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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2023

Elizabeth Anderson
Elizabeth Anderson
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Hijacked
How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back
 , pp. 352 - 369
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Index

abolition, 65–66, 192–194, 289–290
absolutism, 40, 41, 43–44, 48–50
accumulation, of wealth, xvii, –17–18, 20, 21–22, 35–36, 51–52, 53–54, 65–66, 128–129, 170, 171–173, 295, see also competitive acquisition
Agreement of the People, 38, 40–43
agricultural workers, 91, 100–101, 107, 110, 147–148, 170, 182, 192, 289–290
agriculture, 27–28, 56, 91, 95, 107, 182, 238, see also collectivized farming
alienation, 206–212
altruism, effective, 16–19
anarchists, 21–22, 235
Andover Union workhouse, scandal over administration of, 106, 189
Anglican Church, 5–6, 15, 24, 65–66
antitrust doctrine, weakening of, x–xi, 254–255
apprenticeship, 60, 61, 143–144, 147, 148, 155–156, 210, 289–290
appropriation, 28, 29, 30–31, 34–35
consent and, 32–33, 54–55
just, 27–28, 29, 31–32
aristocratic paternalism, 91–99
Arminianism, 13–14, 17
artisans. See craftsmen
asceticism, xvii, 17, 64–65, 88, 128–129, 271–272, 295
autonomy, 128–129, 181–182, 186–187, 206–207, 219–220, 242–243, 248–249, 250, 288
Babeuf, François-Noël, 213–224, 227, 229, 232
distributive justice and, 246
Bakunin, Mikhail, 224
banking system, 254–255, 277, 278, see also financialization
bankruptcy laws, x–xi, 254–255
bargaining power, 275, see also collective bargaining
Baxter, Richard, 6–7, 13–14, 15, 17, 26, 45–46, 60, 67, 69, 88, 97, 98, 251–252, 258–259, 260–261, 275, 277–278, 281
business ethics and, 34, 46, 276–277, 281–282
Christian Directory, 8–9, 10, 11, 12–13, 15–16, 17–18, 19, 65
condemnation of exploitation of poor, 13
dignity of labor and, 71
dual nature of work ethic and, 15–16
good works and, 26–27
idle rich and, 71, 85
justified inequality and, 275, 276–277
progressive work ethic and
shareholder capitalism and, 272–273
slavery and, 10–11, 12–13, 51
unpaid domestic labor and, 71, 296–297
utilitarianism and, 18–19, 169–170
begging, 1, 2, 59, 60, 62, 111
Bengal famine, East India Company and, 146–147, 201–202
Bentham, Jeremy, xiv, xv, 63, 73–81, 102, 105, 109, 123–124, 127–128, 179–180, 264, 272
government outsourcing and, 199, 258–259, 264–272
interest rates and, 46, 149
panopticon and, 73–75, 76–77, 78–79, 80–81, 271
Pauper Management Improved, 73–74, 75–79, 80–81
the poor and, 63–99
Puritanism and, 66, 73–74, 76–77, 91
Smith and, 75–76, 79
utilitarianism and, 73–74, 76–77, 78, 79, 80–81, 105
utopian fanaticism and, 125, 128–129
Bernstein, Eduard, xiv, 127, 213, 225–226, 235–237, 238, 240, 244–245, 293–294
Evolutionary Socialism, 225–226, 236
Marx/Marxism and, 236–237, 243–244
social democracy and, 234–242, 243–244, 292–293
“workers” cooperatives and, 238, 240
Beveridge, William, 252
Bible, 1, 4–5, 14–15, 65
Bismarck, Otto von, 232, 234, 252
Blacks
Black activists, 258
civil and political rights of, 259
stereotypes of, 259, 260–261
subjection of, 257–258
Blum, Léon, 250
bourgeoisie, 62, 73–81, 123, 167, 210–211
Bray, John Francis, 163, 164, 165–167, 174, 244
bullshit jobs, 290–291, 295–296
Bunyan, Paul, Pilgrim’s Progress, 77–78
Buonarroti, Philippe, 214, 215
Burke, Edmund, xv, 63, 87, 91–99, 115–116, 127–128
aristocracy and, 91–99
commodification of labor and, 247–248
free markets and, 93–95
in Rockinghamite faction of Whigs, 93
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), 93
Smith and, 130, 146, 154
Speenhamland system and, 92–95
“Thoughts and Details on Scarcity” (1795), 113, 150–151
business ethics, 276, 277
business executives, xi, 255–256, 272–275, 276
calling, 5, 8, 11–12, 15–16, 67, 88–89, 168–169
Calvin, John, 5–6
Calvinism, 3–7, 13–14, 17, 204–205
capitalism, xvii, 2, 9, 53, 212, 237, see also laissez-faire capitalism
alienation and, 206–212
anarchist, 163–164
critical analyses of, 289
democracy and, 236
Marx’s critique of, 206–212
Puritanism and, 254
shareholder capitalism, xii–xiii, 255, 258–259, 272–283
stakeholder capitalism, 255
work and, 203, 206–212
capitalist class, xiii, 20, 63–65, 122, 172
carceral state, 264–272, see also prisons
care work, 296–297
Carlyle, Thomas, 193–194, 195–196
Catholic Church, xvii–xviii, 1, 233
Chadwick, Edwin, 102, 104–105, 119–120
charity, 11, 25–26, 45–46, 69, 94, 120–121, see also poverty relief
Christian, 16–19
discouraged by conservative work ethic, 126
duty of, 18, 19, 57–58, 67, 83
effective altruism and, 16–17
Locke and, 67, 68, 69
Malthus and, 83, 86
natural law and, 57
punishment of, 126
right to, 57, 58
vs. workhouses, 111
Charles I, 15, 38–39, 48–50
Charles II, 24, 38–39, 49–51, 176–177
Chartism, 170–171, 186, 234
chastity, xiv, 67–68, 81–87, 122, 179–180
child care, 60, 71, 259–261, 296–297
child labor, 75–76, 78, 102, 182, 235, 260–261
child poverty, 75–76, 78, 102, 260–261, 296–297
children, 57, 60, 61, 260–261
apprenticeship and, 60, 61
child development, 187–188
deprived of care, 121–122
education of, 191–192
poverty and, 57, 60, 61, 84–85, 259–261
in workhouses, 75–76, 77–78, 102
China, 200–201, 213, 215–216, 285–286
Church of England. See Anglican Church
citizenship, 243, 244–245, 250–251
civil servants, 264–265, 266, 267
class conflict, xv–xvi, 123–124, 162, 167, 230–231, 232, 243, 244–246
