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  3. Racial Subordination in Latin America
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 November 2012
      08 October 2012
      ISBN:
      9781139176125
      9781107024861
      9781107695436
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176125
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.48kg, 258 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.36kg, 258 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Socio-Legal Studies, Law
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    • Selected: Digital
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    Subjects:
    Socio-Legal Studies, Law
    Information

    Book description

    There are approximately 150 million people of African descent in Latin America yet Afro-descendants have been consistently marginalized as undesirable elements of the society. Latin America has nevertheless long prided itself on its absence of US-styled state-mandated Jim Crow racial segregation laws. This book disrupts the traditional narrative of Latin America's legally benign racial past by comprehensively examining the existence of customary laws of racial regulation and the historic complicity of Latin American states in erecting and sustaining racial hierarchies. Tanya Katerí Hernández is the first author to consider the salience of the customary law of race regulation for the contemporary development of racial equality laws across the region. Therefore, the book has a particular relevance for the contemporary US racial context in which Jim Crow laws have long been abolished and a 'post-racial' rhetoric undermines the commitment to racial equality laws and policies amidst a backdrop of continued inequality.

    Reviews

    'Hernández has constructed a well-written accessible analysis of racial subordination that deserves a wide audience in and beyond Latin America, especially among policy makers. Summing up: highly recommended. All readership levels.'

    C. H. Blake Source: Choice

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    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliography

    Primary Sources

    Decrees, Statutes, Rules, and Constitutions

    • Anais da Câmara dos Deputados de São Paulo, vol. 1, 1928, 13 Sessão Ordinária em 31 julho.

    • Código Penal [Penal Code] art. 140, § 3 (Braz.).

    • Constitución Nacional (Arg.) (1853).

    • Constitución Nacional of 1994 (Arg.), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argentina.html.

    • Constituíção da República Dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 16 julho de 1934.

    • Constituíção da República Dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 18 septembro de 1946.

    • Constituíção da Republica Federativa do Brasil 5 de Octubro de 1988.

    • Constituíção Federal [C.F.] [Constitution] (Braz.).

    • Constitución (1992) (Cuba), in Inter-Univ. Assocs., Inc., Republic of Cuba, 5 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Release 2000–1 (2000).

    • Constitución de la República Dominicana (2002), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/DomRep/dominicanrepublic.htm.

    • Constitución (El Sal.), in Inter-Univ. Assocs., Inc., Republic of El Salvador, in 6 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Reka Koerner (trans.), Release 98–5 (1998).

    • Constitución, (Hond.), in Gisbert H. Flanz and Jefri Jay Ruchti, in 8 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Republic of Honduras, Reka Koerner (trans.), Release 97–2 (1997).

    • Constitución de la Confederación Argentina (1853).

    • Constitución Del Ecuador, available athttp://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf.

    • Constitución Política (2008) (Ecuador), http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/ecuador08.html#mozTocId666824.

    • Constitución Política (Panama), in Jorge Fábrega P. and Jefri Jay Ruchti, Republic of Panama, in 14 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Jorge Fábrega P. (trans.), Release 95–8 (1995).

    • Constitución Política de Colombia.

    • Constitución Política de Colombia, in Gisbert H. Flanz, in 4 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Release 95–4, Peter B. Heller & Marcia W. Coward (trans.) (1995).

    • Constitución Política de la República de Chile.

    • Constitución Política de la República de Nicaragua.

    • Constitución Política de la República de Nicaragua, in Inter-Univ. Assocs., Inc., Republic of Nicaragua, 13 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Anna I. Vellvé Torras (trans.), Release 98–5 (1998).

    • Constitutión de la República Dominicana (2002), available at

    • http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/DomRep/dominicanrepublic.html.

    • Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (1917 with 2008 reforms), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Mexico/textovigente2008.pdf.

    • Constitución Política de la República de Chile, art. 19 (1980 with 2005 reforms), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Chile/chile05.html.

    • Constitución de la República Oriental del Uruguay.

    • Constitución Política (Peru), in Peter B. Heller, Peru, in 14 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Release 95–1 (1995), p. 113; Constitución, tit. III, ch. 1, art. 21, cl. 1 (Venez.), in Gisbert H. Flanz, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in 20 Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Release 2000–3 (2000).

    • Constitution of Paraguay (1992), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Paraguay/paraguay.html.

    • Corte Constitucional, Sentencia T-025 (2004).

    • Criminal Code, Art. 36.5 (Nicaragua).

    • Decree No. 1122, 18 Junio 1998 (Colombia).

    • Decreto 20.921, de 25 August 1931, Diario Oficial dos Estados Unidos do Brasil, pp. 13, 552–8.

    • Decreto No. 428 (2005) (Venezuela).

    • Decree No. 4247, art. 5, de 6 janeiro 1921, Diario Oficial Da União [D.O.U.] (Brazil).

    • Decreto No. 43007, de 6 de Junho de 2011 (Brazil).

    • Decreto Supremo No. 003–97-TR (Peru), available atwww.mpfn.gob.pe/descargas/texto_unico_ordenado_ds_03–97-tr.pdf.

    • Decreto Ley No. 25868, Ley De Organización y Funciones Del Instituto Nacional De Defensa De La Competencia y De La Protección De La Propiedad Intelectual (INDECOPI) (November 6, 1992), available athttp://www.concytec.gob.pe/infocyt/25868.html.

    • Executive Decree 09–2007 (Honduras).

    • Immigration Act of 1917, ch. 29, 39 Stat. 874 (1917).

    • Immigration Act of 1924, ch. 190, 43 Stat. 153 (1924).

    • Law No. 641, Criminal Code, Art. 427, 428 (Nicaragua).

    • Law No. 7.347, de 24 Julho 1985, D.O.U. of 25 Julho 1985, as amended by Law Nos. 8.078 of 11 Setembro 1990; 8.884 de 11 Junho 1994; 9.494 de 10 setembro 1997 (Brazil).

    • Law No. 12.288/10 (Brazil).

    • Law No. 12.288, de 20 Julio 2010, available athttp://www.portaldaigualdade.gov.br/.arquivos/Estatuto%20em%20ingles.pdf (Brazil).

    • Lei Número 9 394 de 20 de dezembro de 1996 (Brazil).

    • Lei Número 1.390, de 3 Julho 1951 (Brazil).

    • Lei Número 7.716 de 5 de Janeiro de 1989 (Brazil).

    • Lei Número 8.081, de 21 de Setembro de 1990 (Brazil).

    • Lei Número 9.459 de 1997 (Brazil).

    • Ley 115 de Febrero 8 de 1994, Art. 160, §10 (Colombia).

    • Ley Contra Actos de Discriminación, Ley No. 27270 (2000), available athttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/56275/65196/S00PER02.htm (Peru).

