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  3. Alliance Formation in Civil Wars
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 December 2012
      12 November 2012
      ISBN:
      9781139149426
      9781107023024
      9781107683488
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139149426
      Dimensions:
      (234 x 156 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.64kg, 360 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (234 x 156 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.51kg, 360 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, Comparative Politics
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    • Selected: Digital
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    Subjects:
    Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, Comparative Politics
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    Book description

    Some of the most brutal and long-lasting civil wars of our time involve the rapid formation and disintegration of alliances among warring groups, as well as fractionalization within them. It would be natural to suppose that warring groups form alliances based on shared identity considerations - such as Christian groups allying with Christian groups - but this is not what we see. Two groups that identify themselves as bitter foes one day, on the basis of some identity narrative, might be allies the next day and vice versa. Nor is any group, however homogeneous, safe from internal fractionalization. Rather, looking closely at the civil wars in Afghanistan and Bosnia and testing against the broader universe of fifty-three cases of multiparty civil wars, Fotini Christia finds that the relative power distribution between and within various warring groups is the primary driving force behind alliance formation, alliance changes, group splits and internal group takeovers.

    Awards

    Winner of the 2013 Gregory M. Luebbert Award, American Political Science Association

    Winner of the 2014 Distinguished Book Award, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Migration Section, International Studies Association

    Reviews

    'Although some may argue that Christia’s neo-realist framework is not comprehensive because it undervalues the ideological and psychological dimensions of civil wars, the author’s argument is both persuasive and fundamental to understanding alliance formation and disintegration. The author’s observation in the book’s conclusion that the alliance shifts in Iraq’s Anbar province in favour of the Iraqi government (and then against it) have been driven by relative power considerations seems to be borne out by events since the book’s publication. Anyone interested in or responsible for policies aimed at resolving multi-party civil wars stands to gain from close consideration of Christia’s argument.'