class differences, 63–64, 128–129, 166–167, 179–180, 238–239, 240–241, 243, 250–253
Malthus and, 85–86, 96–97, 128–129
social democracy and, 244–245, 253
work ethic and, 64–65, 243
classes, 161, 162, 185–186, 209, see also class conflict; class differences; specific classes
classical economic thought, xvii, 284, 286–288, 289–290
classical liberalism, xiii, 127–128, 226, 227–234, 256–257, 292–293
codetermination, 187, 240–41, 243, 249, 297
collective bargaining, 243, 248–49, 296
colonialism, 199, 200–201, see also imperialism
colonies, 49–50, 140–141, 145–147
commercial society, rise of, 138–140, 142–143
Commission for Inquiring into the Condition of the Poorer Classes of Ireland, 109–110
commodification of labor, xi–xiii, 248, 256, 269–270, 274–275
commodity, meaning of, 248
commons, 34–36, 54–55
communes, 165, 238, 292–293
communism, x, 178–179, 204, 213–224, 227, 237, 287–288
institutional structure of, 213, 214, 215, 221–223
institutions eliminated by, 213
luck egalitarianism and, 216, 217
totalitarianism and, 213, 214–216, 224, 225–226
competitive acquisition, 128–129, 170, 172–173, 182, 245, 247, 258–259, 284–285, 295
Condorcet, Nicolas de Caritat Marquis de, 63, 71–72, 96, 127, 226–234, 247, 275, 276
conservative, use of the term, xv
conservative relief policies, poverty-promoting features of, 120–122, 123
conservative work ethic, xi–xii, xiv–xv, xvi, 14, 24–25, 62, 63–99, 172–173, 233, 254–259, 292–293
aggregative utilitarianism and, 169–170
attitudes toward working poor and, 130
Bentham and, 264, 272
child care and, 261
class and, xv–xvi, 120, 123–124, 132, 179–180
consumption and, 170, 172–173, 182
contradiction inherent in, 123, 170–171, 179–180
definition of, ix–x
English welfare reform and, 100–108
harshness toward workers and, 120
hijacking of work ethic by, xiv–xv
ideas of moral desert and, 129, 133–135, 136–137
ideology and, xvi, 100–126
imperialism and, 257–258, 259
Industrial Revolution and, 292–293
inegalitarian and antidemocratic sentiment fueled by, 253
Irish famine policy and, 108–119
Malthus and, 190–191, 257–258
Mill and, 192, 195–196, 202, 293
neoclassical welfare economics and, 285
neoliberalism and, xii, 253, 254–283
nonutilitarian normative attitudes of, 85
poverty policies and, 67–68, 69–70, 71, 101, 120–122, 123
progress and, 169–170
secularization and, 66–67
shareholder capitalism and, xii–xiii
taxation and, 120, 121–122
United States and, 250, 254–255, 257–258
Weber and, 292–293
welfare reform and, 100–108
Whately and, 108–109, 257–258, 259–264, 273
conspicuous consumption, 15–16, 17–18, 66, 170, 172–173, 182, 284–285
Constitution (English), 38–44, 90
contract(s), xi–xii, xiii–xiv, 51–53, 149–150, 192–193, see also social contract
freedom of, xiii–xiv, 22, 46, 183–184
regulation of, 37–38, 45, 48, 183–184
copyholders, 54, 55–56, 63–64, 108–109
Corn Laws, 107, 110, 152, 173–181
cottier system of renting land, 174–175, 177–178, 180, 181
craftsmen, 64, 210–211
factory system and, 63–64, 234
Marx’s romanticized view of, 210–211
radical artisans, 210, 221–222, 235
replaced by factory system and wage workers, 63–64, 170
decommodification of labor, 247–249, 250–253
democracy, 243, 293–294, 297–298, see also social democracy
backsliding of, x, 290, 297
capitalism and, 236
constraining of, xi, 293
distributive justice and, 247
in the workplace, 297–298
deregulation, xii–xiii, 254–255, 277, 285–286, 287
desert, 216, 217, 232, 245–246, 247, 261–262
Diggers, 31, 42, 43, 54
dignity of labor, 71, 242–243
disability insurance, 230, 231, 243
discipline, xvii, xviii, 6–7, 13–14, 64–65, 88, 122, 129–130, 136–137, 291–292
ascetic, 8, 9, 14, 88–89, 114, 137, 180, 249, 271–272, see also asceticism
in the workplace, 65, 125, 170–171, 178, 179, 188, 189, 209, 218–219, 248–249
distributive justice, 164, 245–246, 247, 285, 286–287, 288
democratic perspective on, 245–247
desert and, 245–246, 247
Equals and, 219–220
Ricardian socialists and, 162, 164, 165, 245–246
division of labor, 15–16, 168–169, 172, 181–187, 208, 211, 235, 249, 273
European progress attributed to, 168–169
Mill and, 172, 182, 184–185, 273
Smith and, 147–148, 184–185, 273
women and, 184
drudgery, xvii, 9, 61, 62, 73, 128–129, 137, 154–155, 169, 170, 173, 182, 191–192, 208, 248–249
Du Bois, W. E. B., 258
duty to work, ix–x, 11–12, 23–24, 26, 59, 68
East India Company, 146–147
economic growth, x, 285–286
education, 61, 147–148, 191–192, 248–250
expansion of access to, 251–252, 257
inequality of, 228, 251–252
publicly funded, 233–234, 243, 248–249, 250–251
radicalizing effects of, 248
rights to, 243, 250
schooling provided by factory owners, 182
social stratification and, 251–252
universal, 147–148, 228, 242–243
of workers, 186, 192
efficiency, criterion of, 285, 286
egalitarianism, 11, 14–15
luck egalitarianism, 216, 217
enclosure(s), 13, 30–31, 34–35, 55–56, 63–64, 139, 161
Locke and, 32–33, 53, 54–55, 56, 279
Mill and, 177, 192
Parliamentary, 55–56, 89–90, 91, 273, 279
vulture private equity as new, 279–281
Engels, Friedrich, 214, 222, 223, 224, 236, 237
Communist Manifesto, 204, 221–222
“dictatorship of the proletariat” and, 221
freedom and, 219–220, 223–224
institutional structure of communism and, 213
Engels’s Pause, 64–65, 170, 234–235, 254, 256
England. See also United Kingdom
classical liberalism in, xiii
land tenure, 173–181
Poor Law and, 81–82
