Appendices

Claudia Claridge; Ewa Jonsson; Merja Kytö

Appendix A

Intensifiers searched for in the OBC 2.0 (hits in total: 193,349)Footnote ¹

Maximizers

27,683 hits for the following search string in the OBC 2.0 (incl. the OBC 1.0 Extended version):Footnote ²

per item

(absolate\|absolately\|absolute\|absolutely)	479
altogether	1,534
(compleat\|compleatly\|compleate\|compleately\|completaly\|complete\|completely)	717
(downright\|downrightly)	23
(eminent\|eminently)	22
(entire\|entirely\|intire\|intirely)	1,233
(exceeding\|exceedingly)	398
(excellent\|excellently)	202
(exceptional\|exceptionally)	24
(excessive\|excessively)	89
(extraordinarily\|extraordinary)	291
(extream\|extreame\|extreamely\|extreamly\|extrem\|extreme\|extremely\|extremly)	614
(full\|fully)	3,494
(incomparable\|incomparably)	2
(infinite\|infinitely)	11
most	2,512
(passing\|passingly)	2,093
(pefect\|pefectly\|perfect\|perfecte\|perfectely\|perfectly\|perfeet\|perfeetly\|perperfect\|perperfectly\|prefect\|prefectly)	2,979
(thorough\|thoroughly\|throughly\|thorow\|thorowly)	337
too	4,622
(total\|totaly\|totally)	732
(utter\|utterly)	191
(whole\|wholly)	5,084

Boosters

130,241 hits for the following search string in the OBC 2.0:

per item

(admirable\|admirably)	5
(amazing\|amazingly)	17
(ample\|amply)	53
(appreciable\|appreciably)	5
(awful\|awfully)	57
(bad\|badly\|baddely\|badily\|baddily)	13,327
(bitter\|bitterly)	162
(bloody\|bloodily)	662
(considerable\|considerably)	1,679
(copious\|copiously)	8
(damnable\|damnably)	3
(dead\|deadly)	3,471
(death\|deathly)	3,311
(deep\|deeply)	627
(devilish\|devilishly)	8
(dreadful\|dreadfully)	230
(enormous\|enormously)	44
(everlasting\|everlastingly)	10
(extensive\|extensively)	158
far	5,286
(frightful\|frightfully\|frighful\|frighfully)	29
(great\|greatly)	13,646
(gros\|gross\|grosly\|grossly)	425
(high\|highly)	3,489
(horrible\|horribly)	26
(immense\|immensely)	58
(intense\|intensely)	25
(large\|largely)	5,264
(marvelous\|marvellous\|marvelously\|marvellously)	3
(mighty\|mightily)	37
(mortal\|mortally)	118
(prodigious\|prodigiously)	76
(pure\|purely)	114
(remarkable\|remarkably)	461
so	32,650
(striking\|strikingly)	592
(strong\|strongly)	1,222
(prodigious\|prodigiously)	218
(tremendous\|tremendously)	48
(vast\|vastly)	203
veryFootnote ³	40,065
(violent\|violently)	1,622
(wide\|widely)	682
(wonderful\|wonderfully)	45

Downtoners

35,425 hits for the following search string in the OBC 2.0:

per item

(bare\|barely)	174
(comparative\|comparatively)	39
(faint\|faintly)	297
(fair\|fairly)	2,312
(hard\|hardly)	3,748
leastFootnote ⁴	1,635
(light\|lightly)	6,312
(little\|leetle)Footnote ⁵	18,864
(moderate\|moderately)	78
(partial\|partially)	165
(passable\|passably)	9
(reasonable\|reasonably)	186
(relative\|relatively)	203
(scanty\|scantly\|scantily)	8
(scarce\|scarcely)	403
(slight\|slightly)	974
somewhat	192
(sparing\|sparingly)	6

Appendix B

Table B1 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifiers overall, maximizers, boosters, and downtoners; rates rounded to integers

	Intensifiers		Maximizers		Boosters		Downtoners
	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]
1720	292	[279, 306]	26	[24, 29]	240	[228, 253]	27	[25, 30]
1913	202	[192, 211]	54	[49, 60]	131	[124, 139]	21	[19, 24]
Def	299	[279, 320]	49	[42, 56]	217	[201, 236]	27	[23, 33]
Wit	274	[267, 281]	27	[25, 29]	215	[209, 221]	35	[33, 37]
Jud	238	[212, 269]	36	[29, 45]	183	[160, 209]	16	[12, 21]
Vic	231	[223, 240]	29	[27, 32]	167	[160, 175]	36	[33, 39]
Law	219	[205, 235]	40	[35, 46]	159	[147, 173]	17	[14, 20]
Female	267	[253, 281]	33	[29, 38]	205	[193, 218]	25	[22, 28]
Male	235	[228, 243]	38	[36, 40]	170	[164, 176]	24	[23, 26]
Higher	258	[248, 268]	40	[37, 44]	192	[184, 201]	23	[21, 26]
Lower	244	[234, 254]	31	[29, 34]	181	[173, 190]	26	[23, 29]

Table B2 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifier subcategories; rates rounded to integers, except for very low rates, which retain one decimal place to be distinguishable

