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  3. Richard Nixon and Europe
  • Cited by 11
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 May 2015
      19 May 2015
      ISBN:
      9781316148440
      9781107094581
      9781107476608
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316148440
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.52kg, 258 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.42kg, 272 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Area Studies, American History after 1945, American Studies, Diplomatic and International History, History
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    • Selected: Digital
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    Subjects:
    Area Studies, American History after 1945, American Studies, Diplomatic and International History, History
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    Book description

    The US-European relationship remains the closest and most important alliance in the world. Since 1945, successive American presidents each put their own touches on transatlantic relations, but the literature has reached only into the presidency of Lyndon Johnson (1963–9). This first study of transatlantic relations during the era of Richard Nixon shows a complex, turbulent period during which the postwar period came to an end, and the modern era came to be on both sides of the Atlantic in terms of political, economic, and military relations.

    Reviews

    'In his extremely well-researched, well-written, and carefully balanced account of Richard Nixon’s significant political and economic relations with Europe, Luke A. Nichter has brilliantly filled a major gap in our understanding of the administration’s foreign policy.'

    Melvin Small - Wayne State University

    'Steeped in transatlantic archives and written for a general audience, Richard Nixon and Europe is a landmark contribution that provides the first sophisticated analysis of how President Richard Nixon fit the Western European alliance into American foreign policy and how the Nixon Doctrine extended far beyond Vietnam to Western Europe.'

    Irwin F. Gellman - Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania

    'Impressively researched and persuasively argued, Luke A. Nichter’s book fills an important gap in the literature of the Nixon presidency. Overshadowed by China, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam, Europe was nevertheless an important arena in which Nixon sought to change American policies. Nichter has written a fascinating narrative of Nixon’s efforts, using the White House tapes to detail the end of the Bretton Woods system, and provided an insightful account of the divisions created between the United States and Europe over the Yom Kippur War.'

    Thomas Schwartz - Vanderbilt University, Tennessee

    'This is the first monograph that attempts to evaluate comprehensively President Richard Nixon’s impact on US-European relations … The book is based on extensive multi-archival research in the US, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, as well as the NATO, Council of Europe, and European Economic Community (EEC) archives. The author has consulted a huge spectrum of published sources, while he places special emphasis on the White House tapes, a large part of them published and co-edited by him in 2014–15. Thus, he is in a position to present an authoritative interpretation of Nixon’s European policies.'

    Evanthis Hatzivassiliou Source: H-Diplo Roundtable Review

    'History does not offer repeat performances, but themes in relations between nation states and alliances nonetheless recur in modified forms. That is not the least of the lessons to be drawn from Nichter’s searching and intelligent account of US foreign policy towards Europe during Nixon’s Presidency.'

    Nigel Bowles Source: H-Diplo Roundtable Review

    'This book is a very welcome addition to the literature of contemporary transatlantic relations. It is a detailed archival-based study of the Nixon administration’s policy towards Europe and it presents a rich account of how Nixon and Kissinger worked to put relations between the United States of America and Western Europe on a new footing.'

    Mark Gilbert Source: Journal of Contemporary History

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    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliography

    Archival Sources

    Belgium

    • Historical Archives of the European Commission (HAEC), Brussels:

      • Commissions of the European Economic Community, 1957–1975 (BAC)

    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Archives Division, Brussels:

      • North Atlantic Council (C-)

        • Verbatim Records (C-VR)

      • North Atlantic Military Committee (MC)

    France

    • Centre d’accueil et de recherche des Archives Nationales (CARAN), Paris:

      • Papiers des Chefs de l’État:

        • Présidence de la République, Georges Pompidou (5 AG 2)

          • Entretiens franco-américains, conférences des chefs d’état de la CEE, notes, télégrammes, correspondance, voyages officiels, 1969–1974

    • Council of Europe Archives Division (COE), Strasbourg:

      • United Nations (889/031/2)

      • United States of America (889/031/1)

    Germany

    • Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PAAA), Berlin:

      • Economic Policy: B52, IIIA2

      • North American File:

        • B31, 1968–1971

        • B32, 1955–1969

        • B32/204, 1971–1975

        • ZA (various)

    Italy

    • Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU), Florence:

      • Papers of Emanuele Gazzo (EG)

      • Papers of Edoardo Martino (EM)

      • Papers of Klaus Meyer (KM)

      • Papers of Robert Triffin (RT)

    United Kingdom

    • National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew Gardens, Surrey:

      • Cabinet Papers (CAB)

      • Papers of the Prime Minister (PREM)

      • Papers of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)

    United States

    • Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan:

      • Papers of Paul W. McCracken

    • Hoover Institution Archives (HIA), Stanford University, Palo Alto, California:

      • Papers of John Ehrlichman

      • Papers of Milton Friedman

      • Richard M. Nixon Notes (1968 Campaign)

    • Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.:

      • Manuscript Division:

        • Papers of Stephen Hess

        • Papers of Daniel Patrick Moynihan

        • Papers of Elliot Richardson

        • Papers of William L. Safire

    • National Archives and Records Administration (NARA):

