E. 1991
    Albert, James H.Chib, Siddhartha 1993 Bayesian Analysis of Binary and Polychotomous Response DataJournal of the American Statistical Association 88 669
    Alesina, A.Ozler, S.Roubini, N.Swagel, P. 1996 Political Instability and Economic GrowthJournal of Economic Growth 1 189
    Alesina, AlbertoRosenthal, Howard 1995 Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the EconomyNew YorkCambridge University Press
    Allison, Paul D. 2002 Missing DataSage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences07Thousand Oaks, CASage
    Alvarez, R. MichaelButterfield, Tara L. 2000 The Resurgence of Nativism in California? The Case of Proposition 187 and Illegal ImmigrationSocial Science Quarterly 81 167
    Aquino, Enrique 1944 La Personalidad Politica del General José Santos ZelayaManagua, NicaraguaImpreso en los Talleres Graficos Perez
    Atkins, Pope G.Wilson, Larman C. 1998 The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to TransnationalismAthens, GAUniversity of Georgia Press
    Atwood, Christopher P. 2004 Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol EmpireNew YorkFacts on File
    Avirgan, TonayHoney, Martha 1982 War in Uganda, The Legacy of Idi AminWestport, CTLawrence Hill & Company
    Baker, Bruce 2004 Twilight of Impunity for Africa's Presidential CriminalsThird World Quarterly 25 1487
    Baker, William D.Oneal, John R. 2001 Patriotism or Opinion Leadership? The Nature and Origins of the ‘Rally round the Flag’ EffectJournal of Conflict Resolution 45 661
    Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1887 The Works of Hubert Howe BancroftVol. III. San FranciscoThe History Company, Publishers
    Barbieri, KatherineKeshk, OmarPollins, Brian 2008 http://correlatesofwar.org
    Barbieri, KatherineKeshk, OmarPollins, Omar 2009 TRADING DATA: Evaluating our Assumptions and Coding RulesConflict Management and Peace Science 26 471
    Barker, Kenneth 1995 The NIV Study BibleGrand Rapids, MIZondervan Publishing House
    Bearak, Barry 2007 www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/world/asia/24shah.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=Barry??Bearak&st=nyt
    Beck, NathanielKatz, Jonathan N.Tucker, Richard 1998 Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series–Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent VariableAmerican Journal of Political Science 42 1260
    Belkin, AronSchofer, Evan 2003 Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup RiskJournal of Conflict Resolution 47 594
    Belkin, AronSchofer, Evan 2005 Coup Risk, Counterbalancing, and International ConflictSecurity Studies 14 140
    Bennett, D. ScottStam, Allan C. 2004 The Behavioral Origins of WarAnn Arbor, MIUniversity of Michigan Press
    Bienen, Henryvan de Walle, Nicholas 1991 Of Time and Power: Leadership Duration in the Modern WorldStanford, CA, Stanford University Press
    Bollen, Kenneth A.Guilkey, David K.Mroz, Thomas A. 1995 Binary Outcomes and Endogenous Explanatory Variables: Tests and Solutions with an Application to the Demand for Contraceptive Use in TunisiaDemography 32 111
    Bound, JohnJaeger, David ABaker, Regina M. 1995 Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation when the Correlation between the Instruments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is WeakJournal of the American Statistical Association 90 443
    Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M.Jones, Bradford S. 2004 Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social ScientistsNew YorkCambridge University Press
    Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M.Christopher, J.Zorn, W. 2001 Duration Models and Proportional Hazards in Political ScienceAmerican Journal of Political Science 45 972
    Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M.Reiter, DanChristopher, J.Zorn, W. 2003 Nonproportional Hazards and Event History Analysis in International RelationsJournal of Conflict Resolution 47 33