    • Ley No. 24–97, Párrafo III, Art. 9 (Dominican Republic), available athttp://www.iin.oea.org/badaj/docs/l24–97do.htm#Texto.

    • Ley No. 26772 (1997) modified by Ley No 27270 (2000) available athttp://www.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/2002/discapacidad/leyes/26772.htm (Peru).

    • Ministro Rui Barbosa, Circular No. 29, 14 de maio 1891 (Brazil).

    • Public Law 3708/2001, State of Rio de Janeiro, available athttp://www.alerj.rj.gov/top_leis_ordinairas.htm.

    • Public Law 3524/2000, State of Rio de Janeiro, available athttp://www.alerj.rj.gov/top_leis_ordinairas.htm.

    • Public Law 4151/2003, State of Rio de Janeiro, available athttp://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/processo2.htm.

    • Provisional Measure No. 2.102–28 de 23 February 2001 (Brazil).

    • Regulamento para o Serviço de Imigração da Província de São Paulo (São Paulo: Tipografia do Correio Paulistano, 1887), art. 17.

    • Resolución Suprema No. 010–2009-MIMDES, 27 noviembre 2009 (Peru).

    • República de Bolivia Constitución Política del Estado, art. 6 (2009), available athttp://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Bolivia/bolivia.html.

    • Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L/V/I.rev.9 (2003).

    • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, March 7, 1966, in force January 4, 1969, available athttp://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en#EndDec.

    Case Law

    • Ação Direta De Inconstitucionalidade 3.197 Rio de Janeiro, Decisão de 19 de março 2012, Relator: Min. Celso de Mello (Brazil).

    • Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 239 (1995).

    • Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, 2001 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 79 (Aug. 31, 2001).

    • Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 420 (1978).

    • De Almeida v. Brazil, Case No. 12.440, Inter-Am. Comm’n Report No. 73/06 (2006).

    • Diniz v. Brazil, Case 12.001, Inter-Am. Comm’n Report No. 83/04 (2004).

    • Ghen v. Rich, 8 F 159 (D. Mass. 1881).

    • S.T.F., RE No. 597285, Relator: Min. Ricardo Lewandowski, 09.10.2009, 191 DJe 1479 (Brazil).

    • T.J.R.J., Dir. Inc. No. 2009.007.0009, Relator: Des. José Carlos S. Murata Ribeiro, 25.05.2009 (Brazil).

    • T.J.R.J., Embargos Infringentes No. 2005.005.00060, CEAP v. Sony Music Entertainment Brasil, 11 Câmara Cível do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio De Janeiro, Acórdão 14.12.2005 (Brazil).

    • T.J.R.J. Representação Por Inconstitucionalidade No. 2009.007.00009, Relator: Des. Sérgio Cavalieri Filho, 18.11.2009 (Brazil).

    Newspapers and Magazines

    Other Primary Sources

    • Joel Zito Araújo, A Negação do Brasil: O Negro na Telenovela Brasileira (Documentary 2000).

    • Review of Federal Measurements of Race and Ethnicity: Hearings before the Subcomm. on Census, Statistics and Postal Personnel of the House Comm. on Post Office and Civil Service, 103d Cong. 171 (1993) (testimony of Carlos Fernández, President, Association of MultiEthnic Americans).

    Interviews

    • Interview with Joaquim Barbosa (May 14, 2007) (transcript in Tanya K. Hernández’s possession).

    • Telephone Interview with Melissa Nobles, Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (November 6, 1997).

    Secondary Sources

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    Marilyn Grace Miller, Rise and Fall of Cosmic Race: The Cult of Mestizaje in Spanish America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004).
    S. W. Mintz, Caribbean Transformations (Chicago: Aldine, 1974).
    M. C. Mirow, Latin American Law: A History of Private Law and Institutions in Spanish America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004).
    Gustavo Enrique Mustelier, La Extinción del Negro: Apuntes Político-Sociales (Havana: Imprenta y Papelería de Rambla, Bouza y Cía, 1912).
    Joaquim Nabuco, Discursos Parlamentares (Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados, Centro de Documentacão e Informacão, Coordenacão de Publicacões, 1983).
    Elisa Larkin Nascimento, The Sorcery of Color: Identity, Race, and Gender in Brazil (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007).
    Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, Latin American Lawyers: A Historical Introduction (Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 2006).
    Fernando Pinto, A Presença do Costume e Sua Força Normativa (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Liber Juris, 1982).
    David N. Plank, The Means of Our Salvation: Public Education in Brazil, 1930–1995 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
    David N. Plank, Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: Información Sociodemográfica para Políticas y Programas (New York: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2006).
    Thomas H. Reynolds and Arturo A. Flores, Foreign Law: Current Sources of Codes and Basic Legislation in Jurisdictions of the World, Brazil (Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman, 1989 & August 2004 Release), vol. I.
    Thomas H. Reynolds and Arturo A. Flores, Right to Education of Afro-descendant and Indigenous Communities in the Americas, Report Prepared for a Thematic Hearing before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Washington, DC: Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights, March 12, 2008), p. 3, available athttp://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2008/CP21371E.pdf.
    George Rutherglen, Employment Discrimination Law: Visions of Equality in Theory and Doctrine, 3rd ed. (New York: Foundation Press, 2010).
    J. L. Salcedo-Bastardo (ed.), Simón Bolívar, The Hope of the Universe (Paris: UNESCO, 1983).
    Enrique Sánchez and Paola García, “Más Allá de los Promedios: Afrodescendientes en América Latina” (Washington, DC: ACNUR, 2006), pp. 16 and 38, available atwww.acnur.org/biblioteca/pdf/4558.pdf.
    Margarita Sánchez and Maurice Bryan, Afro-descendants, Discrimination and Economic Exclusion in Latin America (London: Minority Rights Group International, May 2003), available at http://www.minorityrights.org/933/macro-studies/afrodescendants-discrimination-and-economic-exclusion-in-latin-america.html.
    Margarita Sánchez and Maurice Bryan, Persons of African Descent, Discrimination and Economic Exclusion in Latin America (London: Minority Rights Group International, 2003), pp. 3–4, tbl.1, available athttp://www.minorityrights.org/933/macro-studies/afrodescendants-discrimination-and-economic-exclusion-in-latin-america.html.
    Livio Sansone, Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
    Gevanilda Santos and Maria Palmira da Silva (eds.), Racismo No Brasil: Percepções Da Discriminação E Do Preconceito Racial Do Século XXI (São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2005).
    Mark Q. Sawyer, Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
    Leon Sheleff, The Future of Tradition: Customary Law, Common Law and Legal Pluralism (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
    Robin E. Sheriff, Dreaming Equality: Color, Race and Racism in Urban Brazil (New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press, 2001).
    Rachel Sieder (ed.), Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
    Hédio Silva Jr., Discriminação Racial nas Escolas: entre a lei e as práticas socias (Brasília: UNESCO Brasil, 2002).
    Fabiana Augusto Martins Silveira, Da criminalização do racismo: aspectos jurídicos e sociocriminológicos (Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2006).
    Kimberly Elson Simmons, Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2009).
    Thomas Skidmore, Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
    Thomas Skidmore, Politics in Brazil 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
    D. A. Skinner, Porto Rico: Report from Supervisor of the Census for the District of Porto Rico, to the Hon. E. Dana Durand, Director of the Census (Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau, July 26, 1910).
    Nancy Leys Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
    Carlos Augusto Taunay, Manual do Agricultor Brasileiro (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001).
    Edward E. Telles, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil (Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2004).
    José Homem Corréa Telles, Comentário Crítico à Lei da Boa Razão (Lisboa: 1824).
    Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).
    France Winddance Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press, 1998).
    “Using the Inter-American System for Human Rights: A Practical Guide for NGOs,” Global Rights Partners for Justice (2004).
    Donna Lee Van Cott, The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
    Teun A. van Dijk, Racism and Discourse in Spain and Latin America (Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2005).
    José Vasconcelos, La Raza Cósmica: Misión de la raza Iberoamericana, Notas de Viajes a la América del Sur (Paris: Agencia mundial de librería, 1920).
    José Vasconcelos, The Cosmic Race: A Bilingual Edition,Didier T. Jaén (trans.), 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
    Luis Fernando Verissimo, O Mundo é Bárbaro – E o que Nós Temos a Ver Com Isso (Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2008).
    Sir Paul Vinogradoff, Custom and Right (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).
    Peter Wade, Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
    Peter Wade, Race and Sex in Latin America (London: Pluto Press, 2009).
    Peter Wade, Fernando Urrea Giraldo, and Mara Viveros Vigoya (eds.), Raza, Etnicidad y Sexualidades: Ciudadanía y Multiculturalismo en América Latina (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2008).
    Thomas Glyn Watkin, An Historical Introduction to Modern Civil Law, Law of the Nations Series (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
    Laurence Wolff and Claudio de Moura Castro, Secondary Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Challenge of Growth and Reform (Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2000).

