Figures
3.1Optatian, Carm. 19. Reproduction from Squire and Wienand (2017) p. 42, following the layout of the Codex Augustaneus 9 Guelferbytanus (16th c.), folio 4r, (Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel)
3.2Optatian, Carm. 8. Reproduction from Squire and Wienand (2017) p. 8, following the layout of the poem as in P. Welser, Publilii Optatiani Porphyrii panegyricus dictus Constantino Augusto, Augusburg 1595, p. 33 (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Sign. 2 A.lat.a. 207)
4.1Julian Augustus, bronze, Sirmium 362–363 ce. Obverse: head of Julian, bearded, pearl-diademed, wearing cloak, with the inscription DN FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG; reverse: standing bull with stars above, with the inscription SECVRITAS REIPVB (wreath). RIC VIII Sirmium 106 p. 392. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. B.3808 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.2Julian Augustus, solidus, Antioch 362–363 ce. Obverse: head of Julian, bearded, pearl-diademed, wearing cuirass, with the inscription FL CL IVLIANVS P P AVG; reverse: Roman soldier (arguably Julian) holding a trophy and dragging a fettered captive, with the inscription VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1921,0107.3 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.3Julian Augustus, solidus, Antioch 362–363 ce. Obverse: head of Julian, with long beard, pearl-diademed, with the inscription FL CL IVLIA-NVS P F AVG; reverse: Julian standing, in full figure, draped with the toga picta, bearing mappa and sceptre, with the inscription VIRTVS EXERCI-TVS ROMANORVM. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1867,0101.928 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.4Diocletian Augustus, aureus, Nicomedia 294–305 ce. Obverse: head of Diocletian with a laureate crown and the inscription DIOCLETIA-NVS AVGVSTVS; reverse: Jupiter wearing cloak and holding thunderbolt, with the inscription IOVI CONSE-RVATORI. RIC VI Rome 11 p. 554. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1864,1128.165 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.5Maximian Augustus, aureus, Nicomedia, 294–305 ce. Obverse: head of Maximian with a laureate crown and the inscription MAXIMIA-NVS P F AVG; reverse: Hercules carrying a club and holding four apples, with the inscription HERCVLI VICTORI. RIC VI Nicomedia 3, p. 553. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1864,1128.176 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.6Constantine, aureus, Rome 305–307 ce. Obverse: head of Constantine (Tetrarchic style), with a laureate crown and the inscription CONSTANT-INVS NOB C; reverse: Constantine in military dress holding standard in the right hand and a sceptre in the left, with the inscription PRINCI-PI I-VVENTVT(IS). RIC VI Rome 151, p. 369. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1868,0331.1 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.7Constantine, aureus, Trier 305–307 ce. Obverse: head of Constantine (new type), with a laureate crown and the inscription CONSTAN-TINVS NOB C; reverse: Constantine in military dress, with the right hand raised and holding a sceptre in the left, between ensigns, with the inscription PRINCIPI IV-V-E-NTVTIS. RIC VI Trier 627, p. 204. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1864,1128.187 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.8Constantius II Augustus, siliqua, Antioch 337–347 ce. Obverse: head of Constantius II (Constantinian dynastic style), pearl-diademed, with upward gaze; reverse: inscription VOTIS XV MVLTIS XX within a jewelled wreath. RIC VIII Antioch 35 (2). London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1950, 1006.1588 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.9Constantius II Augustus, solidus, Aquileia 337–340 ce. Obverse: head of Constantius II with cloak, wearing diadem with gems, with the inscription CONSTANT-IVS P AVG; reverse: seated Victory and winged genius supporting a shield reading VOT X MVLT XX, with the inscription FELICIT-AS PERPETVA. RIC VIII Aquileia 5, p. 315. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1974,0904.6 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.10Julian Caesar, solidus, Arles 355–359 ce. Obverse: head of Julian (Constantinian dynastic style), no diadem, wearing cuirass, with the inscription FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES; reverse: seated Victory and genius supporting a shield reading VOT V, with the inscription VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM CONST. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1853,0716.64 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.11Constantine, solidus, Ticinum 326 ce. Obverse: head of Constantine with plain diadem and upward gaze, with no inscription; reverse: star above intertwined wreaths, with the inscription CONSTANTINVS AVG. RIC VII Ticinum 192, p. 385. London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. R1874,0715.137 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.12Silver tetradrachm of Lysimachus, Lampsacus 305–281 bce. Obverse: head of Alexander the Great with gaze looking upwards, a diadem, and a ram’s horn; reverse: Athena Nikephoros (seated), Nike stretching her right hand and resting her left arm on her shield, with the inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ (basileos lysimachou). London, British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals, inv. no. 1919, 0820.1 (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
4.13Shield portrait of philosopher with upward gaze from Aphrodisias (Caria), Atrium House, late fourth to early fifth century. CE Museum of Aphrodisias, inv. no. 81-112. LSA no. 207
