Figures
2Climate zones within the Indus and the distribution of sites laid over this
3Averaged distribution and isohyets of winter rainfall (p.16) and the ISM (p.17) across the Indus region
4Distribution of sites reporting floral remains reported by October 2019
5Example of bucket flotation being carried out at the Indus site of Bahola
8Wheat identified as (left) Triticum sphaerococcum and (right) Triticum aestivocompactum by Saraswat (1993) at Hulas
9Bioturbation on an exposed section at Rakhigarhi, caused by bird burrows for nesting
14The complexity of rice domestication and hybridization and the way the proto-indica hypothesis is conceived (after Fuller et al. 2010: figure 3)
15Rice bulliform and double-peaked husk from the Indus Civilization at Masudpur I
18Silica phytoliths from the Indus Civilization site of Burj showing millet husk silica skeletons and blocks
19Starches and phytoliths from the grinding stones at Varharvo Timbo, Shikarpur, Loteshwar and Datrana
20Volcaniform Musaceae phytolith silica skeleton from Reference Madella, Weber and BelcherMadella (2003), superimposed with single Musaceae phytolith from Masudpur I
21Dung fuel being collected and moved to dung storage spaces by villagers at the modern town of Rakhigarhi. The dung is stored currently on top of the ancient site of Rakhigarhi
22Structure from Mound F, Harappa, that was previously interpreted as a ‘granary’, but is now reconsidered as unlikely to have stored grain
23(Left) A modern bulk-processing space located just outside a Haryana village for early processing stages, in this case for cotton processing, but in earlier years also used for sorghum and other cereals. (Right) A modern rice straw storage pile in a car park next to a garden in Kashmir, demonstrating the unusual spaces crop processing ‘waste’ can turn up
24Small, hulled millet processing stages, after Reference ReddyReddy (1997, Reference Reddy2003)
26Different systems of cropping seen around field sites in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh by the author
28Rice cultivation systems classified according to elevation and water availability, with example weed profiles (as per Reference Fuller, Sato and CastilloFuller et al. 2010). This shows the wide range of ecological settings for rice, and also the diversity of weed ecologies that can cohabit them
30Crop proportions at Khirsara, showing the changes from barley in Phase IA in the lower pie chart as the dominant crop to foxtail millets as dominant by Phase IB in the top pie chart