    H. R. McMaster Source: Survival

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    Contents

    Contents
    References
    References
    Additional Party Documents
    1994
    1995
    Afghanistan Freedom of Information Act Declassified Documents
    Guantanamo Bay Detainee-Related Documents (8,080 pages)
    Testimony of Detainees before the Combatant Status Review Tribunal (3,849 pages)
    Testimony of Detainees and Documents Submitted on Their Behalf before theAdministrative Review Boards (sets 1–4 released March 3, 2006, sets 5–15 releasedApril 3, 2006, sets 16–19 released April 19, 2006) (3,940 pages)
    Administrative Review Board Summaries of Detention/Release Factors (291 pages)
    The National Security Archive: The Taliban File
    English Language Press, Essays and Reports on Afghanistan
    “Afghan Ex-Warlord Living in Londonhttp://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000728/world.htm 2005
    Christia, FotiniSemple, Michael 2009 Flipping the Taliban: How to Win in AfghanistanForeign Affairs 4 1
    Cooper, Kenneth J. 1997
    Cooper, Kenneth J. 1997
    Davis, Anthony 1993 The Afghan Army,Jane's Intelligence Review 5 134
    Davis, Anthony 1994 The Battleground of Northern AfghanistanJane's Intelligence Review 6 323
    Davis, Anthony 1995 Afghanistan's TalibanJane's Intelligence Review 7 315
    Davis, Anthony 1996 Afghanistan – Past, Present, and FutureJane's Intelligence Review 8 181
    Davis, Anthony 1997 Taliban Found Lacking When Nation-Building BeckonedJane's Intelligence Review 9 359
    Davis, Anthony 1998 Taliban Continue the Killing but Fail to Finish the CrusadeJane's Intelligence Review 10 17
    Defecting General Says Afghanistan Won't Threaten Russia, Central Asia 1997 BBC Monitoring Service: Asia-PacificMoscow
    Gannon, Kathy 1997
    http://millatehazara.tripod.com/mazari.html 2006
    1994
    Human Rights Watch 2005 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/afghanistan0605.pdf
    Isby, David C. 1992 Afghanistan – Civil War Next?Jane's Intelligence Review 4 463
    1997
    Johnston, Tim 1997
    Johnston, Tim 1997
    Johnston, Tim 1997
    Lyon, Alistair 1997
    Mazari, Abdul Alihttp://www.hazarapress.com/best_choice_of_politics/mazari.htm 2008
    McGirk, Tim 1997 Into the Massacre Rode the Taliban: The Fierce Islamists Thought They Had Conquered All Afghanistan – Until a Surprise CounterattackTime International 149
    Pratt, David 1998
    Rashid, Ahmed 1997 Highly Explosive: Renewed Fighting Alarms Central Asian NeighborsFar Eastern Economic Review 160 24
    Rupert, JamesColl, Steve 1990
    Salahuddin, Sayed 1997
    Siddiqi, Kamal 1997
    1997
    Smith, Stefan 1997
    1997 37
    Thomas, Christopher 1997
    Thomas, Christopher 1997
    Thomas, Christopher 1997 12
    Wyllie, James 1994 Afghanistan – Spiraling DeclineJane's Intelligence Review 6 273
    Secondary Literature on Afghanistan
    Adamec, Ludwig W 1996 Dictionary of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and InsurgenciesLanham, MDScarecrow Press
    Adamec, Ludwig W 2008 Biographical Encyclopedia of AfghanistanNew DelhiPentagon Press
    Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq 1995 The Decline of the Pashtuns in AfghanistanAsian Survey 35 621
    Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq 1998 Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Conflict in AfghanistanMaley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press117
    Anderson, Jon Lee 2002 The Lion's Grave: Dispatches from AfghanistanNew York: Grove Press
    Arnold, Anthony 1983 Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and KhalqStanford, CAHoover Institutions, Stanford University
    Azoy, G. Whitney 2003 Buzkashi: Game and Power in AfghanistanLong Grove, ILWaveland Press
    Bradsher, Henry S. 1999 Afghan Communism and Soviet InterventionOxfordOxford University Press
    Canfield, Robert L 1989 Afghanistan: The Trajectory of Internal AlignmentsMiddle East Journal 43 635
    Coll, Steve 2004 Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001New York: Penguin Press
    Davis, Anthony 1998 How the Taliban Became a Military Force,Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press43
    Dorronsoro, Gilles 2005 Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the PresentLondonC. Hurst
    Dorronsoro, GillesLobato, Chantal 1989 The Militia in Afghanistan,”Central Asian Survey 8 95
    Dupree, Louis 1980 AfghanistanPrinceton, NJPrinceton University Press
    Edwards, David B. 2002 Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan JihadUniversity of California Press
    Emadi, Hafizullah 1995 Exporting the Revolution: Radicalization of Shiite Movement in AfghanistanMiddle Eastern Studies 31 1
