2.1Beibarys Tolymbetov and Asya Tulesova at the Almaty Marathon, 21 April 2019. Photo courtesy Suinbike Suleimenova

2.2‘The Constitutional Banner’, protest act by Qazaq Koktemi, 29 April 2019, Almaty. Source: Qazaq Spring activists

2.3Qazaq Koktemi and Viktor Tsoi at Tulebaika, downtown Almaty: ‘[We demand] Changes’. Source: Qazaq Spring activists

3.1Astana dweller Nesipkul Uyabayeva protested against the demolition of her house by covering it with ninety-one posters with Nursultan A. Nazarbayev’s portrait. © Svetlana Glushkova, RFE/RL

4.1‘What to take to the rally’: card produced by Oyan, Qazaqstan. Source: Oyan, Qazaqstan

4.2Mural wars in Almaty: the Qazaq Koktemi art collective strikes with the ‘Cancel Elbasy’ campaign, May–June 2021. Source: Kazakh Spring activists

6.1Qazaq Koktemi December 2020 protest banner. Source: Qazaq Spring activists

7.1One of the participants in the 2021 Almaty Women’s March. Her poster reads ‘I don’t want flowers for 8 March. I want equal rights every day!’ © Petr Trotsenko, RFE/RL

7.2Feminist artist Zoya Falkova at the 2021 Almaty Women’s March with her legendary art object ‘Evermust’ protesting against domestic violence. © Zoya Falkova

8.1Geographical distribution of protests in Kazakhstan, January 2018–June 2021