    Articles and Book Chapters

    Sérgio Adorno, “Discriminação Racial e Justiça Criminal em São Paulo,”Novos Estudos CEBRAP 43 (November 1995).
    Luis E. Aguilar, “Cuba, c. 1860–c. 1930,” in Leslie Bethell (ed.), Cuba: A Short History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
    Ana María Alonso, “Conforming Disconformity: ‘Mestizaje,’ Hybridity, and the Aesthetics of Mexican Nationalism,” Cultural Anthropology 19 (2004).
    José E. Álvarez, “Promoting the ‘Rule of Law’ in Latin America: Problems and Prospects,” George Washington Journal of International Law & Economics 25 (1991).
    Raquel Álvarez de Flores, “Evolución Histórica de las Migraciones en Venezuela: Breve Recuento,” Aldea Mundo 22 (November 2006–April 2007).
    George Reid Andrews, “Black and White Workers: São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1928,” Hispanic American Historical Review 68 (August 1988).
    George Reid Andrews, “Brazilian Racial Democracy, 1900–90: An American Counterpoint,” Journal of Contemporary History 31 (1996).
    John P. Augelli, “Cultural and Economic Changes of Bastos, a Japanese Colony on Brazil’s Paulista Frontier,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 48 (March 1958).
    Kif Augustine-Adams, “Making Mexico: Legal Nationality, Chinese Race, and the 1930 Population Census,” Law and History Review 27 (2009).
    Sales Augusto dos Santos, “Who Is Black in Brazil? A Timely or a False Question in Brazilian Race Relations in the Era of Affirmative Action?” Latin American Perspectives 33 (July 2006).
    Sales Augusto dos Santos and Laurence Hallewell, “Historical Roots of the ‘Whitening’ of Brazil,” Latin American Perspectives 29 (January 2002).
    Jeferson Bacelar, “Black in Salvador: Racial Paths,” in Larry Crook and Randal Johnson (eds.), Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1999).
    Samuel L. Baily, “The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914,” American Historical Review 88 (April 1983).
    Taunya Lovell Banks, “Mestizaje and the Mexican Mestizo Self: No Hay Sangre Negra, So There Is No Blackness,” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 15 (2006).
    Scott H. Beck, Kenneth J. Mijeski, and Meagan M. Stark, “¿Qué es Racismo? Awareness of Racism and Discrimination in Ecuador,”Latin American Research Review 46 (2011).
    Homi K. Bhabha, “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse,” October 28 (1984).
    Christina Biebesheimer, “Justice Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean: The IDB Perspective,” in Pilar Domingo & Rachel Sieder (eds.), Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform (2001).
    Peter Blanchard, “The Language of Liberation: Slave Voices in the Wars of Independence,” Hispanic American History Review 82 (2002).
    Adriana Bolívar et al., “Discourse and Racism in Venezuela: A ‘Café con Leche’ Country,” in van Dijk, Racism and Discourse in Latin America (2009).
    Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, “Are the Americas ‘Sick with Racism’ or Is It a Problem at the Poles? A Reply to Christina A. Sue,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (July 2009).
    Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, “We Are All Americans!: the Latin Americanization of Racial Stratification in the USA,” Race & Society 5 (2002).
    Woodrow Borah, “Race and Class in Mexico,” Pacific Historical Review 23 (1954).
    Pierre Bourdieu and Loic Wacquant, “Sobre as Artimanhas de Razão Imperialista,” Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 1 (2002).
    André Brandão and Ludmila Gonçalves da Matta, “Avaliação da Política de Reserva de Vagas na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense: Estudos dos Alunos Que Ingressarem em 2003,” in André Augusto Brandão (ed.), Cotas Raciais no Brasil: A Primeira Avaliação (Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2007).
    Alejandro Guzmán Brito, “El Régimen de la Costumbre en las Codificaciones Civiles de Hispanoamérica y España Emprendidas Durante el Siglo XIX,” http://www.restudioshistoricos.equipu.cl/index.php/rehj/article/view/161/155.
    Diana DeG. Brown, “Power, Invention, and the Politics of Race: Umbanda Past and Future,” in Larry Crook and Randal Johnson (eds.), Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1999).
    Kia Lilly Caldwell, “Look at Her Hair”: The Body Politics of Black Womanhood in Brazil,” Transforming Anthropology 11 (2004).
    Kirsten Matoy Carlson, “Notice: Premature Predictions of Multiculturalism?” Michigan Law Review 100 (May 2002).
    Lourdes Casal, “Race Relations in Contemporary Cuba,” in Anani Dzidzienyo and Lourdes Casal (eds.), The Position of Blacks in Brazilian and Cuban Society (London: Minority Rights Group, 1979).
    Ignazio Castellucci, “Law v. Statute, Ius v. Lex: An Analysis of a Critical Relation in Roman and Civil Law,” Global Jurist 8 (2008).
    Marjorie Jiménez Castro, “Las Máscaras del Chiste Racista,” InterSedes: Revista de las Sedes Regionales 2 (2001).
    Sueann Caulfield, “Interracial Courtship in the Rio de Janeiro Courts, 1918–1940,” in Nancy P. Applebaum, Anne S. Macpherson, and Karin Alejandra Rosenblatt (eds.), Race and Nation in Modern Latin America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
    Sidney Chalhoub, “Medo Branco de Almas Negras: Escravos, Libertos e Republicanos na Cidade do Rio,” Revista Brasileira de Historia 8 (1988).
    Martin Chanock, “Law, State and Culture: Thinking about ‘Customary Law’ after Apartheid,” Acta Juridica, 1991 (1991).
    Martin Chanock, “Neither Customary nor Legal: African Customary Law in an Era of Family Law Reform,” International Journal of Law and the Family 3 (1989).
    Jim Chen, “Unloving,” Iowa Law Review 80 (1994).
    Sumi Cho, “Post-Racialism,” Iowa Law Review, 94 (2009).
    Sumi Cho, Convenio de Cooperación Interinstitucional Entre La Corporación de Desarrollo Afroecuatoriano-CODAE y El Ilustre Municipio Del Cantón Ibarra (Quito: CODAE, 2010), available athttp://www.codae.gob.ec/images/stories/transparencia/proyectos /convenio%20ibarra.pdf.