English Civil War, 15, 38, 40–43, 48–49
Enlightenment, 96, 153–154, 227
entails, 140–142, 176–177, 289–290
equality, x, 43–44, 242–243
attempts to create strict, 229
of citizenship, as basis for shared normative perspective, 244–245
distributive justice and, 247
Equals’ radical principle of, 216, 217–218
under the law, 42, 43
of status, 250–251
Equals, 214, 217, 229
distributive justice and, 219–220
Marx and, 218–220
material equality and, 216, 217–218
military-style central planning and, 223
Paine and, 229, 230–231
estate taxes, 71–73, 230
evictions, 13, 55–56
as death sentence, 126
Irish famine policy, 112–113, 115–116, 117–118
in United States, 281–282
executive compensation, 255–256, 272–275
Fabian socialists, 246, 247, 273
Factory Acts, 182, 183
factory system, 63–64, 122, 170, 182, 234, 235
faith, 3–7, 13–14
famine, 100–126, 151, 189–190
Bengal, 146–147, 201–202
British policy toward, 100
Irish, 100, 111–112, 129, 151, 177–178, 189–190
Mill and, 177–178
state intervention to prevent, 94, 95
feudalism, 48–50, 54, 137–138, 142–145, 147, 159
finance, 254–255, 277–279, 293
financial aid, 263–264
firm, the, 266–267, 269, 284–285, 288, 295–296
forced labor, 188–189, 259, 270–272, see also slavery
France, 87, 89–90, 100–101, 214, 233–234, 250, 252, 296–297, see also French Revolution
franchise
expansion of, xiii, 24, 90, 155–156
propertyless men and, 43–44
restricted, xiii, 20, 21–22, 38–39, 43
universal male, 38, 170–171
women and, 43–44
Franklin, Benjamin, secularization of work ethic and, 65–66
freedom, 206, 223–224, 242–243, 289
freedom of contract, xiii–xiv, 22, 46, 183–184
free labor, xvii–xviii, 140–141, 142–145, 258
free markets, xiii, 93–95, 122, 123–124, 129, 135–148, 155–156, 182, 256–257
French Revolution, 81, 87, 91–92, 100–101, 124, 140–141, 150, 153–154, 159, 214–215, 218, 221–222, 226–227
Friedman, Milton, 255, 278–279
frugality, xiv, xviii, 8–9, 64–65, 67–68, 122, 129–130, 136–137, 174, 179–180, 276, see also asceticism
Germany, xvii–xviii, 225–226, 234, 235–236, 241–242, 252
Gilbert’s Act (1782), 93, 104
government outsourcing, x, –264–272
grace, 5–7, 13–14, 26–27
Great Famine. See Irish famine
Gregory Clause, 117, 262–263
guild system, 210, 234
Hansson, Per Albin, 244–245, 247
Hayek, Friedrich, Road to Serfdom (1944), 225–226
Hazlitt, William, 72, 89, 189–190
health care, x, 232, 243, 250–251, 269–270, 296, 298
Hegel, G. W. F., 96, 206–207, 219–220
historical progress, 96, 97–98, 206, 236
history, xvii, 96, 97–98, 168, 206, see also historical progress
Hodgskin, Thomas, 163–164, 166–167, 176–177, 248
Hone, William, 89–90
Hooker, Richard, 25–26
House of Commons, 38, 40, 106
House of Lords, 38, 43
human capabilities, 171–173, 181–182, 204, 208–209, 242–243, 249–250, 288, 291
human flourishing, 203–204, 248–249, 250, 289
ideologies, xvi, 125
critique of, 119–120
epistemic functioning of, xvi, 123–124
historical origins of, xvi
idleness, 8, 12, 44–45, 47, 51–62, 65, 69–70, 111
idle poor, 24–25, 52–62, 65, 69–70
idle rich, 24–25, 26, 30–32, 34, 42, 44–45, 47, 51–52, 65, 71, 85, 88–89, 101, 243, 245, 247, 295, see also leisure class
imperialism, 98, 187–202, 254, 257–258, 259, 293
indentured servitude, 51, 52–54
independence, 72, 186–187
cult of, 68–73
independent contractors, xi, 256, 274–275
India, 200–201
individualism, 66–67, 71, 231, 258–259
individuality, 205–206, 210, 214–215
Industrial Revolution, 57, 63–64, 65, 101, 122, 168, 170, 211–212, 234–235, 265–266, 288, 292–293
commodification of labor and, 248
labor productivity and, 189–190
industry, xiv, 67–68, 122, 128–130, 136–137, 174, 179–180, 191–192
idleness and, 44–45, 47, 51–62
micro-division of labor in, 182
inequality, 228, 230–231, 250–253, 290
decommodification of labor and, 250–253
justified, 9, 230–231, 275, 276–277
malign cultural effect of, 289
private property and, 217–218
social democracy and, 250–253
inheritance, 48–49, 120, 141–142, 143, 173–181, 254–255
intellectual property, x–xi, 47, 48, 254–255, 279
interest, 46, 47, 176–177, 245–246, 247–248
International Working Men’s Association, 210, 224, 235–236
Ireland, 99, 108, 181
agricultural system in, 111–112, 118
birth rates in, 118
cottier system of renting land in, 174–175, 177–178, 180, 181
division of labor in, 108–109
inheritance in, 173–181
land reform in, 177–179
land tenure in, 173–181
poverty relief in, 111–112, 177–178, see also Irish famine policy
unemployment in, 109
workhouses in, 111–112, 124–125
Irish famine, 112–119, 129, 151, 177–178, see also Irish famine policy
Irish famine policy, 100, 112–120, 181
British government and, 120–121, 124–125, 153, 177–178, 181, 261–262, 263
evictions, 112–113, 115–116, 117–118
exacerbation of famine and, 112–113, 118, 189–190
Gregory Clause, 117
public works, 112–114
punishment of charity and, 126
temporary soup kitchens, 112–113, 115
workhouses and, 112–113, 115–118
Irish landlords, 112–113, 115–116, 117, 177–178, 181
Irish peasantry, 99, 289–290
conversion into wage laborers, 111–112, 117, 118, 177–178
Irish poor law, 100, 108–112, 119–120
Jacobins, 214, 218, 229
Jesus, 14–15
justice, 22, 25–26, 31–32, 186–187, see also distributive justice
Kaldor, Nicholas, 285
Kant, Immanuel, 96
Keynes, John Maynard, 2, 247–248, 278, 290, 291, 292–293
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 258
Knatchbull’s Act, 62, 93. See also Workhouse Test Act (1723).