    Brace, PaulHinckley, Barbara 1992 Follow the Leader: The President and Public Opinion PollsNew YorkBasic Books
    Brecher, MichaelWilkenfeld, Jonathan 1997 A Study of CrisisAnn Arbor, MIUniversity of Michigan Press
    Bremer, Stuart A. 1992 Dangerous Dyads: Conditions Affecting the Likelihood of Interstate War, 1816–1965Journal of Conflict Resolution 36 309
    Brewer, Marilynn B. 1999 Perpetrators of Prejudice; The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?Journal of Social Studies 55 429
    Brownlee, Jason 2002 And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial RegimesStudies in Comparative International Development 37 35
    Bueno de Mesquita, BruceSmith, AlastairSiverson, Randolph M.Morrow, James D. 2003 The Logic of Political SurvivalCambridge, MAMIT Press
    Bueno de Mesquita, BruceMorrow, James D.Siverson, Randolph M.Smith, Alastair 1999 An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic PeaceAmerican Political Science Review 93 791
    Bueno de Mesquita, BruceSiverson, Randolph M. 1995 War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political AccountabilityAmerican Political Science Review 89 841
    Bueno de Mesquita, BruceSiverson, Randolph M. 1997 Nasty or Nice? Political Systems, Endogenous Norms and the Treatment of AdversariesJournal of Conflict Resolution 41 175
    Bueno de Mesquita, BruceSiverson, Randolph M.Woller, Gary 1992 War and the Fate of Regimes: A Comparative AnalysisAmerican Political Science Review 86 638
    Burgess, Paul 1926 Barrios, Justo Rufino: A BiographyPhiladelphia, PADorrance and Company
    Burk, Kathleen 1982 War and the State: The Transformation of British Government 1914–1919LondonAllen & Unwin
    Burns, John F. 1996 www.nytimes.com/1996/12/19/world/at-an-afghan-execution-it-s-swift-and-personal.html
    Bush, George H. W. 1991
    Bustamante Maceo, Gregorio 1951 Historia Militar de El SalvadorSan Salvador, El SalvadorPublicaciones del Ministerio del Interior
    Calvino, Italo 1988 Under the Jaguar SunNew YorkHarcourt Brace & Company
    Calvo, Joaquin Bernardo 1890 The Republic of Costa RicaChicago, ILRand, McNally & Company
    Campos, Alicia 2003 The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International FactorJournal of African History 44 95
    Cardoso, Ciro F. S. 1991 The Liberal era, . 1870???1930Central America since IndependenceBethell, LeslieNew YorkCambridge University Press37
    Cardoso, Oscar RaulKirschbaum, RicardoVan DerKooy, Eduardo 1987 Falklands, The Secret PlotSurrey, U.KPreston Editions
    Carr, Edward Hallett 1946 The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939New YorkHarper & Row
    Carter, David B.Signorino, Curtis S. 2010 Back to the Future: Modeling Time Dependence in Binary DataPolitical Analysis 18 271
    Chiozza, GiacomoChoi, Ajin 2003 Guess Who Did What: Political Leaders and the Management of Territorial Disputes, 1950–1990Journal of Conflict Resolution 47 251
    Chiozza, GiacomoGoemans, H. E. 2003 Peace through Insecurity: Tenure and International ConflictJournal of Conflict Resolution 47 443
    Chiozza, GiacomoGoemans, H. E. 2004 Avoiding Diversionary TargetsJournal of Peace Research 41 423
    Chiozza, GiacomoGoemans, H. E. 2004 International Conflict and the Tenure of Leaders: Is War Still Ex Post InefficientAmerican Journal of Political Science 48 604
    Ciano, Galeazzo 2002 Diary, 1937–1943New YorkEnigma Books
    Clapham, John Herald 1899 The Causes of the War of 1792LondonC. J. Clay and Sons
    Clark, David H. 2003 Can Strategic Interaction Divert Diversionary Behavior? A Model of U.S. Conflict PropensityJournal of Politics 65 1013
    Collier, PaulHoeffler, Anke 2004 Greed and Grievance in Civil WarOxford Economic Papers 56 563
    Congdon, Peter 2006 Bayesian Statistical ModellingHoboken, NJJohn Wiley & Sons