    Rebecca J. Cook, “Overcoming Discrimination: Introduction,” in Juan E. Méndez, Guillermo O’Donnell and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
    Ethel Correa, “Indios, Mestizos, Negros y Blancos en un municipio de la Costa Chica, Oaxaca a través de un censo de 1890,” Suplemento del Boletín Diario de Campo (March–April 2007).
    Ethel Correa, “Cotas No Brasil: Um Panorama do Aplicação de Políticas Afirmativas Nas Universidades Públicas,”Revista Adusp 43 (July 2008).
    Corina Courtis et al., “Racism and Discourse: A Portrait of the Argentine Situation,” in Teun A. van Dijk (ed.), Racism and Discourse in Latin America (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009).
    William Darity Jr. et al., “Bleach in the Rainbow: Latin Ethnicity and Preference for Whiteness,” Transforming Anthropology 13(October 2005), 103–9.
    Jose Alberto Magno de Carvalho et al., “Estimating the Stability Of Census-Based Racial/Ethnic Classifications: The Case of Brazil,”Population Studies 58 (2004).
    José Jorge de Carvalho, “As Propostas de Cotas Para Negros e O Racismo Acadêmico No Brasil,” Sociedade e Cultura, 4 (July/December 2001).
    Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Backward to Move Forward,” Connecticut Law Review 43 (2011).
    Alejandro de la Fuente, “Race and Inequality in Cuba, 1899–1981,” Journal of Contemporary History 30 (1995).
    Carlos de la Torre, “Afro-Ecuadorian Responses to Racism: Between Citizenship and Corporatism,” in Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.), Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
    Kwame Dixon, “Transnational Black Social Justice Movements in Latin America: Afro-Colombians and the Struggle for Human Rights,” in Richard Stahler-Sholk, Harry E. Vanden, and Glen David Kuecker (eds.), Latin American Social Justice Movements in the Twenty-First Century: Resistance, Power, and Democracy (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
    Abdias do Nascimento and Elisa Larkin Nascimento, “Dance of Deception: Reading of Race Relations in Brazil,” in Charles V. Hamilton, Lynn Huntley, Neville Alexander, Antonio Sérgio AlfredoGuimarães, and WilmotJames (eds.), Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
    Nelson do Valle Silva, “Morenidade: Modo de Usar,” Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 30 (1996).
    Nelson do Valle Silva and Carlos A. Hasenbalg, “Race and Educational Opportunity in Brazil,” in Rebecca Reichmann (ed.), Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).
    Ariel E. Dulitzky, “A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America,” in Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.), Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
    Anani Dzidzienyo, “The Changing World of Brazilian Race Relations?” in Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.), Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
    Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World,” Journal of Economic History 65 (December 2005).
    Dario A. Euraque, “The Banana Enclave, Nationalism and Mestizaje in Honduras, 1910s-1930s,” in Avi Chomsky & Aldo Lauria (eds.), At the Margins of the Nation-State: Identity and Struggle in the Making of the Laboring Peoples of Central America and the Hispanic Caribbean, 1860–1960 (Durham, NC:Duke University Press, 1998).
    Jorge L. Esquirol, “The Failed Law of Latin America,” American Journal of Comparative Law 56 (Winter 2008).
    Cynthia Feliciano, Belinda Robnett and Golnaz Komaie, “Gendered Racial Exclusion among White Internet Daters,” Social Science Research 38 (March 2009).
    Ronald Fernández, America beyond Black and White: How Immigrants and Fusions Are Helping to Overcome the Racial Divide (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
    Ricardo Franklin Ferreira, “O Brasileiro, O Racismo Silencioso e a Emancipação do Afro-descendante,” Psicologia & Sociedade, 14 (January/June 2002).
    Angela Figueiredo, “‘Out of Place:’ The Experience of the Black Middle Class,” in Bernd Reiter and Gladys L. Mitchell (eds.), Brazil’s New Racial Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010).
    Peter Fitzpatrick, “Traditionalism and Traditional Law,” Journal of African Law 28 (1984).
    Nicola Foote, “Race, State and Nation in Early Twentieth Century Ecuador,” Nations and Nationalism 12 (2006).
    Reanne Frank, Ilana Redstone Akresh, and Bo Lu, “Latino Immigrants and the U.S. Racial Order: How and Where Do They Fit In?” American Sociological Review 75 (June 2010).
    Peter Fry, Sérgio Carrara, and Ana Luiza Martins-Costa, “Negros e Brancos no Carnaval da Velha Republica,” in João José Reis (ed.), Escravidão e a Invencão da Liberdade: Estudos sobre o Negro no Brasil (São Paulo: Brasiliense, Brasilia: CNPQ, 1988).
    Alejandro M. Garro, “Access to Justice for the Poor in Latin America,” in Juan E. Méndez, Guillermo O’Donnell, and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
    Joseph L. Gastwirth, “Issues Arising in the Use of Statistical Evidence in Discrimination Cases,” in Joseph L. Gastwirth (ed.), Statistical Science in the Courtroom (New York: Springer, 2000).
    Pablo Gentili, “Educación y Ciudadanía: Un Desafío para América Latina,” in Jenny Assael et al. (eds.), Reforma Educativa y Objetivos Fundamentales Transversales (Santiago: Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Educación, 2003).
    Bijan Gilanshah, “Multiracial Minorities: Erasing the Color Line,” Law & Inequality Journal 12 (1993).
    Isar Godreau, Hilda Lloréns, and Carlos Vargas-Ramos, “Employing Incongruence at Work: Employing U.S. Census Racial Categories in Puerto Rico,” Anthropology News (May 2010).
    Joaquim Barbosa Gomes, “O Debate Constitucional Sobre as Açoes Afirmativas,” in Antonio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães et al. (eds.), Açoes Afirmativas: Políticas Públicas Contra as Desigualdades Raciais (Rio de Janeiro: DP&A Editora, 2003).
    Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha, “The Stigmas of Dishonor: Criminal Records, Civil Rights, and Forensic Identification in Rio de Janeiro, 1903–1940,” in Sueannn Caulfield and Sarah C. Chambers (eds.), Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America (Durham, NC:Duke University Press, 2005).
    Eliezer Gomes da Silva and Ivonei Sfoggia, “O Crime de Raçismo na Legislação Penal Brasileira: Passado, Presente e Futuro,” Igualdade: Revista Trimestral do Centro de Apoio Operacional das Promotorias da Criança e do Adolescente 5 (January/March 1997).
    Mónica Treviño González, “Opportunities and Challenges for the Afro-Brazilian Movement,” in Bernd Reiter and Gladys L. Mitchell (eds.), Brazil’s New Racial Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010).
    Richard Gott, “Spanish America as a White Settler Society,” Bulletin of Spanish American Research 26 (2007).
    Claudio Grossman, “The Inter-American System of Human Rights: Challenges for the Future,” Indiana Law Journal 83 (2008).
    Alicia Castellanos Guerrero et al., “Racist Discourse in Mexico,” in Teun A. van Dijk (ed.), Racism and Discourse in Latin America (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009).
    Gema R. Guevara, “Inexacting Whiteness: Blanqueamiento as a Gender-Specific Trope in the Nineteenth Century,” Cuban Studies Journal 36 (2005).
    Antonio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães, “Ações Afirmativas Para a População Negras Nas Universidades Brasileiras,” in Renato Emerson dos Santos and Fatima Lobato (eds.), Ações Afirmativas: Políticas Públicas Contra As Desigualdades Racias (Rio de Janeiro: Programa Políticas da Cor na Educação Brasileira, 2003).
    Emmanuel Gustavo Haddad, “O Costume Como Parâmetro da Aplicação da Justiça e da Criação da Lei,” Jus Navigandi 11 (February 6, 2007).
    Ronald N. Harpelle, “Ethnicity, Religion and Repression: The Denial of African Heritage in Costa Rica,” Canadian Journal of History 29 (April 1994).
    Ronald N. Harpelle, “The Social and Political Integration of West Indians in Costa Rica: 1930–50,” Journal of Spanish American Studies, 25 (February 1993).
    Aline Helg, “Race and Black Mobilization in Colonial and Early Independent Cuba: A Comparative Perspective,” Ethnography 44 (1997).
    Aline Helg, “Race in Argentina and Cuba, 1880–1930: Theory, Policies, and Popular Reaction,” in Richard Graham (ed.), The Idea of Race in Spanish America, 1870–1940 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990).
    Castro Heredia et al., “Un breve acercamiento a las políticas de Acción Afirmativa: orígenes, aplicación y experiencia para grupos étnico-raciales en Colombia y Cali,” Revista Sociedad y Economia 169 (January 2009), available athttp://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/996/99612491009.pdf.
    Rosana Heringer, “Ação Afirmativa e Promoção da Igualdade Racial no Brasil: O Desafio da Prática,” in Angela Randolpho Paiva (ed.), Ação Afirmativa na Universidade: Reflexão Sobre Experiências Concretas Brasil-Estados Unidos (Rio de Janeiro: Editora-PUC Rio, 2004).
    Harry Hoetink, “The Dominican Republic in the Nineteenth Century: Some Notes on Stratification, Immigration, and Race,” in Magnus Mörner (ed.), Race and Class in Spanish America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
    Thomas P. Holloway, “Immigration and Abolition: The Transition from Slave to Free Labor in the São Paulo Coffee Zone,” in Dauril Alden and Warren Dean (eds.), Essays Concerning the Socioeconomic History of Brazil and Portuguese India (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1977).
    Juliet Hooker, “Afro-descendant Struggles for Collective Rights in Latin America: Between Race and Culture,” Souls 10 (2008).
    Mala N. Htun, “From ‘Racial Democracy’ to Affirmative Action: Changing State Policy on Race in Brazil,” Latin American Research Review 39 (February 2004).
    Mala N. Htun and Mark Jones, “Engendering the Right to Participate in Decisionmaking: Electoral Quotas and Women’s Leadership in Latin America,” in N. Craske and M. Molyneux (eds.), Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
    Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond, “Introduction: Who Were the Masters in the Americas?” in Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.), The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
    Alex M. Johnson Jr., “Destabilizing Racial Classifications Based on Insights Gleaned from Trademark Law,” California Law Review 84 (1996), 887–952, 891.
    Paul Christopher Johnson, “Law, Religion, and ‘Public Health’ in the Republic of Brazil,” Law and Social Inquiry 26 (Winter 2001).
    Samuel Kilsztajn et al., “Concentração e Distribuição do Rendimento por Raça No Brasil,” Revista de Economia Contemporânea 9 (May/August 2005).
    James F. King, “The Case of José Ponciano de Ayarza: A Document on Gracias al Sacar,” Hispanic American History Review 31 (1951).
    Herbert S. Klein, “The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina: A Comparative Analysis,” American Historical Review 88 (April 1983).
    Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean, “Reinventing the Color Line: Immigration and America’s New Racial/Ethnic Divide,” Social Forces 86 (December 2007).
    David Lehmann, “Gilberto Freyre: The Reassessment Continues,” Latin American Research Review 43 (2008).
    Jeffrey Lesser, “Immigration and Shifting Concepts of National Identity in Brazil during the Vargas Era,” Luso-Brazilian Review 31 (Winter 1994).
    Saul Litvinoff, “Moral Damages,” Louisiana Law Review 38 (1977).
    Peggy A. Lovell, “Gender, Race, and the Struggle for Social Justice in Brazil,” Latin American Perspectives 27 (November 2000).
    Peggy A. Lovell, “Race, Gender, and Work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960–2000,” Latin American Research Review 41 (October 2006).
