Tables
1.1The top seven source countries of foreign-born populations in a selection of OECD countries (OECD 2019).
1.2The top seven source countries of foreign populations in a selection of OECD countries (OECD 2019).
3.1Terminology used in language contact studies (adapted from Li Reference Li2021: 84).
4.1Evidence for cross-linguistic influence (Jarvis & Pavlenko Reference Jarvis and Pavlenko2008: 35).
4.2Possibility of null objects in English, Spanish, and Basque (García Mayo & Slabakova Reference García Mayo and Slabakova2015: 487).
4.3Topicalization, left dislocation, and focus fronting in English, Spanish, and Basque. Adapted from Slabakova and García Mayo (Reference García Mayo and Slabakova2015: 214).
4.4English proficiency as a response variable in a multiple linear regression analysis (Lorenz et al. Reference Lorenz, Siemund, Meyer and Hoinkes2020: 198).
4.6Absolute frequencies and percentages of required and missing copulative verbs (adapted from Lorenz Reference Lorenz2019: 239).
4.7Formal correctness, target-like usage, and absence of auxiliary (adapted from Lorenz Reference Lorenz2019: 255).
4.8Frequency overview (absolute frequency, mean frequency per 100 words) of lexical transfer types and tokens per language group. Adapted from Lorenz, Hasai and Siemund (Reference Lorenz, Toprak and Siemund2021: 801).
6.1Countries and their languages according to Ethnologue (Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2022).
6.2Population development in Singapore (adapted from Lim Reference Lim, Lim, Pakir and Wee2010: 22; see also Li Reference Li2021 for further details).
6.3Mean rankings of languages across schools. The highest rank is “1.” Languages are ordered alphabetically.
6.4Absolute language rankings. The highest rank is “1.” Languages are ordered alphabetically.
6.5Frequencies of already in ICE-GB and ICE-SG (Siemund & Li 2017: 22).
6.6The 1911 Hong Kong census results on languages (Bolton & Lee Reference Bolton, Lee, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 42).
6.7Numbers and percentages of Hong Kong residents claiming selected ethnicities (Bolton, Bacon-Shone & Lee Reference Bolton, Bacon-Shone, Lee, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 173).
6.8Percentage of the population five years old and above able to speak selected languages (Bolton, Bacon-Shone & Lee Reference Bolton, Bacon-Shone, Lee, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 162).
6.9Historical and contemporary sources of influence on Hong Kong English along the ethnic/L1 dimension (Fuchs Reference Fuchs, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 287).
6.10Population development in Dubai (Pacione Reference Pacione2005: 257).
6.11Mean rankings of languages. The highest rank is “1.” Languages are ordered alphabetically.
6.12Absolute language rankings. The highest rank is “1.” Languages are ordered alphabetically.
6.13Morpho-syntactic processes (Parra-Guinaldo & Lanteigne Reference Parra-Guinaldo, Lanteigne, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 308–309).
6.14Morpho-syntactic categories (Parra-Guinaldo & Lanteigne Reference Parra-Guinaldo, Lanteigne, Siemund and Leimgruber2021: 310–312).