    Cook, ChrisPaxton, John 1998 European Political Facts, 1900–1996New YorkSt. Martin's Press
    Coser, Lewis A. 1956 The Functions of Social ConflictGlencoe, ILFree Press
    Craige, John Houston 1934 Cannibal CousinsNew YorkMinton, Balch & Company
    Croco, Sarah E. 2008
    Cruz, Arturo J. 2002 Nicaragua's Conservative Republic, 1895–93New YorkPalgrave
    Dabat, AlejandroLorenzano, Luis 1984 Argentina: The Malvinas and the End of Military RuleLondonVerso
    Debs, AlexandreGoemans, H. E. 2010 Regime Type, the Fate of Leaders, and WarAmerican Political Science Review 104 430
    Derbyshire, J. DenisDerbyshire, Ian 1996 Political Systems of the WorldNew YorkSt. Martin's Press
    DeRouen, Karl 1995 The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of ForceJournal of Conflict Resolution 39 671
    DeRouen Jr., Karl 2000 Presidents and the Diversionary Use of Force: A Research NoteInternational Studies Quarterly 44 317
    Diaz Lacayo, Aldo 1996 Gobernantes de Nicaragua (1821–1956)Managua, NicaraguaAldil?? editor
    Diehl, Paul F. 1985 Contiguity and Military Escalation in Major Power RivalriesJournal of Politics 47 1203
    Diermeier, DanielStevenson, Randy T. 1999 Cabinet Survival and Competing RisksAmerican Journal of Political Science 43 1051
    Domke, William 1988 War and the Changing Global SystemNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Downs, Anthony 1957 An Economic Theory of DemocracyNew YorkHarpers and Collins
    Downs, GeorgeRocke, David M. 1994 Conflict, Agency and Gambling for Resurrection: The Principal–Agent Problem Goes to WarAmerican Journal of Political Science 38 362
    Doyle, Michael W. 1983 Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign AffairsPhilosophy and Public Affairs 12 205
    Doyle, Michael W. 1983 Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign AffairsPhilosophy and Public Affairs 12 205
    Efron, BradleyRobert, J. Tibshirani 1993 An Introduction to the BootstrapBoca Raton, FLChapman & Hall/CRC
    El-Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani 1993 The October WarThe American University in Cairo Press
    Fagg, John Edwin 1965 Cuba, Haiti & The Dominican RepublicEnglewood Cliffs, NJPrentice Hall, Inc
    Farcau, Bruce W. 1994 The Coup: Tactics in the Seizure of PowerWestport, CTPraeger
    Farcau, Bruce W. 1996 The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932–1935Westport, CTPraeger
    Farcau, Bruce W. 2000 The Ten Cents War: Chile, Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884Westport, CTPraeger
    Fearon, James D. 1995 Rationalist Explanations for WarInternational Organization 49 379
    Fearon, James D. 2004 Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than OthersJournal of Peace Research 41 275
    Feng, Yi 1997 Democracy, Political Stability and Economic GrowthBritish Journal of Political Science 27 391
    Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998 Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949–1994Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 418
    Fordham, Benjamin O. 1998 The Politics of Threat Perception and the Use of Force: A Political Economy of U.S. Uses of Force, 1949–1994International Studies Quarterly 42 567
    Fortna, Virginia Page 2004 Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of PeacePrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Fravel, M. Taylor 2010 The Limits of Diversion: Rethinking Internal and External ConflictSecurity Studies 19 307
    Freedman, LawrenceKarsh, Efraim 1993 The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Freese, JeremyScott Long, J. 2006 Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using StataCollege Station, TXStata Press
    Gall, Sandy 2007 www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/jul/23/guardianobituaries.afghanistan
    Gámez, José Dolores 1889 Historia de NicaraguaManagua, NicaraguaTipografia de ???El Pais???
    Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor 1991 Election Cycles and WarJournal of Conflict Resolution 35 211
    Gelman, Andrew 2006 Prior Distributions for Variance Parameters in Hierarchical ModelsBayesian Analysis 1 515
    Gelpi, Christopher 1997 Democratic Diversions: Government Structure and the Externalization of Domestic ConflictJournal of Conflict Resolution 41 255
    Gelpi, ChristopherGrieco, Joseph M. 2001 Attracting Trouble: Democracy, Leadership Tenure, and the Targeting of Militarized ChallengesJournal of Conflict Resolution 45 794
    Gelpi, ChristopherGriesdorf, Michael 2001 Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94American Political Science Review 95 633
    Gill, Jeff 2002 Bayesian Methods: A Social and Behavioral Sciences ApproachBoca Raton, FLChapman & Hall/CRC
    Gleditsch, Kristian S. 2002 Expanded Trade and GDP DataJournal of Conflict Resolution 46 712
    Gleditsch, Kristian S.Ward, Michael D. 1999 A Revised List of Independent States since the Congress of ViennaInternational Interactions 25 293
    Gleditsch, Kristian SkredeSalehyan, IdeanSchultz, Kenneth A. 2008 Fighting at Home, Fighting Abroad: How Civil Wars Lead to International DisputesJournal of Conflict Resolution 52 479
    Gleditsch, Nils PetterHegre, Håvard 1997 Peace and Democracy: Three Levels of AnalysisJournal of Conflict Resolution 41 283
    Gleditsch, Nils PetterWallensteen, PeterErikson, MikaelSollenberg, MargaretaStrand, Haavard 2002 Armed Conflict, 1945–99: A New DatasetJournal of Peace Research 39 615
    Goemans, H. E 2000 Fighting for Survival, the Fate of Leaders and the Duration of WarJournal of Conflict Resolution 44 555
    Goemans, H. E 2000 War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World WarPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Goemans, H. E 2006 Territory, Territorial Attachment and ConflictTerritoriality and Conflict in an Era of GlobalizationKahler, MilesWalter, BarbaraNew YorkCambridge University Press, ch. 2
    Goemans, H. E 2008 Which Way Out? The Manner and Consequences of Losing OfficeJournal of Conflict Resolution 52 771
    Goemans, H. EFey, Mark 2009 Risky but Rational: War as an Institutionally Induced GambleJournal of Politics 46 35
    Goemans, Henk E.Gleditsch, Kristian SkredeChiozza, Giacomo 2009 Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political LeadersJournal of Peace Research 46 269
    Gowa, Joanne 1998 Politics at Water's Edge: Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force AbroadInternational Organization 52 307
    Greene, William H. 2002
    Grieco, Joseph M. 2001 Repetitive Military Challenges and Recurrent International Conflicts, 1918–1994International Studies Quarterly 45 295
    Guan, Weihua 2003 From the Help Desk: Bootstrapped Standard ErrorsStata Journal 3 71
    Gujarati, Damodar N. 1995 Basic EconometricsNew YorkMcGraw-Hill
    Gupta, Dipak K. 1990 The Economics of Political Violence; The Effect of Political Instability on Economic GrowthNew YorkPraeger
    Hagle, Timothy M.Mitchell, Glenn E. 1992 Goodness-of-Fit Measures for Probit and LogitAmerican Journal of Political Science 36 762
    Hall, CarolynBrignoli, Héctor Pérez 2003 Historical Atlas of Central AmericaNormanUniversity of Oklahoma Press
    Harrell, Frank E., Jr 2001 Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival AnalysisNew YorkSpringer
    Hastings, MaxJenkins, Simon 1983 The Battle for the FalklandsNew YorkW. W. Norton & Company
    Hausman, JerryMcFadden, Daniel 1984 Specification Tests for the Multinomial Logit ModelEconometrica 52 1219
    Hazelwood, L. 1975 Diversion Mechanisms and Encapsulation Processes: The Domestic Conflict???Foreign Conflict Hypothesis ReconsideredSage International Yearbook of Foreign Policy StudiesMcGowan, P. J.Beverly Hills, CASage213
    Heinl, Robert DebsHeinl, Nancy Gordon 1996 Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People 1492–1995Lanham, NJUniversity Press of America, Inc. Revised and expanded by Michael Heinl
    Heinze, GeorgDunkler, Daniela 2008 Avoiding Infinite Estimates of Time-Dependent Effects in Small-Sample Survival StudiesStatistics in Medicine 27 6455
    Heinze, GeorgSchemper, Michael 2005 A Solution to the Problem of Monotone Likelihood in Cox RegressionBiometrics 57 114