    Peggy A. Lovell, “Women and Racial Inequality at Work in Brazil,” in Michael Hanchard (ed.), Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil (Durham, NC:Duke University Press, 1999).
    Mara Loveman and Jerónimo O. Muñiz, “How Puerto Rico Became White: Boundary Dymanics and Intercensus Racial Reclassification,” American Sociological Review 72 (December 2007).
    Samuel H. Lowrie, “O elemento negro na população de São Paulo,” Revista do Arquivo Municipal 48 (junho 1938).
    Samuel H. Lowrie, “The Negro Element in the Population of São Paulo, a Southernly State of Brazil,” Phylon 3 (1942).
    Samuel H. Lowrie, “Racial and National Intermarriage in a Brazilian City,” American Journal of Sociology 44 (March 1939).
    Marcelo Sabino Luiz, “A Mulher Negra No Mercado de Trabalho: A Pseudoequidade, Marcada Pela Discriminação da Socidedade E a Mídia No Século,” Partes 21 (September 9, 2010), available athttp://www.partes.com.br/politica/mulhernegranotrabalho.asp.
    Mary Ann Mahony, “Afro-Brazilians, Land Reform, and the Question of Social Mobility in Southern Bahia, 1880–1920,” in Hendrik Kraay (ed.), Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790’s to 1990’s (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
    Tomoko Makabe, “Ethnic Hegemony: The Japanese Brazilians in Agriculture, 1908–1968,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (July 1999).
    Marylee Mason Mandiver, “Racial Classifications in Spanish American Censuses,” Social Forces 28 (December 1949).
    Sheldon L. Maram, “Labor and the Left in Brazil, 1890–1921: A Movement Aborted,” Hispanic American Historical Review 57 (1977).
    Sheldon L. Maram, “Urban Labor and Social Change in the 1920’s,” Luso-Brazilian Review 16 (1979).
    Luis Gerardo Martínez Miranda, “Desde Adentro: una aproximación al tema de Verdad, Justicia y Reparación a partir de las víctimas afrocolombianas,” in Claudia Mosquera Rosero-Labbé and Luiz Claudio Barcelos (eds.), Afro-reparacions: Memorias de la Esclavitud y Justicia Reparativa para Negros, Afrocolombianos y Raizales (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2006).
    Lourdes Martínez-Echazábal, “Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Spanish America, 1845–1959,” Spanish American Perspectives 25 (May 1998).
    Frederic Martínez, “Apogeo y Decadencia del Ideal de la Inmigración Europea en Colombia, siglo XIX,” Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 34 (1998).
    Francisco Martins, “Racism in Brazilian Aquarelle – the Place of Denying,” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 4(2) (October 2008).
    Marianne Masferrer and Carmelo Mesa-Lago, “The Gradual Integration of the Black in Cuba: Under the Colony, the Republic, and the Revolution,” in Robert Brent Toplin (ed.), Slavery and Race Relations in Spanish America (Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 1974).
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    Graziella Moraes da Silva and Elisa P. Reis, “Perceptions of Racial Discrimination among Black Professionals in Rio de Janeiro,” Latin American Research Review 46 (2011).
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    Elisa Larkin Nascimento, “Aspects of Afro-Brazilian Experience,” Journal of Black Studies 11 (1980).
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    Carmen Nava, “Lessons in Patriotism and Good Citizenship: National Identity and Nationalism in Public Schools during the Vargas Administration, 1937–1945,” Luso-Brazillian Review 35 (Summer 1998).
    Moisés González Navarro, “Mestizaje in Mexico during the National Period,” in Magnus Mörner (ed.), Race and Class in Spanish America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
    Laura Beth Nielsen, Robert L. Nelson, and Roy Lancaster, “Individual Justice or Collective Legal Mobilization? Employment Discrimination Litigation in the Post Civil Rights United States,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 7 (June 2010).
    Melissa Nobles, Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics (Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 2000).
    Suzanne Oboler, “The Foreignness of Racism: Pride and Prejudice among Peru’s Limeños in the 1990s,” in Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler (eds.), Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
    Marcelo Paixāo, Irene Rossetto, Fabiana Montovanele, and Luiz M. Carvano, Relatório Anual das Desigualdades Raciais no Brasil; 2009–2010 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond Ltda., 2010).
    Renato H. L. Pedrosa et al., “Academic Performance, Students’ Background and Affirmative Action at a Brazilian University,” Higher Education Management and Policy 19 (2007).
    Yesilernis Peña, Jim Sidanius, and Mark Sawyer, “Racial Democracy in the Americas: A Latin and U.S. Comparison,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35 (November 2004).
    Amanda Perreau-Saussine and James Bernard Murphy, “The Character of Customary Law: An Introduction,” in Amanda Perreau-Saussine and James Bernard Murphy (eds.), The Nature of Customary Law: Legal, Historical and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
    Louis A. Pérez, Jr., “Politics, Peasants, and People of Color: The 1912 ‘Race War’ in Cuba Reconsidered,” Hispanic American History Review 66 (1986).
    Hanne Petersen, “Reclaiming ‘Juridical Tact’? Observations and Reflections on Customs and Informal Law as (Pluralist) Sources of Polycentric Law,” in Hanne Petersen and Hendrik Zahle (eds.), Legal Polycentricity: Consequences of Pluralism in Law (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995).
    Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, “The Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America: Introduction,” in Juan E. Méndez, Guillermo O’Donnell and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (eds.), The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