labor, 21, 47, 107, 157, 163, 207, 208, 221, 252–253
alienated, 206–212
commodification of, xi–xiii, 94, 126, 245–246, 248, 256, 269–270, 274–275
decommodification of, 247–248, 250–253
dignity of, 11, 71
as expression of individuality, 205–206, 208
forced, 188–189, 259, 270–272, see also slavery
labor supply, 123, 170–171, 191, 284–285
professional, 269–270
property rights and, 47
unalienated, 203–206, 207, 219–220, 223, 235
unfree, 140–141, 142–145
unpaid domestic, 71, 289, 296–297
laboring poor, 103, 130, 228, see also working poor
labor theory of property, 174–175, 180, 230
labor theory of value, 29–31, 70, 162, 165–166, 231–232, 236–237
labor unions. See unions
laissez-faire capitalism, 46, 112–113, 114, 127–128, 148, 150, 151–155, 182, 183–184, 241, 257–258
land, 47, 54, 122, 174, 177, see also enclosure(s); property rights; labor value of property
landlords, xiii, 13, 24, 30, 44–45, 56, 64, 65, 91, 95, 110, 125, 147–148, 172, 243, 254, 273, 279, 281–282 see also landowners
authority of, xiii, 95, 105, 107, 108, 110
Irish, 111–113, 115–116, 117, 125, 177–178, 181
landowners, 24, 29–31, 38–39, 44–45, 47, 49–50, 63–64, 156–158, 161
land reform, 177–179, 181
Land Tenure Reform Association, 176–177
land tenure system, 173–181, 289–290
leisure, 1, 169–170, 249–250, 290, 291–292
vs. luxury, 182–183
Mill and, 183–184, 249–250
progressive work ethic and, 66, 137, 296
Puritan attitudes toward, 73–74
Smith and, 137, 249–250
work and, 2
workers and, 66, 182, 186, 192, 242–243
Lenin, Vladimir, 213, 221, 227
“less eligibility,” principle of, 104, 111, 120–121, 188
Leveller movement, 23–24, 38–39, 40–43, 48, 52–53, 54–55, 87, 90, 170–171, 210
liberalism, 57, 127–128, 239, 240
liberal Toryism, 91, 105, 108, 110, 118. See also Tories
libertarianism, xiii, 21–26, 27–29, 31–32, 33, 36–37, 40, 45–46, 127–128, 152–153, 256–257
liberty, 247, See also freedom
Locke, John, xiv, 26, 32–33, 39–40, 43–44, 45–46, 50–51, 53, 57, 67, 138, 169–170, 187–188, 209, 236–237, 293–294
on begging, 59, 60
business ethics and, 276–277
charity and, 67, 68, 69
class analysis and, 39–40, 179–180
constitutional remedies of, 40–44, 52–53, 170–171
on contracts, 37–38, 45, 48, 51–53
on copyright, 47, 48, 279
distributive justice and, 164, 247
on enclosures, 32–33, 53, 54–55, 279
franchise and, 23–24, 43–44
Fundamental Constitution of Carolina, the, 53–54
head of Board of Trade under King William III, 41, 49, 51
idleness and, 24–25, 26, 31–32, 42, 44–45, 47, 51–62, 65, 71, 85, 279
on indentured servitude, 51, 52–54
on inheritance, 48–49, 52–53, 141, 175–176
justified inequality and, 275, 276–277
labor-mixing provision and, 27, 29
labor theory of value and, 29–31, 70
Leveller movement and, 23–24, 40–43, 48, 52–53, 54–55
libertarian reading of, 20–25, 27–29, 33, 36–37, 40, 45–46
Mill and, 173–181, 190–191
on monarchy, 39–40, 43–44, 49
on monopolies, 52–53, 277
moral theory of, 25–26, 27
natural law and, 57
need for state and, 34–38
on children, 60, 61, 187–188, 260–261
poverty and, 57–59, 60, 62, 64–65, 68, 187–188, 260–261
property regimes and, 24–25, 34–36, 47, 48, 49–50, 51–53, 54, 55, 163–164, 172
pro-worker orientation of, 24–25, 44, 49–50, 52–53, 54, 57, 60, 63
Reasonableness of Christianity (1695), 26–27
rejection of libertarian historical entitlement theory, 31–32
scarcity and, 34–37
Second Treatise, 26–27, 32–33, 42, 43, 55, 59–60, 65
secularization of work ethic and, 65
on slavery, 49, 50, 53, 54
Smith and, 149
social contract and, 36–38, 43–44, 229
Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), 61
spoilage proviso and, 27, 30–31, 33
sufficiency proviso and, 27–29, 30, 32–33, 34–35, 49–50, 54–55, 58–59, 174
Two Treatises, 23–24, 41
on wage labor, 53–54, 143
Whig party and, 23–24, 38–39, 110, 265–266
work ethic and, xv, 20–62, 63–64, 65, 190–191, 203–204, 258–259, 275, 277–278
London Corresponding Society, 87, 89
Luther, Martin, 3–6, 15
Lutheranism, 3–7
Luxemburg, Rosa, 213
luxury, 8–9, 17–18, 69, 88, 170, 182, 245
vs. leisure, 182–183
luxury consumption, 8–9, 17–18, 66, 88, 170, 245
Macpherson, C. B., 20, 52, 53–54
Malthus, Thomas Robert, xiv, xv, 63, 66, 81–87, 89, 91, 94, 105, 111, 118, 129, 146, 160–161, 179–180, 190–191, 199, 256–259
charity and, 83, 86
chastity and, 67–68, 83–84
class and, 85–87, 96–97, 128–129
influence of, 102, 108–109, 123–124, 156–158, 189–191, 257–258, 259–264
Mill and, 188, 189, 190–191
Poor Law and, 81–83, 84, 189
population theory of, 82–83, 96, 155–158, 172–173, 188, 189, 190
poverty relief and, 67–68, 72, 81–83, 84, 89, 102, 189
Ricardo and, 155–156, 158–159, 160
theory of rent and, 155–156, 157–158
utilitarianism and, 84, 85
welfare policy and, 259–264
Mao Zedong, 213, 215–216, 218
Maréchal, Sylvain, 214
Marshall, T. H., 243, 250–251
Marx, Karl, 63, 96, 122, 127–128, 163, 203, 204, 206–212, 213–224, 226, 235, 236–237, 238–239, 249, 291–292, 293, 295
Capital, 207, 226, 235
Civil War in France, 222
“Comments on James Mill, Élémens d’Économie Politique (1844),” 205–6
commitment to autonomy of revolutionary workers, 223–224
Communist Manifesto, 204, 210–211, 221–222
Critique of the Gotha Program, 204, 218
“dictatorship of the proletariat” and, 221
distributive justice and, 246, 247
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, 204
Equals and, 218–220
freedom and, 219–220, 223–224, 291
human flourishing and, 203–204
ideal of unalienated labor and, 203–206, 235