    Hermann, Margaret G.Milburn, Thomas W. 1977 A Psychological Examination of Political LeadersNew YorkFree Press
    Hess, Gregory D.Orphanides, Athanasios 1995 War Politics: An Economic, Rational-Voter FrameworkAmerican Economic Review 85 828
    Hobbes, Thomas 1996 LeviathanNew YorkOxford University Press
    Horowitz, MichaelMcDermott, RoseStam, Allan C. 2005 Leader Age, Regime Type, and Violent International RelationsJournal of Conflict Resolution 49 661
    Huntington, Samuel P. 1968 Political Order in Changing SocietiesNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Huntington, Samuel P. 1991 The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth CenturyNorman, OKUniversity of Oklahoma Press
    International Crisis Behavior Project 2007 www.cidcm.umd.edu/icb/
    Jagger, KeithGurr, Ted Robert 1995 Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III DataJournal of Peace Research 32 469
    James, Laura 2005 Nasser and his Enemies: Foreign Policy Decision Making in Egypt on the Eve of the Six Day WarMiddle East Review of International Studies 9 23
    James, PatrickHristoulas, Athanasios 1994 Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the United StatesJournal of Politics 56 327
    James, PatrickRioux, Jean Sebastien 1998 International Crises and Linkage Politics: The Experiences of the United States, 1953–1994Political Research Quarterly 51 781
    Jervis, Robert 1976 Perception and Misperception in International PoliticsPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Jervis, Robert 2002 Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power PeaceAmerican Political Science Review 96 1
    Johns, Leslie 2006 Knowing the UnknownJournal of Conflict Resolution 50 228
    Johnson, Dominic D. P.Tierney, Dominic 2006 Failing to Win: Perceptions of Victory and Defeat in International PoliticsCambridge, MAHarvard University Press
    Jones, Seth G. 2009 In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in AfghanistanNew YorkW.W. Norton
    Kaldor, Mary 1999 New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global EraMalden, MAPolity Press
    Kamau, JosephCameron, Andrew 1979 Lust to Kill: The Rise and Fall of Idi AminLondonCorgi Books
    Karnes, Thomas L. 1961 The Failure of Union: Central America, 1824–1960Chapel Hill, NCThe University of North Carolina Press
    King, GaryHonaker, JamesJoseph, AnneScheve, Kenneth 2001 Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple ImputationAmerican Political Science Review 95 49
    Kuran, Timur 1991 Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989World Politics 44 7
    Labianca, GiuseppeBrass, Daniel J.Gray, Barbara 1998 Social Networks and Perceptions of Intergroup Conflict: The Role of Negative Relationships and Third PartiesThe Academy of Management Journal 41 55
    Lai, BrianReiter, D. 2005 Rally ’round the Union Jack? Public Opinion and the Use of Force in the United Kingdom, 1948–2001International Studies Quarterly 49 255
    Lavalle, José Antonio de 1979 Mi mission en Chile en 1879LimaInstituto de Estudios Historico-Maritimos del Peru
    Lebow, Richard Ned 1981 Between Peace and WarBaltimore, MDJohns Hopkins University Press
    Lebow, Richard Ned 1985 Miscalculation in the South Atlantic: The Origins of the Falklands WarPsychology and DeterrenceJervis, RobertLebow, Richard NedStein, Janice GrossBaltimore, MDJohns Hopkins University Press, ch. 589
    Leeds, Brett AshleyDavis, David R. 1997 Domestic Political Vulnerability and International DisputesJournal of Conflict Resolution 41 814
    Leites, Nathan 1951 The Operational Code of the PolitburoNew YorkMcGraw-Hill
    Lentz, Harris M 1994 Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992Jefferson, NCMcFarland
    Lentz, Harris M. 1999 Encyclopedia of Heads of States and Governments, 1900 through 1945Jefferson, NCMcFarland
    Levy, Jack S. 1989 The Diversionary Theory of War: A CritiqueHandbook of War StudiesMidlarsky, Manus I.Ann Arbor, MIUniversity of Michigan Press259
    Levy, Jack S.Vakili, Lily I. 1992 Diversionary Action by Authoritarian Regimes: Argentina in the Falklands/Malvinas CaseThe Internationalization of Communal StrifeMidlarsky, ManusNew YorkRoutledge, ch. 6118