	Very		Boosters w/o very		Intensifiers w/o very		A little		Downtoners w/o a little
	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]
1720	173	[163, 183]	68	[63, 75]	117	[110, 125]	25	[22, 28]	4.2	[3.5, 5.2]
1913	99	[93, 105]	32	[29, 36]	109	[102, 116]	10	[9, 12]	10.6	[8.7, 12.8]
Def	164	[150, 180]	56	[48, 64]	135	[122, 148]	18	[14, 23]	7.5	[5.5, 10.2]
Wit	175	[170, 181]	42	[39, 44]	103	[99, 107]	26	[24, 28]	7.9	[6.9, 9.0]
Jud	121	[105, 141]	61	[50, 74]	114	[99, 132]	9	[6, 13]	5.4	[3.5, 8.1]
Vic	130	[124, 136]	41	[38, 44]	106	[100, 111]	30	[27, 33]	6.5	[5.4, 7.7]
Law	106	[97, 117]	55	[49, 62]	113	[104, 124]	12	[9, 15]	4.4	[3.2, 5.9]
Female	148	[139, 158]	60	[54, 67]	119	[111, 128]	19	[16, 22]	5.2	[4.0, 6.6]
Male	127	[122, 132]	42	[39, 44]	108	[104, 113]	16	[14, 18]	7.4	[6.6, 8.4]
Higher	142	[135, 148]	51	[48, 55]	117	[112, 123]	15	[13, 17]	7.0	[5.9, 8.2]
Lower	133	[126, 140]	49	[45, 53]	110	[104, 116]	20	[17, 22]	5.5	[4.6, 6.5]

Table B3 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of downtoner subcategories; rates rounded to integers, except for very low rates, which retain up to two decimal places to be distinguishable. NB: Results for moderators and diminishers without a little given only for the purpose of documentation; their estimated rates are too low for meaningful interpretation.Footnote ⁶

	Diminishers		Minimizers		Moderators		Diminishers w/o a little
	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]	Est.	[95% CI]
1720	22	[19, 25]	7.2	[5.8, 8.8]	0.02	[0.01, 0.04]	0.02	[0.01, 0.04]
1913	12	[11, 14]	4.8	[3.8, 6.0]	3.48	[2.01, 5.64]	1.36	[0.63, 2.62]
Def	18	[14, 22]	9.0	[6.5, 12.2]	0.09	[0.04, 0.21]	0.07	[0.02, 0.21]
Wit	27	[25, 29]	7.4	[6.4, 8.5]	0.21	[0.12, 0.34]	0.31	[0.18, 0.51]
Jud	9	[6, 13]	4.4	[2.6, 7.1]	0.36	[0.15, 0.81]	0.11	[0.02, 0.42]
Vic	30	[27, 33]	6.6	[5.5, 7.9]	0.14	[0.07, 0.25]	0.22	[0.11, 0.39]
Law	12	[9, 14]	4.2	[3.1, 5.8]	0.17	[0.07, 0.39]	0.04	[0.00, 0.16]
Female	18	[16, 21]	5.4	[4.1, 7.1]	0.11	[0.04, 0.24]	0.07	[0.02, 0.17]
Male	16	[15, 18]	6.7	[5.9, 7.7]	0.29	[0.19, 0.42]	0.19	[0.10, 0.33]
Higher	15	[14, 17]	6.2	[5.2, 7.4]	0.31	[0.17, 0.51]	0.14	[0.06, 0.27]
Lower	19	[17, 22]	5.9	[4.9, 7.2]	0.10	[0.05, 0.18]	0.09	[0.04, 0.18]

Appendix C

Figure C1 Very: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in its estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 1.75, role 1.65, gender 1.16, class 1.07

Figure C2 Boosters without very: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in their estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 2.13, role 1.49, gender 1.44, class 1.05

Figure C3 Intensifiers without very: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in their estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 1.08, role 1.31, gender 1.10, class 1.07

Appendix D

Figure D1 A little: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in its estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 2.38, role 3.27, class 1.32, gender 1.17

Figure D2 Downtoners without a little: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in their estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 2.50, role 1.81, gender 1.44, class 1.27

Appendix E

Figure E1 Diminishers: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in their estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 1.75, role 3.28, class 1.25, gender 1.12

Figure E2 Minimizers: diachronic and sociopragmatic patterns in their estimated usage rate. Rate ratios (highest vs. lowest): time 1.49, role 2.12, gender 1.24, class 1.04

¹ The numbers of hits given in this appendix denote gross figures prior to our screening for relevant examples. Potential intensifier types with no attestation as intensifiers or otherwise in the corpus are not included in the lists; they are instead taken up in Chapters 5–7. The search strings are also available in a data repository for the book, at www.cambridge.org/intensifiers.

² For maximizers, the numbers are composed of hits we retrieved for a previous study (Reference Claridge, Jonsson and KytöClaridge, Jonsson, and Kytö 2020) from an earlier version of the corpus (OBC 1.0 Extended version) and hits we retrieved for the present study from the portion of the corpus subsequently added for OBC 2.0.

³ Includes 40,035 hits for ‘(very_RG|very_JJ|very)’.

⁴ Includes (in) the least.

⁵ Includes a little and (very) little.

⁶ Alternative analyses controlling for zero inflation (frequent zero-valued observations) yielded similar results; estimated rates documented here are from original analysis.

Book contents

Appendices

Summary

Information

Appendix A

Maximizers

per item

Boosters

per item

Downtoners

per item

Appendix B

Table B1 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifiers overall, maximizers, boosters, and downtoners; rates rounded to integers

Table B2 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifier subcategories; rates rounded to integers, except for very low rates, which retain one decimal place to be distinguishable

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Footnotes

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Book contents

Appendices

Summary

Information

Appendix A

Maximizers

per item

Boosters

per item

Downtoners

per item

Appendix B

Table B1 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifiers overall, maximizers, boosters, and downtoners; rates rounded to integers

Table B2 Estimated rates per 100,000 words and 95 per cent CI ranges of intensifier subcategories; rates rounded to integers, except for very low rates, which retain one decimal place to be distinguishable

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Footnotes

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