institutional structure of communism and, 213
labor theory of value and, 165–166, 236–237
launches democratic path for “workers” emancipation, 224
Mill (John Stuart) and, 127–128, 204, 210–212, 224, 226
progressive work ethic and, xiv, 127–128, 203–224, 226, 244, 292–293
radical artisans and, 221–222, 235
social democracy and, 226, 292–293
stress on work as central meaningful activity, 204–206
totalitarianism and, 225–226
on work as expression of individuality, 205–206
Marxism, 213, 214, 225–227, 234, 243–244, 287–288, 289
mercantilist policies, 143, 145–147
meritocracy, 251–252, 256–257, 293
Methodism, 17, 77
micro-division of labor, 147–148, 168–169, 182, 186–187, 248, 256, 287–288
Mill, James, 155, 159, 176–177, 178–179, 204, 205–206, 208, 246
Mill, John Stuart, xv, 63, 127–128, 155, 167, 168–202, 204, 212, 225–226, 238, 239, 249, 293
abolition and, 192–193
classical liberalism and, xiii, 127–128
colonialism and, 199, 200–201
competitive conspicuous consumption and, 172, 257, 295
cottier system and, 174–175, 177–178, 180, 181
on despotism, 195, 196, 197, 198
division of labor and, 172, 182, 184–185, 273
domestic imperialism and, 187–192
foreign imperialism and, 192–202
Irish famine policy and, 177–178, 181
laissez-faire economics and, 182, 183–184
land reform and, 177, 178–179, 181
laws of inheritance and, 174–176
leisure and, 183–184, 249–250
Locke and, 173–181, 190–191
Malthus and, 188, 189, 190–191
Marx and, 204, 210–212, 224, 226
New Poor Law of 1834 and, 188–189, 190–191, 192
non-white peoples and, 195–198, 202
as officer of British East India Company, 198–199, 202
Petition of the East India Company, 198–199
poverty policy and, 188–189, 190–191
on primogeniture, 176–177
progressive work ethic and, xiv, 173, 187–188, 190–191, 193–195, 236–237, 289–290, 293–294
promotion of leisure, 182–183
property rights and, 172, 186–187
rejection of hierarchy, 172, 185–186, 198
Ricardian socialists and, 173, 176–177
slavery and, 192–194, 195–198, 200–201
Smith and, 173, 184–185
support for forced labor, 188–189
sympathy and, 172
unions and, 184–185
utilitarianism and, 173–174
women’s rights and, 183, 191–192, 198, 289
workers’ cooperatives and, 184–185, 186–187, 238, 244
Milton, John, 2
minimum wage, 94–95, 150–151, 256, 272
monarchy, 39–40, 41, 43–44, 49–50
money, 28–29, 30, 32–33, 35–36, 53, 148–149
monopolies, xi, xiii, 45, 46, 47, 48, 254, 264–265, 277, see also antitrust doctrine
natural law, 21–22, 25–34, 35–36, 49, 57, 108
natural liberties, 43–44, 149
natural rights, 21–22, 23–24, 36–37, 163–164
neoclassical economics, xvii–xviii, 245–246, 272–273, 287, 288
neoliberalism, xii, 22, 253, 254–283, 285
consequences of, xi–
definition of, xii–xiii, 272–273
origins of, xiv, xvi
policymaking and, 285–286
Poor Laws and, 264
Protestant work ethic and, xiv
racism and, xvii–xviii
rise of, x, 254–259, 285
social democracy and, xiii–xiv, 254–255, 293
in United States, xvii–xviii, 258–264
welfare policy and, 259–264, 288
New Poor Law of 1834, 100, 105, 107, 109, 115–116, 119–120, 124–125, 188–189, 190–191, 192, 258–264
Nicholls, George, 111–112, 115
Noetics, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105, 109, 122, 243
Nozick, Robert, 25–26, 27
Old Poor Law. See Poor Law
original sin, doctrine of, 26–27, 97, 98
outdoor relief, 102–103, 109, 111–112, 115–116
outsourcing, x, 256, 258–259, 264–272, 274–275, 288
Owen, Robert, 165
Owenites, 172–173
Paine, Thomas, 63, 127, 226–234
Babeuf and, 227, 229, 232
Equals and, 229, 230–231
labor theory of value and, 231–232
Poor Law regime and, 230
progressive work ethic and, xiv, 289–290
Rights of Man, 87
social insurance and, 71–72, 289–290
Paley, William, 63, 66, 67–68, 87–90, 91
Parliament (UK), 38, 39, 56, 181, 183, 198, 199
peasant proprietors, 180–181, 186, 192
peasantry, 55–56, 99, 289–290, see also peasant proprietors
conversion into wage laborers, 111–112, 117, 118, 122, 177–178
Irish, 99, 108–109, 111–112, 117, 118, 125, 177–178
social democrats and, 240–241
Peel, Robert, 95, 113
Perkins, William, 8, 9–10
personal responsibility, 81–87
philanthropy, 295, see also charity
Piketty, Thomas, 217, 289, 290, 293
Pitt, William, 94–95, 150–151
Pol Pot, 213, 215–216, 218
poor, the, 57, 58, 63–99, 120, 135, see also idle poor; poverty relief
able-bodied, 58, 59, 60, 62, 102–103, 104–105, 116–118
criminalization of, 270–272
distinction between “deserving” and “undeserving,” 9, 11, 58–59, 83, 103, 121, 124, 261–262, 264
duty of charity to, 18, 19
Malthus and, 81–87, 89
right to poverty relief and, 188
Poor Law, 58, 67–68, 70, 71–72, 74, 81–82, 93, 95, 100, 101, 105, 107, 153, 160, 188, 189, 228, 230, 258–259, 264, see also New Poor Law of 1834; poor law reforms
Locke and, 58–59, 60, 62, 64–65
Malthus and, 81–83, 84, 102, 189
neoliberal welfare policy and, 264
Poor Law Commissioners’ Report of 1834, 106, 107, 118–120, 129, 188
poor law reforms, 57–58, 102–103, 104–105, 106, 108, 111–112, 115, 187–188, 189, 190–191, 259–260
population theory, 82–83, 96, 155–158, 172–173, 188, 189, 190
positive rights, 23–24, 34–38, 57
poverty, 67–68, 170–171, 179–180, 233–234, 285–286, see also poor, the; Poor Law; poverty relief
children and, 57, 60, 61, 84–85, 259–261, 296–297
criminalization of, 270–272
stigmatization of, 83
vice and, 122, 123–124, 129, 133–135, 136–137, 228
workers and, 242–243, 245, 247, 296