      • Archives II, College Park, Maryland:

        • Record Group 59, State Department: Central Foreign Policy Files (CFPF)

      • Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan:

        • Papers of Arthur Burns: Handwritten Journals, 1969–1974

        • Papers of Melvin Laird

        • National Security Adviser:

          • Chronological File

          • Memoranda of Conversations

          • Outside the System Chronological File

          • Presidential Correspondence with Foreign Leaders

          • Presidential Country Files for Europe and Canada

        • Presidential Speeches, Reading Copies:

      • White House Central Files:

        • Name File

        • Subject File

      • White House Photographic Office

    • Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas:

      • National Security File (NSF)

      • Oral History Interviews

    • Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, California:

      • National Security Council Files:

        • Henry A. Kissinger Telephone Conversation Transcripts (Telcons)

        • Country Files, Europe:

          • France

          • Germany

          • United Kingdom

        • Henry A. Kissinger Office Files: Country Files

        • Presidential Correspondence

        • Presidential/HAK Memcons

        • President’s Trip Files

        • Subject Files:

          • European Common Market

          • National Security Decision Memoranda

          • National Security Study Memoranda

        • VIP Visits

        • National Security Council Institution Files (H-Files):

          • Study Memorandums: National Security Study Memorandums

      • White House Central Files:

        • Name File: Papers of Paul W. McCracken

        • Presidential Daily Diaries

      • White House Photographic Office

      • White House Special Files:

        • President’s Office Files

        • President’s Personal File

      • White House Tapes (also accessed at http://nixontapes.org)

    • United States Air Force Museum, MUA Research Division, Wright Patterson Air Force Base and Archive, Dayton, Ohio:

      • Papers of Stanley Goodwin

    Published Government Documents

    Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2000–2006.

    • 1969: Rainer A Blasius; Franz Eibl; Hubert Zimmermann.

    • 1971: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch; Martin Koopmann

    • 1973: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch; Matthias Peter; Hans-Peter Schwarz

    • 1974: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch; Daniela Taschler; Fabian Hilfrich; Michael Ploetz

    • 1975: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch; Michael Kieninger; Mechthild Lindemann; Daniela Taschler

    de France, Ambassade. Address Delivered by Maurice Schumann, French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Before the National Assembly on November 3, 1971. New York: Service de presse et d’information, 1971.
    Burr, William. “U.S. Secret Assistance to the French Nuclear Program, 1969–1975: From ‘Fourth Country’ to Strategic Partner.” Wilson Center Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Research Update #2 (2011). Available from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/us-secret-assistance-to-the-french-nuclear-program-1969-1975-fourth-country-to-strategic.
    Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. “Basic Factors and Main Tendencies in Current Soviet Policy.” National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) Number 11–69. February 27, 1969.
    Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. “Central Intelligence Bulletin.” July 15, 1969.
    Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. “Soviet Nuclear Doctrine: Concepts of Intercontinental and Theater War.” National Intelligence Estimate (NIE). July 1973.
    Commission of the European Community. “The Unacceptable Situation and the Correcting Mechanism.” Document COM(75)40, January 30, 1975.
    Digital National Security Archive (DNSA) [online]. Available from http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/home.do.
    “The Effects on the United Kingdom of Membership of the European Communities.” European Parliament: Directorate General for Research and Documentation, February 1975.
    Elwell, Craig K. “Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States.” Washington, D.C.: Congress Research Service, 2011.
    Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1969–1976. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

    Volumes

    • I: Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969–1972 (2003)

    • III: Foreign Economic Policy, 1969–1972 (2001)

    • XLI: Western Europe, NATO, 1969–1972 (2012)

    • E-15, Part 2: Documents on Western Europe, 1973–1976 (2014)

    Meeting of the Heads of Government, December 9–10, 1974. Brussels: Bulletin of the European Communities, No. 12, 1974.
    Merrill, Dennis, and Paterson, Thomas G.. Major Problems in American Foreign Relations: Documents and Essays, Volume II: Since 1914, Sixth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.
    Myth and Reality: A Reference Manual on US-European Community Relations, 4th Ed. Washington, D.C.: European Community Information Service, 1974.
    Nixon: The Fifth Year of His Presidency. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1974.
    Nixon: The Second Year of His Presidency. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1971.
    Rumsfeld, Donald. The Rumsfeld Papers [online]. Available from: http://www.rumsfeld.com/.
    Woolley, John, and Peters, Gerhard. The American Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Available from: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws?pid=3441.