    Antônio Pitanga, Larry Crook (ed.), and Randal Johnson (ed.), Where Are the Blacks? in Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1999).
    Antônio Pitanga, Larry Crook (ed.), and Randal Johnson (ed.), Plan Plurinacional Para Eliminar la Discriminación Racial y la Exclusión Étnica y Cultural (Quito: CODAE, September 2009), available athttp://www.codae.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188%3Aplan-plurinacional-para-eliminar-la-discriminacion-racial-y-la-exclusion-etnica-y-cultural&catid=27&Itemid=63.
    Jeanny Posso, “Mecanismos de Discriminación Étnico-Racial, Clase Social y Género: La Inserción Laboral de Mujeres Negras en el Servicio Doméstico de Cali,” in María del CarmenZabala Arguelles (ed.), Pobreza, Exclusión Social y Discriminación Étnico-Racial en América Latina y el Caribe (Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores y Clasco, 2008).
    Delcele Mascarenhas Queiroz and Jocelio Teles dos Santos, “Sistema de Cotas: Um Debate: Dos Dados a Manutençao de Privilegios e de Poder,” Educação e Sociedade 27 (2006).
    Seth Racusen, “Fictions of Identity and Brazilian Affirmative Action,” National Black Law Journal 21 (2009).
    Seth Racusen, “Making the ‘Impossible’ Determination: Flexible Identity and Targeted Opportunity in Contemporary Brazil,” Connecticut Law Review 36 (2004).
    Jean Muteba Rahier, “Blackness and the ‘Racial’ Spatial Order, Migration, and Miss Ecuador 1995–1996,” American Anthropologist 100 (1998).
    Jean Muteba Rahier, “Soccer and the (Tri-)Color of the Ecuadorian Nation: Visual and Ideological (Dis)Continuities of Black Otherness from Monocultural Mestizaje to Multiculturalism,” Visual Anthropology Review 24 (2008).
    Carlos M. Rama, “The Passing of the Afro-Uruguayans from Caste Society into Class Society,” in Magnus Mörner (ed.), Race and Class in Spanish America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
    Bernd Reiter, “Inequality and School Reform in Bahia, Brazil,” International Review of Education 55 (2009).
    Andrew Juan Rosa, “El Que No Tiene Dingo, Tiene Mandingo: The Inadequacy of the ‘Mestizo’ as a Theoretical Construct in the Field of Spanish American Studies – the Problem and Solution,” Journal of Black Studies 27 (1996).
    Angel Rosenblat, La Población Indígena y el Mestizaje en América, Vol. II (Buenos Aires: Editorial Nova, 1954).
    Carlos Rosero, “Los Afrodescendientes y el Conflicto Armado en Colombia: La Insistencia en lo Propio Como Alternativa,” in Claudia Mosquera, Mauricio Pardo, and Odile Hoffman (eds.), Afrodescendientes en las Américas: Trayectorias Sociales e Identitarias, 150 Años de la Abolición de la Esclavitud en Colombia (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2002), pp. 547–59.
    Cesar Rossato, Verônica Gesser, and Eliane Cavalleiro (ed.), “A Experiencia da Branquitude Diante de Conflitos Racias: Estudos de Realidades Brasileiras e Estadunidenses,” in Racismo E Anti-Racismo Na Educaçao: Repensando nossa Escola (São Paulo: Selo Negro, 2001).
    José Antonio Saco, Colección de Papeles Científicos, Históricos y Políticos Sobre la Isla de Cuba, vol. 3 (Paris: Impr. de d’Aubusson y Kugelmann, 1858).
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    Frank Safford, “Race, Integration, and Progress: Elite Attitudes and the Indian in Colombia, 1750–1870,” Hispanic American Historical Review 71 (1991).
    Roger Sanjek, “Brazilian Racial Terms: Some Aspects of Meaning and Learning,” American Anthropologist 73 (October 1971).
    Rosembert Ariza Santamaría, “Usos y costumbres en el procedimiento administrativo: una Administración al servicio de sociedades pluriculturales,” in Procedimiento y Justicia Administrativa en América Latina (Mexico City: Fundación Konrad Adenauer, 2009).
    Melissa L. Saunders, “Of Minority Representation, Multiple-Race Responses, and Melting Pots: Redistricting in the New America,” North Carolina Law Review 79 (2001).
    Ruth Sautu, “Poverty, Psychology, and Dropouts,” in Laura Randall and Joan B. Anderson (eds.), Schooling for Success: Preventing Repetition and Dropout in Latin American Primary Schools (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999).
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    Renato Sêrgio de Lima, Alessandra Teixeira, and Jacqueline Signoretto, “Mulheres Negras: As Mais Punidas Nos Crimes de Roubo,” Boletín del Núcleo de Pesquisas IBCCRIM 125 (April 2003).
    Rachel Sieder, “Conclusions: Promoting the Rule of Law in Latin America,” in Pilar Domingo and Rachel Sieder (eds.), Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform (London: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
    María Aparecida Silva Bento, “Silent Conflict: Discriminatory Practices and Black Responses in the Workplace,” in Rebecca Reichmann (ed.), Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).
    Thomas E. Skidmore, “Racial Ideas and Social Policy in Brazil, 1870–1940,” in Richard Graham (ed.), The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990).
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    Edward Telles, “Residential Segregation by Skin Color in Brazil,” American Sociological Review 57 (1992).
    Edward E. Telles, “Racial Ambiguity among the Brazilian Population,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 25 (May 2002), 415–41.
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    Jurema Werneck, “The Beautiful and the Pure? Racism, Eugenics and New (Bio)technologies,” in Alejandra Rotania and Jurema Werneck (eds.), Under the Sign of Biopolitics: Critical Voices from Civil Society Reflections in Brazil, vol. 1 (Rio de Janeiro: E-papers, 2004).
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    Jonas Zoninsein, “The Economic Case for Combating Racial and Ethnic Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries,” in Mayra Buvinic, Jacqueline Mazza, and Ruthanne Deutsch (eds.), Towards a Shared Vision of Development (Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2001).