poverty relief, 63–99, 100–101, 103, 115–116, 120–122, 123, 150–151, 153, 188, 229
abolishment of, 72, 105
conservative relief policies, 120–122, 123
for-profit outsourcing of, 120–122
humiliating forms of, 120–121, 123–124
Locke and, 58–59
Malthus and, 81–83, 123–124, 189
Mill and, 188, 190–191
right to, 58–59, 116, 188
in Speenhamland, Berkshire (English county), 102
workhouses and, 104–105, 109, 111–112, 188
work requirements and, 104–105, 120–122
precarity, 121–122, 126, 170–171, 179–180, 228, 242–243, 245–246, 247–248, 275
Priestley, Joseph, 63, 66, 67–73, 91, 92–93, 123, 127–129, 179–180, 230, 231, 256–257
competitive acquisition and, 97–98, 170, 257, 258–259, 284–285
idea of life as competitive race, 167
individualism and, 71, 72, 231
mandated savings and, 69, 70, 72
Poor Law and, 70, 71
secularization of work ethic and, 69, 70, 72–73
shareholder capitalism and, 258–259
primogeniture, 49, 52–53, 140–142, 175–177, 289–290
prisons, xi, 267–268, 269, 270–272
private equity, vulture, 279–281
private property, 229, 240–241, 288
abolition of, 217, 292–293
classical liberalism and, xiii–
distribution of, 178–179
inequality and, 217–218
labor theory of, 174–175, 180
Locke’s theory of, 44, 173–181
Marx and, 208, 212, 213
Mill’s Lockean theory of, 173–181
property laws, 89–90, 120, 288, 289
redistribution of, 43, 89–90
regulation of, xiii–xiv, 34, 37–38, 45
workers and, 182, 192
productivity, x–xi, 21, 27, 47, 51–52, 56, 107, 186, 189–190, 249, 256, 273
professionals, 210, 269
profits, 156–158
maximization of, xi–xii, 255–256, 272–273, 295–296, 297
as unearned income, 245–246
wages and, 156–158, 163
progress, 236
conservative view of, 169–170, 171–172
Eurocentric view of, 168–169
historical, 96, 97–98, 236
human history as, 206
imperialism seen as engine of, 293
Mill’s conception of, 172–173
Smith’s account of, 137–140, 142
theory of historical progress, 96, 97–98
progressive, use of the term, xv–xvi
progressive work ethic, xiv, 13, 14, 127–167, 172–173, 181–182, 236–237, 239, 242–243, 289, 293–296
common roots of economic liberalism and social democracy in, 240
definition of, ix–x
Industrial Revolution and, 292–293
leisure and, 137, 296
Locke and, xiv, 20–62, 187–188, 236–237, 293–294
Marx and, xiv, 203–224, 226, 244, 292–293
Mill and, xiv, 168–202, 236–237, 289–290, 293–294
Paine and, xiv, 289–290
Puritan work ethic and, xiv–xv
Ricardian socialists and, xiv, 167, 236–237
secularization and, 66
Smith and, xiv, 154–155, 182, 236–237, 289–290, 293–295
social democracy and, x, xiv, 225–253, 292–293
social insurance and, 71–72
virtues of, 128–129
vision for workers offered by, xvii
vision of duties to fellow human beings, xiv–xv
“workers” agenda afforded by, 294, 296–297
property. See private property; property rights
property rights, xiii–xiv, 20, 22, 43, 57, 89–90, 163–164, 227, 229, 240–241
of copyholders, 54, 55–56
feudal, 45, 48–50, 54
natural, 163–164
state and, 21–22, 58–59
in state of nature, 53–54
Protestant work ethic, 2
Baxter and, 6–7
dual nature of, 1–19
influence of, 20–25
as revaluation of values, 1–3
pro-worker work ethic. See progressive work ethic
Puritanism, xvii–xviii, 3–4, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 88–89, see also Puritan work ethic
calling and, 8, 11–12, 168–169
exaltation of workers and, 11–12
idle rich and, 85
moral egalitarianism and, 10–11
sanctification of work and, 11, 14
utilitarianism and, 16, 169–170
Puritan work ethic, xiv–xv, 8–16, 63–64, 65, 88–89, 203–204, 257–258, 265–266
Putney debates, 43–44
racism, xvii–xviii, 118, 257–264, 286
Rawls, John, 275, 276
Reformation, 2, 3–4, 15
Reign of Terror, 218, 221, 223–224, 228
rent(s), 13, 156–158, 161
distribution of, 245–246, 273
economic function of, 176–177
Fabian socialists and, 273
in Ireland, 181
landlords and, 156–158, 176–177, 178, 230
Malthus’s theory of, 155–156, 157–158
Ricardo and, 176–177, 178, 246, 273
as unearned income, 245–246
Ricardian socialists, xiv, 63, 72, 127, 155, 161–167, 173, 178, 236–237, 245–246, 258, 296–297
Ricardo, David, 100–101, 155–156, 158–161, 173, 175, 245–246
on classes, 161, 162
labor theory of value and, 165–166
Malthus and, 155–159, 160
rents and, 176–177, 246, 273
theory of inverse relation of profits and wages, 163
workers’ rights and, 155–156
Robespierre, Maximilien, 218, 221, 223–224, 229
Russell, John, 111–113, 124–125
salvation, 2, 4–5, 6–7, 8, 10–11, 13–15, 17, 26–27, 42, 66–67, 77–78, 204–205
Sanderson, Robert, 8, 11, 12–13, 67, 85, 88–89, 172, 203, 236–237, 273
Scandinavia, xiii, 247–248, 252
Scrope, G. Poulett, 116, 118, 188–189
self-employment, xii–xiii, xvii–xviii, 122, 147–148, 186, 210, 258
Senior, Nassau, 63, 98, 102, 104–105, 118–120, 124–125, 129, 188
servants, 53, 91, 92, 94–95, 107
settler colonialism, xvii–xviii, 258–259
Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury), 24, 50–51
shareholder capitalism, 255, 258–259, 272–273, 275, 276, 277, 281
sin, 8, 14, 26–27, 97, 98
Singer, Peter, 16–17, 18
slavery, xvii–xviii, 10–11, 12–13, 45, 53–54, 257–258. See also abolition
advocates of, 259
Locke on, 50–51, 52–54, 192–193
Mill and, 192–194, 195–198, 200–201
slaveholders, 124, 254
slave trade, 50
Smith on, 143–144, 197, 289–290
in United States, 192–193, 257–258
Smith, Adam, xv, 63, 75–76, 79, 90, 96, 98, 107, 127, 130–135, 146, 154, 178–179, 180, 186–187, 210, 225–226, 281, 289
on bargaining power, 275