    Li, Kim-HungMeng, Xiao-LiRaghunathan, T. E.Rubin, Donald B. 1991 Significance Levels from Repeated -Values with Multiply-Imputed DataStatistica Sinica 1 65
    Lian, BradleyOneal, John R. 1993 Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public OpinionJournal of Conflict Resolution 37 277
    Lipset, Seymour Martin 1959 Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political LegitimacyAmerican Political Science Review 53 60
    Logan, Rayford W. 1968 Haiti and the Dominican RepublicNew YorkOxford University Press
    Londregan, John B.Poole, Keith T. 1990 Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive PowerWorld Politics 42 151
    Maddala, G. S. 1983 Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in EconometricsNew York: Cambridge University Press
    Makin, Guillermo 1985 Argentina: The Authoritarian ImpasseThe Political Dilemmas of Military RegimesClapham, ChristopherPhilip, GeorgeLondonCroom Helm, ch. 7
    Makiya, Kanan 1993 Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab WorldNew YorkW. W. Norton & Company
    Malanczuk, Peter 1991 The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf WarEuropean Journal of International Law 2 114
    Mallar, Charles D. 1977 The Estimation of Simultaneous Probability ModelsEconometrica 45 5
    Mansfield, Edward D.Snyder, Jack 1995 Democratization and the Danger of WarInternational Security 20 5
    Mansfield, Edward D.Snyder, Jack 2005 Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to WarCambridge, MAThe MIT Press
    Marra, Robin F.Charles, WOstrom, Jr.Simon, Dennis M. 1990 Foreign Policy and Presidential Popularity: Creating Windows of Opportunity in the Perpetual ElectionJournal of Conflict Resolution 34 588
    Marure, Alejandro 1895 Efemérides de los Hechos Notables Acaecidos en la República de Centro AméricaGuatemala
    Matibag, Eugenio 2003 Haitian–Dominican Counterpoint; Nation, State, and Race on HispaniolaNew YorkPalgrave Macmillan
    McGillivray, FionaSmith, Alastair 2000 Trust and Cooperation through Agent Specific PunishmentsInternational Organization 54 809
    Meernik, James 1994 Presidential Decision-Making and the Political Use of Military ForceInternational Studies Quarterly 38 121
    Meernik, JamesWaterman, Peter 1996 The Myth of the Diversionary Use of Force by American PresidentsPolitical Research Quarterly 49 573
    Miller, Ross A. 1995 Domestic Structures and the Diversionary Use of ForceAmerican Journal of Political Science 39 760
    Miller, Ross A. 1999 Regime Type, Strategic Interaction, and the Diversionary Use of ForceJournal of Conflict Resolution 43 388
    Montúfar, Lorenzo 1887 Reseña Histórica. Centro-AmericaGuatemalaTipografia
    Mooney, Christopher Z.Duval, Robert D. 1993 Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Statistical InferenceThousand Oaks, CASage
    Mor, Ben D. 1991 Nasser's Decision-Making in the 1967 Middle East Crisis: A Rational Choice ExplanationJournal of Peace Research 28 359
    Morgan, Clifton T.Anderson, Christopher J. 1999 Domestic Support and Diversionary External Conflict in Great Britain, 1950–1992Journal of Politics 61 799
    Morgan, T. CliftonBickers, Kenneth N. 1992 Domestic Discontent and the External Use of ForceJournal of Conflict Resolution 36 25
    Morrow, James D.de Mesquita, Bruce BuenoSiverson, Randolph M.Smith, Alastair 2008 Retesting Selectorate Theory: Separating the Effects of W from Other Elements of DemocracyAmerican Political Science Review 102 393
    Mueller, John 2004 The Remnants of WarIthaca, NYCornell University Press
    Mueller, John E. 1973 War, Presidents, and Public OpinionNew YorkWiley
    Oakes, Amy 2006 Diversionary War and Argentina's Invasion of the Falkland IslandsSecurity Studies 15 431
    O’Kane, Rosemary H. T 1983 Towards and Examination of the General Causes of Coups d’ÉtatEuropean Journal of Political Research 11 27
    O’Kane, Rosemary H. T 1993 Coups d’Etat in Africa: A Political Economy ApproachJournal of Peace Research 30 251
    Oliver, Christian 2010 www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f0451e8a-892f-11df-8ecd-00144feab49a.html
    Omara-Otunnu, Amii 1987 Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985New YorkSt. Martin's Press