    Memoirs

    Brandt, Willy. My Life in Politics. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992.
    Brandt, Willy. People and Politics: The Years 1960–1975. London: Collins, 1978.
    Connally, John. In History’s Shadow: An American Odyssey. New York: Hyperion, 1993.
    Couve de Murville, Maurice. Une Politique Étrangère, 1958–1969. Paris: Plon, 1971.
    De Gaulle, Philippe. De Gaulle Mon Père, Vol. 1: Entretiens avec Michel Tauriac. Paris: Plon, 2003.
    Friedman, Milton, and Rose, D. Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
    Haldeman, H. R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994.
    Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life: My Autobiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998.
    Hillenbrand, Martin J. Fragments of Our Time: Memoirs of a Diplomat. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998.
    Jobert, Michel. L’Autre Regard. Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1976.
    Kissinger, Henry. The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1979.
    Kissinger, Henry. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1982.
    Kissinger, Henry. Years of Renewal: The Concluding Volume of His Memoirs. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999.
    Nixon, Richard. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.
    Nixon, Richard.1999: Victory without War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
    Safire, William. Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1975.
    Schmidt, Helmut. Men and Powers: A Political Perspective. New York: Random House, 1989.
    Volcker, Paul A., and Gyohten, Toyoo. The World’s Money and the Threat to American Leadership. New York: Times Books, 1992.

    Periodicals

    Bergsten, C. Fred. “Reforming the Dollar: An International Monetary Policy for the United States.” New York: Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 1972.
    Bossuat, Gérard. “Jean Monnet et le partenariat atlantique des années soixante.” Relations Internationales 119 (2004): 285–301.
    Brzezinski, Zbignew. “America and Europe,” Foreign Affairs 49 (October 1970): 11–30.
    Buchan, Alastair. “Europe and America: From Alliance to Coalition.” Paris: The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs, 1973.
    Caldwell, Dan. “The Legitimation of the Nixon-Kissinger Grand Design and Grand Strategy.” Diplomatic History 33:4 (September 2009): 633–652.
    Calleo, David P. “The European Coalition in a Fragmenting World.” Foreign Affairs 54 (October 1975): 98–112.
    Chance, James. “The Concert of Europe,” Foreign Affairs 52 (October 1973): 96–108.
    Douglas-Home, Alec. “Our European Destiny.” London: Conservative Group for Europe, 1971.
    Emminger, Otmar. “The D-Mark in the Conflict Between Internal and External Equilibrium, 1948–1975.” Princeton: Essays in International Finance, 1977.
    Goldsborough, James O. “France, The European Crisis and the Alliance.” Foreign Affairs 52 (April 1974): 538–555.
    Gray, William Glenn. “Floating the System: Germany, the United States, and the Breakdown of Bretton Woods, 1969–1973.” Diplomatic History 31, no. 1 (April 2007): 295–323.
    Gueldry, Michel. “La Grande-Bretagne et l’Europe: du pragmatisme insulaire au partenariat sceptique.” L’Europe en formation no. 353–354 (automne-hiver 2009): 93–110.
    Hanhimäki, Jussi M. “Kissinger et l’Europe: entre intégration et autonomie.” Relations Internationales 119 (2004): 319–332.
    Heath, Edward. “Realism in British Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs 48 (October 1969): 39–50.
    Kaiser, Karl. “Europe and America: A Critical Phase.” Foreign Affairs 52 (July 1974): 725–741.
    Kimball, Jeffrey. “The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1 (March 2006): 59–74.
    Ludlow, N. Piers. “The Real Years of Europe? U.S.-West European Relations during the Ford Administration.” Journal of Cold War Studies 15:3 (Summer 2013): 136–161.
    Marhold, Hartmut. “How to Tell the History of European Integration in the 1970s: A Survey of the Literature and Some Proposals.” L’Europe en formation no. 353–354 (automne-hiver 2009): 13–38.
    Ogliastro, Jacques. Le Figaro. June 20, 1974.
    Pinder, John. “Renegotiation: Britain’s Costly Lesson? International Affairs 51 (April 1975): 153–165.
    Rowen, Hobart. “Changes Ahead for the Fed?” Washington Post. August 5, 1976.
    Schmidt, Helmut. “Germany in the Era of Negotiations.” Foreign Affairs 49 (October 1970): 40–50.
    Shuster, Alvin. “Ford and Wilson to Discuss Europe.” The New York Times. January 27, 1975.
    Simonet, Henri. “Energy and the Future of Europe.” Foreign Affairs 53 (April 1975): 450–463.
    Ullman, Richard. “The Covert French Connection.” Foreign Policy 75 (Summer 1989): 3–33.1
    Vaïsse, Maurice. “Les ‘relations spéciales’ franco-américains au temps de Richard Nixon et Georges Pompidou.” Relations Internationales 119 (2004): 345–362.
    Zeiler, Thomas W. “Requiem for the Common Man: Class, the Nixon Economic Shock, and the Perils of Globalization.” Diplomatic History 37:1 (January 2013): 1–23.

    Books

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    Brands, H. W. The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
    Brinkley, Douglas, and Griffiths, Richard T., eds. John F. Kennedy and Europe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
    Bundy, William. A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
    Burk, Kathleen, and Stokes, Melvyn, eds. The United States and the European Alliance since 1945. Oxford: Berg, 1999.
    Butler, David, and Kavanagh, Dennis. The British General Election of February 1974. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974.
    Calleo, David P. The Imperious Economy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
    Carreau, Dominique. Le Système Monétaire International: Aspects Juridiques. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1972.
    Cleveland, Harlan. NATO: The Transatlantic Bargain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
    Cromwell, William C. The United States and the European Pillar: The Strained Alliance. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
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