    Emadi, Hafizullah 2006 http://boozers.fortunecity.com/jerusalem/47/Political_Role/political_role.html#8
    Ewans, Martin 2002 Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and PoliticsNew YorkHarper Collins
    Fänge, Anders 1995 Afghanistan after April 1992: A Struggle for State and EthnicityCentral Asian Survey 14 17
    Filkins, Dexter 2008 The Forever WarNew YorkKnopf
    Gall, Sandy 1993 Masoud Builds Afghan Power Base with National Army,”Jane's Defence Weekly 20 17
    Gearing, Julian 1993 Intriguing Changes of Fortune (The Possible Return to Power of Former Communists in Afghanistan)The Middle East 22
    Girardet, EdwardWalter, Jonathan 2004 Afghanistan: CROSSLINES Essential Field Guides to Humanitarian and Conflict ZonesGenevaMedia Action International
    Giustozzi, Antonio 2000 War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992LondonC. Hurst Publishing
    Giustozzi, Antonio 2004 The Demodernization of an Army: Northern Afghanistan, 1992–2001Small Wars and Insurgencies 15 1
    Giustozzi, Antonio 2009 Empires of Mud: War and Warlords in AfghanistanLondonHurst and Company
    Glatzer, Bernt 1998 Is Afghanistan on the Brink of Ethnic and Tribal Disintegration?Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press167
    Goodson, Larry P 2001 Afghanistan's Endless WarSeattle, WAUniversity of Seattle Press
    Goodson, LarryJohnson, Thomas 2011 http://www.eurasiareview.com/parallels-with-past-how-soviets-lost-in-afghanistan-how-us-is-losing-analysis-26042011/
    Grau, L. W. 1996 The Bear Went Over the MountainWashington, DCNational Defense University Press
    Griffin, Michael 2001 Reaping the Whirlwind: The Taliban Movement in AfghanistanSterling, VAPluto Press
    Gvosdev, Nikolas 2009 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65713/nikolas-k-gvosdev/the-soviet-victory-that-never-was
    Harpviken, Kristian Berg 1996 Political Mobilization among the Hazara of Afghanistan: 1978–1992OsloInstitutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi
    Harpviken, Kristian Berg 1997 Transcending Traditionalism: The Emergence of Non-State Military Formation in AfghanistanJournal of Peace Research 34 271
    Ishtiaq, Ahmad 2004 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: An Afghan Train from Jihad to TerrorismIslamabadPanGraphics
    Kaplan, Robert D. 2001 Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and PakistanNew YorkVintage Departures
    Khalizad, Zalmay 1995 Afghanistan in 1994: Civil War and DisintegrationAsian Survey 35 147
    Khalilzad, ZalmayByman, Daniel 2000 Afghanistan: The Consolidation of a Rogue StateThe Washington Quarterly 23 65
    Magnus, Ralph 1997 Afghanistan in 1996: Year of the TalibanAsian Survey 37 111
    Maley, William 1998 Interpreting the Taliban,Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press1
    Maley, William 2009 The Afghanistan WarsNew YorkPalgrave McMillan
    Marshall, D. A. 2006 Phased Withdrawal, Conflict Resolution and State ReconstructionLondonDefence Academy of the United Kingdom, Conflict Studies Research Centre
    Matinuddin, Kamal 1999 The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997OxfordOxford University Press
    Minkov, AntonSmolynec, Gregory 2007 Social Development and State Building in Afghanistan during the Soviet Period, 1979–1989Lessons Learned from the Soviet Experience in AfghanistanOttawaDefense R & D Canada, Centre for Operational Research & Analysis
    Mousavi, Sayed Askar 1997 The Hazaras of Afghanistan: A Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political StudyNew YorkSt. Martin's Press
    O’Ballance, Edgar 2002 Afghan WarsLondonBrassey's
    Poladi, Hassan 1989 The HazarasStockton, CAMughal Publishing Corporation
    Rasanayagam, Angelo 2003 Afghanistan: A Modern HistoryLondonI.B. Tauris
    Rashid, Ahmed 2000 Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central AsiaNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Rashid, Ahmed 2001 Taliban: The Story of the Afghan WarlordsLondonPan
    Roy, Oliver 1990 Islam and Resistance in AfghanistanNew YorkCambridge University Press
    Roy, Oliver 1995 Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil WarPrinceton, NJDarwin Press
    Rubin, Barnett R. 1995 The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International SystemNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Rubin, Barnett R. 1995 The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed StateNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Saikal, Amin 1998 The Rabbani Government 1992–1996Maley, WilliamFundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the TalibanNew YorkNew York University Press29
    Semple, Michael 2010 Afghanistan Oral Narratives ProjectUnpublished Manuscript