    Theses, Dissertations, Presentations, and Working Papers

    Sam C. Adamo, “Race, Health, and Justice in Rio de Janeiro, 1890–1940,” PhD dissertation, University of New Mexico (1983).
    Marco Antonio I. Aguirre, “Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos de Guatemala,” presentation at “Todos Contamos: Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos,” Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (November 2000) (on file with the Interamerican Development Bank, Washington, DC).
    Donald Allen, “La Experiencia de Costa Rica,” presentation at “Todos Contamos: Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos,” Interamerican Development Bank, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (November 2000).
    Mary Elizabeth Bletz, “Whiteness of a Darker Color: Narratives of Immigration and Culturation in Brazil and Argentina, 1890–1930,” PhD dissertation, New York University (2003).
    Yolanda Bodnar, “Colombia: Apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible en los pueblos indígenas,” presentation at “Pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: relevancia y pertinencia de la información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas,” United Nations Economic Commission for Spanish America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile (April 2005), p. 14, available athttp://www.eclac.cl/mujer/noticias/noticias/5/27905/YBodnar.pdf.
    Deyanira Áviles Bosquez, “Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos: Experiencia de Panamá,” presentation at “Todos Contamos: Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos,” Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, November 2000 (on file with the Interamerican Development Bank, Washington, DC).
    Fernando Lobo Braga, “Discriminação No Mercado de Trabalho: Diferenças Racias e Por Sexo No Ano de 2003,” Master’s dissertation, Universidade Católica de Brasília (2005).
    “Brief Summary of the Status of the Negotiations of the Working Group Organized to Elaborate a Draft of an Inter-American Convention against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance,” Organization of American States International Law Department (May 28, 2009), available athttp://scm.oas.org/doc_public/SPANISH/HIST_09/CP22305S04.doc.
    Claudete Batista Cardoso, “Efeitos da Política de Cotas na Universidade de Brasília: Uma Análise do Rendimento e da Evasão,” Master’s dissertation, University of Brasilia (2008).
    Raquel Coelho Lenz Cesar, “Acesso A Justiça Para Minorias Racias no Brasil: É a Açao Afirmativa o Melhor Caminho? Riscos e Açertos no Caso da UERJ,” PhD dissertation, State University of Rio de Janeiro (2003).
    Rosana Aparecida Peronti Chiarello, “Preconceitos E Discriminações Racias: Um Olhar de Professoras Sobre Seus (Suas) Alunos (as) Negros (as),” Master’s thesis, Federal University of São Carlos (2003).
    Darién J. Davis, “The Mechanism of Forging a National Consciousness: A Comparative Approach to Modern Brazil and Cuba, 1930–1964,” PhD dissertation, Tulane University (1992).
    Allison L. C. de Cerreno and Cassandra A. Pyle, “Educational Reform in Latin America P7,” Working Paper, Council on Foreign Relations (1996), available athttp://www.ciaonet.org/wps/cea01/.
    Alexandre do Nascimento, “Movimentos Sociais, Educação E Cidadania: Um Estudo Sobre os Cursos Pré-Vestibulares Populares,” Master’s thesis, State University of Rio de Janeiro (1999).
    Fernando Urrea Giraldo and Héctor Fabio Ramírez Echeverry, “Cambios en el Mercado de Trabajo de Cali (Colombia), Reestructuración Económica y Social del Empleo de la Población Negra en la Década del 90: Un Análisis de Segregación Socio-Racial a Partir de las Transformaciones Más Recientes del Mercado de Trabajo,” Presentation, Third Latin American Congress on the Sociology of Work, Buenos Aires, Argentina (May 2000), p. 1, available athttp://www.alast.org/PDF/Marshall2/MT-Urrea.PDF.
    Gema Rosa Guevara, “Founding Discourse of Cuban Nationalism: La Patria, Blanqueamiento and La Raza de Color,” PhD dissertation, U.C. San Diego (2000).
    Ayana Hosten, “Tornar-Se Negro & Thinking Beautiful,” Study Abroad Program Thesis, Claremont McKenna College (2007), available athttp://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collections/244/.
    Clara (Kaya) Ford, “The Impact of Socioeconomic Quotas on Student Retention: The Case of a Brazilian University,” PhD dissertation, Capella University (2011).
    Magdalena León and Jimena Holguín, “La Accíon Afirmativa en La Universidad de los Andes: el caso del programa ‘Oportunidades para talentos nacionales,’” Revista de Estudios Sociales 19 (December 2004), available athttp://res.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/405/indexar.php? c=Revista+No+18.
    Jeffrey Lesser, “Negotiating National Identity: Middle Eastern and Asian Immigrants and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil,” Working Paper No. 8, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Papers University of California, San Diego (April 2000).
    Marina Jacob Lopes da Silva, “Igualdade e Ações Afirmativas Sociais e Raciais no Ensino Superior: O Que se Discute no STF?” Research Monograph, Sociedade Brasileira de Direito Público (2009).
    Cláudia Margarida Ribas Marinho, “O Racismo no Brasil – Uma análise do desenvolvimento histórico do tema e da eficácia da lei como instrumento de combate à discriminação racial,” Undergraduate thesis in law, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (July 1999).
    “The Need for a Narrow-Focused Inter-American Convention against Racial Discrimination,” Position Paper No. 1, University of Texas School of Law Human Rights Clinic (May 2009), http://www.utexas.edu/law/clinics/humanrights/work/Paper1-Narrow-focused-convention.pdf.
    Melissa Nobles, “‘Responding with Good Sense’: The Politics of Race and Censuses in Contemporary Brazil,” PhD dissertation, Yale University (1995).
    Elizabeth Cezar Nunes, “Discriminação da Criança Negra no Processo de Adoção,” J.D. dissertation, Centro Universitário de Brasilia (2008).
    Isabel Rodas Núñez, “Identidades y la Construcción de la Categoría Oficial ‘Ladino’ en Guatemala,” Working Paper No. 29, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (October 2006).
    “Quest for Inclusion: Realizing Afro-Latin Potential,” Organization of Africans in the Americas, Position Paper vol. 1 (2000).
    “Political Feasibility Assessment: Country Potential for New Research on Race in Latin America,” presentation at “International Conference, Todos Contamos: Los Grupos Étnicos en los Censos,” Inter-American Development Bank, Cartagena de Indias (November 8–10, 2000).
    Seth Racusen, “A Mulato Cannot Be Prejudiced: The Legal Construction of Racial Discrimination in Contemporary Brazil,” PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2002).
    Susana Schkolink and Fabiana del Popolo, “Los censos y los pueblos indígenas en América Latina: Una metodología Regional,” presentation at “Pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: relevancia y pertinencia de la información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas,” United Nations Economic Commission for Spanish America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile (April 2005), p. 12, available athttp://www.eclac.cl/celade/noticias/paginas/7/21237/FdelPopolo-SScholnick.pdf.
    Cleusa Simão, “Mulher Negra: Identidade e Exclusão Social,” Master’s dissertation, Universidade São Marcos (2004).
    Santos Silva, “Negros Com Renda Média No Bairro da Pituba,” Master’s thesis, Universidade Salvador-UNIFACS (2007).
    Wilfredo Ardito Vega, “Las ordenanzas contra la discriminación,” Working Paper No. 13, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2009), available athttp://departamento.pucp.edu.pe/derecho/images/documentos/Cuaderno%2013.pdf.

    Internet Sites

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    “Americas Barometer 2010,” Ethnicity Module of the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America (PERLA) in the 2010 America’s Barometer, Latin American Public Opinion Project of Vanderbilt University, available atwww.AmericasBarometer.org.
    “Afrocolombianos Desplazados, un Drama Sin Tregua,” Consultoría Para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento, May 22, 2008, http://www.codhes.org/index.php?option=com_content@task=view@id=157.
    “Annual Report: Peru (2000),” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, available athttp://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2000eng/annex.htm.
    “Compilation of Final Observations of the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Regarding the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean: 1970–2006 (June 2006),” United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Representation, available athttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/index.htm.
    “Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Colombia,” United Nations, August 20, 1999, available athttp://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/c318bd791cc8a6ea8025686b0043560f?Opendocument.
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    “Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior,” ICETEX, available athttp://www.icetex.gov.co/portal/Default.aspx?tabid=275.
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    Joaquim B. Barbosa Gomes, “Discriminação Racial: Um Grande Desafio Para o Direito Brasileiro,” Adami Advogados Associado, available athttp://www.adami.adv.br/raciais/19.asp.
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    Michael Smith, “Educational Reform in Latin America: Facing a Crisis,” International Development Research Center Report, February 19, 1999, available athttp://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-5552–201–1-DO_TOPIC.html.

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