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Figures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2025

Edited by
Scott J. Shackelford ,
Frédérick Douzet  and
Christopher Ankersen
Scott J. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Frédérick Douzet
Affiliation:
Paris 8 University
Christopher Ankersen
Affiliation:
New York University

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Securing Democracies
Defending Against Cyber Attacks and Disinformation in the Digital Age
 , pp. ix - x
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Figures

  1. 1.1Defending democracy matrix

  2. 4.1Wielding malign soft power

  3. 5.1Conceptual model

  4. 5.2The final model with estimated coefficients (sample size: 200 records from Poland)

  5. 5.3The final model with estimated coefficients (sample size: 165 records from Romania)

  6. 7.1Screenshots from social media showing content promoted by Israel through purchased advertising space (“ads”) displayed on users’ accounts, before their video (YouTube) or in their newsfeed (X/Twitter)

  7. 9.1Post on VKontakte from Mozalevsky, D. (September 22, 2018)

  8. 9.2Post on Twitter from Lada [@_LadyLidiya] (March 21, 2022)

  9. 9.3Post on ok.ru from user “1-2nd platforms-admin dwelling. Donetsk. DNR. RF” (August 23, 2022)

  10. 9.4Post on Twitter from user Dusia Niushina [@DNusina] (September 9, 2022)

  11. 9.5Post on Twitter from user Saint Francesco [@saint_francesco] (August 31, 2022)

  12. 9.6“Ukrainian Army. Expectation vs reality”

  13. 9.7“Expectation vs reality”

  14. 9.8Post on Twitter from user Ladno, ya Archet [@sir_Archet] as cited on Fishki.net

  15. 9.9Post on Pikabu.ru from user victor545

  16. 9.10Post on Twitter from user Bezdrotova kolonka/Besprovodnaia kolonka [@b_currant_girl] (September 5, 2022)

  17. 9.11Post on the Telegram channel “Pezduzalive” (September 5, 2022)

  18. 9.12YouTube video “Thank you to those who die for Putin – Simonyan mocks Russians” on the channel Superpower News

  19. 9.13Post on Telegram from user Ivan B. (April 2, 2022)

  20. 9.14Post on Twitter from user Helgi Oiisac [@HelgiOiisac] (April 5, 2022)

  21. 9.15Anton Pikuli (Ustimov) hosts the YouTube series Propaganda Review on the Navalny Live channel

  22. 9.16Masyanya, Episode 160 on YouTube. “Masyanya is trying to solve the war situation”

  23. 11.1The relationships between critical national infrastructure (CNI; including digital public infrastructure (DPI)); economic development and growth; human rights; citizens’ trust and confidence in democratic institutions and the resilience of those institutions; and United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)-approved norms for responsible state conduct in cyberspace

  24. 12.1Ego-network of cybersecurity in news coverage in the Chinese mainland, 2017–2023

  25. 12.2Control and contestation cluster

  26. 12.3Development and collaboration cluster

  27. 12.4Personal information cluster

  28. 12.5Infrastructure cluster

  29. 12.6Governing actors cluster

  30. 12.7Mass media cluster

  31. 14.1Misinformation continua – purpose and accuracy

  32. 15.1A framework for institutional analysis

  33. 15.2Overview of the three learning communities

  34. 15.3Announcement for the first meeting of the Pit in March 2022 (translated from Dutch)

  35. 15.4Important joint learnings for future Pit projects

  36. 15.5Comparing the three learning communities; visual overview of the key aspects identified in each case

  37. 15.6A roadmap for (future) learning communities to fight disinformation at their own level

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