    Shay, Shaul 2002 The Endless Jihad…The Mujahidin, the Taliban and Bin LadenHerzliyaThe International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center
    Sinno, Abdulkader H 2008 Organizations at War in Afghanistan and BeyondIthaca, NYCornell University Press
    Weitz, Richard 1992 Moscow's Endgame in AfghanistanJournal of Conflict Studies 12 25
    Williams, Brian 2006
    Yunas, Fida 1997 Afghanistan, Political Parties, Groups, Movements and Mujahideen Alliances and Governments (1879–1997)PeshawarPeshawar Area Studies Center
    Interviews Conducted by Research Assistant Gostimir Popović
    2006
    2006
    2006
    2006
    2006
    2006
    Primary Sources for Coding Prewar Demographics and Military Assets, as Well as Wartime Territorial Changes and Casualties
    2007
    Strategy for Defense of Public Property(Strategija Opštenarodne Odbrane i Društvene Samozaštite)SSNOBelgrade 1989
    Collection of Documents on Yugoslav Security(Zbornik: Dokumenti o Bezbednosti Jugoslavije)Military Publishing InstituteBelgrade 2002
    2002
    1994
    1995
    1993
    1993
    1993
    1992
    English-Language Press on Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bruce, James 1995 Arab Veterans of the Afghan WarJane's Intelligence Review 7 175
    Burns, John 1992
    Burns, John 1992
    Burns, John 1992
    Burns, John 1993
    Cohen, Roger 1994
    Goldsmith, Charles 1992
    Hedges, Chris 1992
    Lewis, Paul 1993
    1993
    Sudetic, Chuck 1992
    Sudetic, Chuck 1992
    Sudetic, Chuck 1992
    Sudetic, Chuck 1992
    Sudetic, Chuck 1992
    Sudetic, Chuck 1993
    Sudetic, Chuck 1993
    Secondary Literature on Bosnia and Herzegovina (in local languages and in English)
    Alagić, Mehmed 1997 Rat u Srednjoj BosniBemustZenica
    Andreas, Peter 2008 Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of SarajevoIthaca, NYCornell University Press
    Bax, Mart 2000 Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case Study from Rural Bosnia HercegovinaEthnic and Racial Studies 23 16
    Bjelakovic, NebojsaStrazzari, Francesco 1999 The Sack of Mostar, 1992–1994: The Politico-Military ConnectionEuropean Security 8 73
    Blažanović, Jovo 2001 Traganje za IstinomBanja LukaBoračka Organizacija Republike Srpske
    Blažanović, Jovo 2003 Prećutani ZločiniBanja LukaBoračka Organizacija Republike Srpske
    Bose, Sumantra 2002 Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International InterventionOxfordOxford University Press
    Botev, Nikolai 1994 Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former YugoslaviaAmerican Sociological Review 59 461
    Burg, StevenShoup, Paul S. 1999 The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International InterventionArmonk, NYM.E. Sharpe
    Caspersen, Nina 2010 Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990sNew YorkBerghahn Books
    Central Intelligence Agency 2002 Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995WashingtonCIA Office of Russian and European Analysis
    Cohen, Roger 1998 Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of SarajevoNew YorkRandom House
    Collinson, Christopher 1994 Bosnian Army TacticsJane's Intelligence Review 6 11
    Delić, Rasim 2004 Rat u BiHSarajevoVojna biblioteka
    Efendić, Hasan 1998 Who Defended Bosnia? Association of Citizens of Noble Origins (Ko je branio Bosnu? Udruženje građana plemičkog porijekla)SarajevoBiH
    Ekwall-Uebelhart, BarbaraRaevsky, Andrei 1996 Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Croatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaNew YorkUnited Nations
    Glenny, Misha 1993 The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan WarNew YorkPenguin Books
    Gutman, Roy 1993 A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of BosniaNew YorkMacmillan
    Halilović, Sefer 1997 Lukava StrategijaSarajevoMarsal d.o.o
    Hoare, Marko Attila 2004 How Bosnia ArmedLondonSaqi Books
    Holbrooke, Richard 1998 To End a WarNew YorkRandom House
    Ignatieff, Michael 1998 The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern ConscienceNew YorkHenry Holt and Company
    Indijić, Milan 1991 BiH Territorial Defense()Sarajevo
    International Institute for Strategic Studies 1994 The Military Balance, 1993–1994 94 73
    Judah, Tim 1999 The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of YugoslaviaNew Haven, CTYale University Press
    Kadrić, Jusuf 2004 Bosnjaci Žrtve i SvjedočiSarajevoCentar za Istraživanje i Dokumentaciju
    Kalyvas, StathisSambanis, Nicholas 2005 Bosnia's Civil War: Origins and Violence DynamicsCollier, PaulSambanis, NicholasUnderstanding Civil War: Europe, Central Asia, and Other RegionsWashington DCWorld Bank and Oxford University Press191