biases in sentiment and, 130–131, 132
critique of conservative work ethic, 130–135
“Digression Concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws,” 151–152
division of labor and, 184–185, 273
East India Company and, 79, 201–202
free markets and, 142–143, 150, 151, 152–155
human progress and, 90, 137–141, 142, 154–155
“laboring poor” and, 103
laissez-faire and, 148, 150, 151, 152–155
on leisure, 137, 249, 250
libertarian reading of, 147, 152–153
Locke and, 149
Malthus and, 146
Marx and, 208, 209, 226
micro-division of labor and, 168–169, 182, 186–187, 287–288
Mill and, 173, 184–185
poverty relief and, 150–151
pragmatism vs. dogmatism, 148–155
progressive work ethic and, xiv, 182, 236–237, 289–290, 293–295
pro-worker economic policies and, 130–135, 149–151, 182
reforms proposed by, 140–148
slavery and, 154–155, 197, 289–290
supply curve of labor and, 284–285
Theory of Moral Sentiments, 130–131, 132, 135–136
tradeoff of prosperity against human capabilities, 182, 184
on virtues, 135–137
wage labor and, 143, 273, 275
Wealth of Nations, 137–141, 150, 152–153, 154
social contract, 21–22, 36–37, 43–44, 173–174, 229
social democracy, xiii–xiv, xvii–xviii, 127–128, 186–187, 213, 225–227, 243–244, 249, 253, 292–293
classical liberal tradition and, 227–234
codetermination and, 240, 297–298
decommodification of labor and, 247–248, 250–253
market economies and, 252–253, 295–296
neoliberalism and, xiii–xiv, 254–255, 293
origins of, 226, 234–242
persistence of class inequality and, 250–253
pre-Marxist origins of, 226–234
progressive work ethic and, x, xiv, 225–253, 292–293
Social Democratic Party (SAP) (Sweden), 225, 243–245
Social Democratic Party (SPD) (Germany), 225–226, 234, 235–236, 241–242
social democratic political parties, xiv, 225–226, 240–241, 243–244, 257, 293
Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Germany, 235–236
social insurance, x, xi–xii, 64, 70, 71–72, 84, 226–227, 232, 243, 247–248, 252, 262–263, 289–290, see also means-testing
origins of, 227–234
socialist parties and, 233
universal, 233–234
in United States, 227, 233–234
socialist tradition, xvii–xviii, 127–128, 232, 240, 292–293, see also Ricardian socialists
Soviet Union, 213, 221
Speenhamland system, 92–95, 102, 106, 107, 189–190
Spencer, Herbert, 96
spoilage proviso, 21, 27, 30–31, 33, 34
stakeholder grants, 230, 231–232, 233–234, 289–290
Stalin, Joseph, 213, 215–216, 218
state of nature, 21, 22, 29, 33, 34, 35–37, 53–54, 173–175
stationary state, 156–158, 160–161, 172–173, 182
sufficiency proviso, 21, 27–29
enclosure and, 32–33
failure of, 34–36, 37–38, 54–55, 58, 174, 229
Locke and, 30, 32–33, 34, 49–50, 54–55, 58–59, 174
suffrage, 191–192, 214, 222
Sweden, 225, 242, 243–245
sympathy, 172, 181–182, 186–187, 204, 288, 298
Tarnow, Fritz, 242
taxes/taxation, xiii–xiv, 20, 22, 37–38, 47, 48–49, 57, 70, 71, 74, 246, 257, 297, 298
capital income and, 120, 254–255
conservative work ethic and, 120, 121–122
cutting, x
distributive justice and, 246
estate, 71–73, 230
income, 120, 247, 254–255
inheritance, 254–255
labor and, 120, 252–253
landowners and, 47
local, 121–122
poverty relief and, 111
progressive, 254–255
redistributive, xiii–xiv
regressive, 120
rents and, 159–160, 176–177
social insurance and, 71–73
tax deductions, 259
tax farmers, 79
war, 101
wealth, 231, 247
welfare policy and, 252–253
Tenures Abolition Act, 48–49, 55
Test Act, 265–266
Thatcher, Margaret, 254–255
Thompson, William, 126, 164, 165, 166–167, 172–173, 232, 244, 246, 289, 296–297
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 118–119
Tories, 24, 31–32, 43–44, 91, 175
totalitarianism, xiii–xiv, 213, 214–216, 224, 225–227
trade agreements, x, 254–255, 257, 285–286
trade unions. See unions
Trevelyan, Charles, 112–113, 119–120, 129, 151
unemployment, 59, 62, 100–101, 109
unemployment insurance, 106, 107, 243, 256
unions, xi–xii, xiii–xiv, 64, 181–187, 192, 234–235, 240, 243, 247–248, 254–255, 257, 258
assault on, x–xi, 255–256, 287
Mill and, 184–185
social democracy and, 297–298
United Kingdom, 108, 250–251, 254–255
United States, xvii–xviii, 250, 254–255, 257–258
abolitionism in, 65–66
Black activists in, 258
changes in business model in, 255–256
conservative work ethic in, 250, 254–255, 257–258
ideal of self-employment in, xvii–xviii
individualism in, 258–259
means-tested welfare programs in, 259
neoliberalism in, xvii–xviii, 258–264
progressive movements in, 65–66, 254–255
progressive work ethic in, 257–258
Puritanism in, 65–66
racism in, 258–259
shareholder capitalism in, 277
slavery in, 65–66, 192–193, 257–258
social democracy in, 254–255
social insurance in, 227, 233–234
welfare policy in, 257–264
utilitarianism, 7, 16–17, 37, 66, 155, 285
aggregative view of, 169–170
ascetic theology and, 17
Baxter and, 169–170
Bentham and, 73–74, 76–77, 78, 79, 80–81, 105
birth of, 1–19
classical, 169–170
duty of universal benevolence and, 18–19
Locke and, 169–170
Malthus and, 84, 85
Mill and, 173–174
natural rights and, 173–174
Puritanism and, 16, 169–170
social contract and, 173–174
theological derivation of, 19
utility, interpersonal comparisons of, 285
utopianism, 122, 125, 126, 258, 292–293
Veblen, Thorstein, 284–285
virtue(s), xiv, 87–90, 122, 123–124, 129, 133–135, 136–137, 181–182, 186–187, 215, 223–224, 288, 294–295
wage labor, 53–54, 63–64, 94–95, 108–109, 111, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 143, 170, 171–172, 177–178, 180