    Oneal, John R.Bryan, Anna Lillian 1995 The ‘Rally ’round the Flag’ Effect in U. S. Foreign Policy Crises, 1950–1985Political Behavior 17 370
    Oneal, John R.Tir, Jaroslav 2006 Does the Diversionary Use of Force Threaten the Democratic Peace? Assessing the Effect of Economic Growth on Interstate Conflict, 1921–2001International Studies Quarterly 50 755
    Ostrom, Charles W.Job, Brian L. 1986 The President and the Political Uses of ForceAmerican Political Science Review 80 541
    Palmer, Frederick 1910 Central America and Its ProblemsNew YorkMoffat, Yard & Company
    Parker, Franklin D. 1964 The Central American RepublicsNew York: Oxford University Press
    Person, RobertoTabellini, Guido 1994 Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory and EvidenceAmerican Economic Review 84 600
    Pinto, Anibal 1921 ApuntesRevista Chilena 13 337
    Pion-Berlin, David 1985 The Fall of Military Rule in Argentina: 1976–1983Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27 55
    Plummer, Brenda Gayle 1988 Haiti and the Great Powers, 1902–1915Baton Rouge, LALouisiana State University Press
    Polity IV Project 2004 www.systemicpeace.org/polity4
    Popper, Karl R. 1963 The Open Society and its EnemiesNew YorkRoutledge
    Powell, Robert 2006 War as a Commitment ProblemInternational Organization 60 169
    Przeworski, Adam 1991 Democracy and the MarketNew YorkCambridge University Press
    Przeworski, AdamAlvarez, Michael E.Cheibub, José AntonioLimongi, Fernando 2000 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990New York: Cambridge University Press
    Quindlen, Anna 1991
    Ramiro, Colindres 1989 Breve Historia de Honduras 1831–1876Tegucigalpa, HondurasGraficentro Editores
    Ray, James Lee 1995 Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace PropositionColumbia, SCUniversity of South Carolina Press
    Ray, James Lee 2001 Intergrating Levels of Analysis in World PoliticsJournal of Theoretical Politics 13 355
    Ray, James Lee 2003 Explaining Interstate Conflict and War: What Should be Controlled ForConflict Management and Peace Science 20 1
    Record, Jeffrey 2002 Collapsed Countries, Casualty Dread, and the New American Way of WarParameters 32 4
    Reiter, DanStam, Allan C. 2002 Democracies at WarPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Reiter, DanStam, Allan C. 1998 Democracy, War Initiation, and VictoryAmerican Political Science Review 92 377
    Rendón, Mary Catherine 1988
    Richards, DianaMorgan, T. CliftonWilson, Rick K.Schwebach, Valerie L.Young, Garry D. 1993 Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of ForceJournal of Conflict Resolution 37 504
    Riker, William H. 1982 Liberalism Against PopulismProspect Heights, ILWaveland Press, Inc
    Rikhye, Indar Jit 1978 The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading to the Six Day War June, 1967New DelhiOxford & Ibh Publishing Co
    Rodman, Selden 1964 Quisqueya; A History of the Dominican RepublicSeattle, WAUniversity of Washington Press
    Rodriguez, Mario 1964 A Palmerstonian Diplomat in Central AmericaTucson, AZThe University of Arizona Press
    Rodriguez, Mario 1965 Central AmericaEnglewood Cliffs, NJPrentice Hall, Inc
    Rosenau, James 1966 Pre-Theories and Theories of Foreign PolicyApproaches to Comparative and International PoliticsBarry Farrell, R.Evanston, ILNorthwestern University Press29
    Rothenberg, Gunther E. 2007 The Origins, Causes and Extensions of the Wars of the French Revolution and NapoleonWarfare in Europe, 1792–1815Schneid, Frederick C.Burlington, VTAshgate Publishing Company, ch. 3
    Rubin, Donald B. 1987 Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in SurveysNew YorkWiley
    Rubin, Donald B.Schenker, Nathaniel 1991 Multiple Imputation in Health-Care Databases: An Overview and Some ApplicationsStatistics in Medicine 10 585
    Rubinstein, Alvin Z. 1977 Red Star on the NilePrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Russett, Bruce 1993 Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War WorldPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Sarkees, Meredith Reid 2000 The Correlates of War Data on War: An Update to 1997Conflict Management and Peace Science 18 123www.correlatesofwar.org/
    Sater, William F. 1986 Chile and the War of the PacificLincoln, NEUniversity of Nebraska Press