    Kličić, Smail 2002 Intra-Bosniac Conflict in Cazinska Krajina 1992–1995 (Međubosnjački Sukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992–1995)BihaćBihać University
    Latić, NedžadIsaković, Zehrudin 1997 Ratna Sjećanja Mehmeda Alagića: Rat u Srednoj BosniZenicaBemust
    Law on National Defense (Zakon o Narodnoj Odbrani) 1985 BelgradeSSNO, Belgrade
    Maass, Peter 1996 Love Thy Neighbor: A Story of WarNew YorkAlfred A. Knopf
    MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1994 Turning Rape into Pornography: Postmodern GenocideStiglmayer, AlexandraMass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-HerzegovinaLincoln, NEUniversity of Nebraska Press73
    O’Ballance, Edgar 1995 Civil War in Bosnia, 1992–1994New YorkSt. Martin's Press
    Radinović, Radovan 2004 Laži o Sarajevskom RatistuBeogradSvet knjige
    Rohde, David 1997 Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica, Europe's Worst Massacre since World War IINew YorkFarrar, Straus and Giroux
    Charles, R. 2003 The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994College StationTexas A&M University Press
    Silber, LauraLittle, Alan 1997 Yugoslavia: Death of a NationNew YorkPenguin Books
    Sudetic, Chuck 1998 Blood and Vengeance: One Family's Story of the War in BosniaNew YorkNorton
    Tabeau, EwaJakub, Bijak 2005 War-Related Deaths in the 1992–1995 Armed Conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Critique of Previous Estimates and Recent ResultsEuropean Journal of Population 21 187
    Thomas, NigelMikulan, Krunoslav 2006 The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo, and Macedonia, 1992–2001New YorkOsprey Publishing
    Tomasevich, Jozo 2001 War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and CollaborationStanfordStanford University Press
    West, Rebecca 1982 Black Lamb and Grey FalconNew YorkPenguin Books
    2001
    Wilcox, Richard M. 1999 The Politics of Transitional Anarchy: Coalitions in the Yugoslav Civil Wars, 1941–1945 and 1991–1995Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Woodward, Susan L. 1995 Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold WarWashington, DCThe Brookings Institution
    Zbornik, Radova 1996 Herceg Bosna ili…?MostarZIRAL
    Zijad, Rujanac 2003 Opkoljeno SarajevoSarajevoCentar za Istraživanje i Dokumentaciju
    Zubac, Aleksa 1998 Poseta Razorenim Srpskim Svetinjama Grada Mostara Dana 21 Jula 1994 Godine,Knjiga o MostaruBeogradSvet Knjige205
    References for Iraq Shadow Case
    Al-Touajri, Ali 2010 http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42023
    Berman, EliShapiro, Jacob N.Felter, Joseph H. 2011 Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in IraqJournal of Political Economy 119 766
    Biddle, StephenFriedman, JeffreyShapiro, Jacob N. 2011 Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?Working Paper
    Bruno, Andrew 2008
    Bruno, Greg 2008 http://www.cfr.org/publication/14112
    Chulov, Martin 2010
    Cleveland, William 2004 A History of the Modern Middle EastBoulder, COWestview Press
    Cordesman, Anthony H. 2008 Iraq's Insurgency and the Road to Civil ConflictWestport, CTPraeger Security International
    Dagher, Sam 2007
    Dehghanpisheh, Babak 2007 http://www.newsweek.com/id/56824
    Dreyfuss, Robert 2008
    Gordon, Michael R. 2007
    Government of Australia 2012 http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/WWW/NationalSecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Ansar_Al-Islam
    Jafarzadeh, Alireza 2008 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0
    Knickmeyer, Ellen 2006
    Lindsay, JonLong, Austin 2009 Counterinsurgency Theory and the Stabilization of Iraq's Anbar ProvincePaper presented at Yale Program on OrderConflict, and Violence
    Long, Austin 2008 The Anbar AwakeningSurvival 50 67
    McCary, John A. 2009 The Anbar Awakening: An Alliance of IncentivesThe Washington Quarterly 32 43
    Ramzi, Kholoud 2008 http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=75&id=2225&lang=0
    Roggio, Bill 2008 http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/02/al_qaeda_in_iraq_und.php
    Smith, NielMacFarland, Sean 2008 Anbar Awakens: The Tipping PointMilitary Review 88 41
    Spiegel, PeterParker, Ned 2007
    Tilghman, Andrew 2007 The Myth of AQIWashington Monthly 39 34
    Todd, Lin 2006 Iraq Tribal Study, al-Anbar GovernorateArlington, VAGlobal Resources Group
    Uppsala Conflict Data Program Database. Iraq entryhttp://www.ucdp.uu.se/database 2011
    U.S. State Department 2008 http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2008/index.htm
    West, Bing 2008 The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics, and the Endgame in IraqNew YorkRandom House
    Williams, TimothyAdnan, Duraid 2010

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