Abbreviations

BMA

British Military Administration, the administration that occupied much of eastern Ethiopia from 1941 to 1955

DDSI

Dowladda Deegaanka Soomaalida-Itoobiya, Ethiopian-Somali Regional State Government, used in this book to denote the 2010–2018 single-party regime of the EPRDF-aligned Somali People’s Democratic Party

ENDF

Ethiopian National Defense Force, Ethiopia’s national military

EPRDF

Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, Ethiopia’s governing coalition from 1991 to 2019

ERCA

Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority

ETB

Ethiopian Birr (national currency)

FV

Franco Valuta

ICE

US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency

JCA

Jigjiga City Administration

JESH

Jigjiga Export Slaughterhouse project

LC

letter of credit

MPR

Minnesota Public Radio

MTO

money transfer operator, colloquially known as ḥawala

NBE

National Bank of Ethiopia

ONLF

Ogaden National Liberation Front, a Somali-led political party that has supported Somali autonomy from Ethiopia and has periodically backed armed rebellions

ORS

Oromia Regional State

SRS

Somali Regional State, used to designate the Somali-inhabited territory recognized under Ethiopia’s federal system since 1991

TPLF

Tigray People’s Liberation Front, the vanguard party of the EPRDF coalition and the party to which Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Meles Zenawi belonged

UIC

Union of Islamic Courts (in Somalia)

VAT

value-added tax

WSLF

Western Somali Liberation Front, a Somalia-backed military movement that fought for Somalia’s liberation from Ethiopia from 1973 to 1985