    Schafer, Joseph L. 1997 Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate DataNew YorkChapman & Hall
    Scheina, Robert L. 2003 Latin America's WarsWashington, DCBrassey's Inc
    Schoonover, Thomas D. 1991 The United States in Central America, 1869–1911Durham, NCDuke University Press
    Schroeder, Paul W. 1994 The Transformation of European PoliticsOxfordClarendon Press
    Schultz, Kenneth A. 2001 Democracy and Coercive DiplomacyNew York: Cambridge University Press
    Schultz, Kenneth A. 2001 Looking for Audience CostsJournal of Conflict Resolution 45 32
    Schweller, Randall 1998 Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World ConquestNew YorkColumbia University Press
    Simmel, Georg 1898 The Persistence of Social GroupsAmerican Journal of Sociology 3 662
    Simmel, Georg 1955 ConflictGlencoe, ILFree Press
    Singer, J. David 1961 The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International RelationsWorld Politics 14 77
    Slantchev, Branislav L. 2004 How Initiators End Their Wars: The Duration of Warfare and the Terms of PeaceAmerican Journal of Political Science 48 813
    Smith, Alastair 1996 Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic SystemsInternational Studies Quarterly 40 133
    Smith, Alastair 1998 International Crises and Domestic PoliticsAmerican Political Science Review 92 623
    Smith, George Ivan 1980 Ghosts of KampalaNew YorkSt. Martin's Press
    Snyder, Richard CarltonBruck, H. W.Sapin, Burton 1962 Foreign Policy Decision-Making: An Approach to the Study of International PoliticsNew YorkFree Press of Glencoe
    Stinett, Douglas M.Tir, JaroslavSchafer, PhilipDiehl, Paul F.Gochman, Charles 2002 The Correlates of War Project Direct Contiguity Data, Version 3Conflict Management and Peace Science 19 67
    Stoll, Richard J. 1984 The Guns of November: Presidential Reelections and the Use of Force, 1947–1982Journal of Conflict Resolution 28 231
    Subercaseaux, Ramón 1936 Memorias de Ochenta AñosVolumes SantiagoNascimento
    Tarar, Ahmer 2006 Diversionary Incentives and the Bargaining Approach to WarInternational Studies Quarterly 50 169
    Thant, U. 1978 View from the UNGarden City, NYDoubleday & Company, Inc
    Therneau, Terry M.Grambsch, Patricia M. 2000 Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox ModelNew YorkSpringer
    Thornton, Richard C. 1998 The Falklands Sting: Reagan, Thatcher, and Argentina's BombWashington, DCBrassey's
    Thucydides 1972 History of the Peloponnesian WarLondonPenguin Books
    Tullock, Gordon 1987 AutocracyBoston, MAKluwer
    Valenzuela, José Reina 1984 José Trinidad Cabañas, Estudio BiográficoTegucigalpa
    Vallecillos, Italo López 1967 Gerardo Barrios y su TiempoSan Salvador, El SalvadorMinisterio de Educaci??n, Derecci??n General de Publicaciones
    Wagner, R. Harrison 2007 War and the State: The Theory of International PoliticsAnn Arbor, MIUniversity of Michigan Press
    Walt, Stephen M. 1997 Revolution and WarIthaca, NYCornell University Press
    Walter, Barbara F. 2002 Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil WarPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    Waltz, Kenneth N. 1954 Man, the State, and WarNew YorkColumbia University Press
    Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979 Theory of International PoliticsNew YorkMcGraw Hill
    Welles, Sumner 1928 Naboth's Vineyard: the Dominican Republic 1844–1924New YorkPayson & Clarke Ltd
    WGBH 2007
    Wilkenfeld, Jonathan 1968 Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of NationsJournal of Peace Research 5 56
    Windmeijer, Frank A. 1995 Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Binary Choice ModelsEconometric Reviews 14 101
    Wolfers, Arnold 1962 Discord and CollaborationBaltimore, MDJohns Hopkins Press
    Woodward, Ralph Lee 1993 Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821–1871Athens, GAThe University of Georgia Press
    Zinnes, Dina A.Wilkenfeld, J. 1971 An Analysis of Foreign Conflict Behavior of NationsComparative Foreign PolicyHanrieder, W. F.New YorkDavid McKay
    Zorn, Christopher 2005 A Solution to Separation in Binary Response ModelsPolitical Analysis 13 157

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.