wages, 21, 156–158
ceiling on, 94–95
grain prices and, 100–101
growth of, 234–235
labor supply and, 191
low, 182, 245, 248, 296
minimum wage, 94–95, 150–151, 256, 272
profits and, 156–158, 163
stagnating, x–xi, 64–65, 254, 256
subsistence, 160–161
unions and, 184–185
wage rates, 275
wages-fund theory, 188
wealth
accumulation of, xvii, 17–18, 20, 21–22, 35–36, 51–52, 53–54, 170, 295, see also competitive acquisition
distribution of, 173
dynastic, 176
inequality of, 228
redistribution of, 20, 21, 22
virtue and, 122, 123–124, 129, 133–135, 136–137
wealth extraction, 281–282, 283, 296
Weber, Max, xvii, 2, 3–4, 5, 7, 9–10, 65–66, 77–78, 290, 292–293
Weimar Republic, 241–242
welfare policy, xi–xii, 20, 57, 112–113, 187–192, 257, 259–264, 288, 289
arbitrary limits and, 263
bureaucratic requirements and, 123–124, 263–264
Poor Laws and, 264
racism and, xvii–xviii, 257–264
taxation and, 252–253
in United States, 257–264
welfare reform, 100–108, 119–121, 257, 260–261. See also specific legislation
welfare state, x–xi, xiv, 82, 243, 252–253, 258
Wesley, John, 17, 77
Whately, Richard, 63, 66, 91–99, 102, 105, 115–116, 125, 128–129, 146, 166, 179–180, 195–196, 256–257, 258–264
commodification of labor and, 247–248
competitive acquisition and, 170, 284–285
conservative work ethic and, 108–109, 257–258, 259–264, 273
doctrine of original sin and, 97, 98
imperialism and, 98
Irish famine policy and, 115–116, 118
land appropriation and, 122
landlords and, 95, 273
poverty and, 67–68, 123
theory of historical progress and, 97–98
welfare policy and, 187–192, 259–264
Whig government, 112–119
Whig party, 23–24, 31–32, 38–39, 43–44, 93, 110, 111–112, 114, 125, 265–266
William III, King, 41, 49–50, 51
women
childbearing and, 188
child care and, 260–261
division of labor and, 184
economic roles of, 296–297
franchise and, 43–44
freedom of contract and, 183
limits on labor of, 235
in Locke’s political philosophy, 43–44
subordination of, 21–22, 289
as teachers, 12
unpaid domestic labor of, 71, 289, 296–297
work, 211–212, see also labor
as ascetic discipline, 271–272
as expression of individuality, 205–206, 208, 210
Baxter’s definition of, 211–212
calling to, 5, 8, 11
degradation of, 286–288
ideal, 203, 204, 205–206
legitimate, 12–13
Marx’s romanticized view of artisanal, 210–211
Puritan attitudes toward, 2, 73–74, see also Puritan work ethic
sacralization of, 3–4, 7, 11
workers, 224, See also labor; specific kinds of workers
agency of, 128–129, 181–187
autonomy and, 242–243, 248–249
capitalists and, 63–65, 172
deskilling of, 274–275
dignity of, 11, 13, 242–243
education of, 147–148, 186, 192
emancipation of, 127–128, 138–140, 147–148, 224
entitled to fruits of labor, 128–129, 192
free markets for, 135–148
harshness of conservative work ethic toward, 120
leisure and, 182, 192, 242–243
precarity and, 228, 242–243, 245–246, 247–248
property ownership and, 192
self-employed, 147–148
self-governing, 291, 295–296
subordination of, 21–22, 53
workers’ compensation, 232
workers’ cooperatives, 64, 184–185, 186–187, 192, 238, 240, 244–245, 258, 297–298
workers’ organizations, 120. See also unions
work ethic, xv, xviii, 63, 68–73, 93, 168–169, 186–187, 217, 258–259, 260–61, 275, 277–278, 281, 290–291, 292–293, see also conservative work ethic; progressive work ethic; Protestant work ethic; Puritan work ethic; specific theorists and approaches
as contested ideal, 2
developments in the late eighteenth century, 63–68
European progress attributed to, 97, 98, 168, 194, 196
hijacking of, xiv–xv, xvii, 63–99, 127, 256–257
workfare, 259–261
workhouses, 62, 74, 102, 104, 105, 121–122, 124–125, 153, 189–190, 192, see also workhouse test
abuses in, 189
as both test and punishment, 123–124
child labor in, 75, 260–261
Gilbert’s Act and, 93
incarceration in, 189
in Ireland, 111–113, 115–116, 117–118, 124–125
poverty relief and, 109, 111–112, 188
privately run, 74–79, 80–81, 265
scandal over administration of, 106
workhouse test, 104, 116–118, 262–263, 264
Workhouse Test Act (Knatchbull’s Act), 62, 93, 104
working classes, 81, 82, 87–88, 89, 90, 91, 125, 289–290
“civilization” of, 125
in rich countries, 285–286
rising radicalism among, 81, 100–101, 124, 170–171, 237–238
working day, length of, 182, 183–184, 234–235, 250
working poor, 130–131, 187–192, 227, 296
workplace
democratization of, 289, 290, 297–298
fissured, 256
workplace conditions, 235, see also working conditions
works, 3–7, 26–27, see also charity
Woytinsky, Wladimir, 241–242
yeoman class, 52–53, 55, 56, 63–64, 139, 141–142, 143, 181
Young, Arthur, 136–137, 140

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  • Index
  • Elizabeth Anderson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Hijacked
  • Online publication: 21 September 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009275422.015
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  • Index
  • Elizabeth Anderson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Hijacked
  • Online publication: 21 September 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009275422.015
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Elizabeth Anderson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Hijacked
  • Online publication: 21 September 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009275422.015
Available formats
×