Index
Locators in italic refer to figures and tables. Locators in bold refer to footnotes.
All-under-Heaven (tianxia 天下):
changing sense of over the course of Han history, 85
facilitation by the transport of Han-style from the peripheries to the central core, 19
as a Han legacy, 2
income claimed by royal houses during the Han era associated with, 158
shared cultural values originating in the Central States associated with, 4
Ames, Roger T., and David L. Hall, , 289
ancestral veneration:
post-burial rites of mourning for parents at Bailu 白鹿, 244
reentry into tombs to make ancestral sacrifices, 245
sacrifices by the emperor at Shanglin Park 上林苑, 248n19
spiritual life of the people aligned with that of the rule, 11
temples built by Wang Mang 王莽 to the south of Chang’an 长安, 56n14
Anderson, Eugene N., 123
Andreeva, Petya, 257
arable land allocation (shoutian 授田) system:
agrarian economy based on,
wards in settlements in newly developed tracts of arable lands, 124
architectural inventory:
architectural technologies introduced in frontier areas,
haptic experience of Chang’an 长安 calibrated by,
at Langya 琅琊,
of Shichengzi 石城子, 146
Baguaying 八卦营:
gender and age profile of its community, 265t8.1
group identity implicated in and reformulated through ritual action, 266
human sacrifice evidenced in graves M3 and M11, 263f8.4,
multi-ethnic attribution of its community, ,
Bailu 白鹿 cemetery tombs:
evidence of migration of peoples from the south, 242
evolution of entryways of, 242
periodization of, 242t7.4
post-burial rites of mourning for parents at, 244
Baines, John, 22n12
bamboo slips:
about Han state taxes recorded on, 183n4
information about localities gleaned from, 52
texts related to rishu 日书 (daybooks), 120n14See also Liye 里耶 – Qin administrative texts from; Shuihudi 睡虎地 (Yunmeng)–; Zhangjiashan 张家山–
bamboo slips – at Yuelu Academy 岳麓书院秦简:
property taxes recorded on slips held, 95
on ward types, 149n3
Barfield, Thomas J., 76
Barth, Fredrik:
Beigong palace 北宫:
construction ordered by Emperor Wu, 34
Bergeton, Uffe, 22n8
boundaries and boundary formation:
Brashier, K. E., on mirrors, 199
bright articles (mingqi 明器):
described in Confucian sources, 233
as indexical of Han ritual practice, 262
painted pottery in Sui’s 遂 collection from tomb M168 at Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 viewed as, 237
bronzes:
“northern metropolitan style” bronzes, 199, 206f6.7See also mirrors; nine tripods; Shanglin Zhongguan 上林锺官
bronzes – minting:
molds for wuzhu coins 五铢钱 found in Linzi’s 临淄 lower town, 57n21
remains at Gaodibao 高低堡 and Wotouzhai 窝头寨, 183n17
at Shanglin Zhongguan 上林锺官,
sites near Wafangzhuang 瓦房庄 in Wan 宛 urban center, 179
at Zhaoluncun 兆倫村 in Huxian 户县, 170
bronzes – rectangular plaques:
plaques with animal motifs associated with agro-pastoral nomadic groups, 203
buckles:
Bunker, Emma C., 256
Cai, Liang 蔡亮, 22n13
Cao Dazhi 曹大志, 120n19
Caoxiecun 草鞋村:
ceramic ware:
ceramic ware – painted pottery:
pigments and color imbricated in the conceptual order of space, 238
from tomb M168 at Fenghuangshan 凤凰山, 237
ceramic ware production:
at Linyi 临猗, 164f5.4,
ceramic ware – stamped pottery, Yue/Viet materials excavated from Panyu 番禺, 68f2.2,
Chang’an 长安:
rolling cloud motif ceramic roof tiles at Chang’an, 39f1.4
as a spatial model that emplaced the center of the empire, 31See also Beigong 北宫 palace; Changle 长乐 (Lasting Happiness) palace; Weiyang 未央宫 (Everlasting Palace)
Chang’an 长安 – capital macro-region:
location in the center of the Guanzhong 关中 basin, 3fi.1
storage center for crops networked with, 18,
Chang’an 长安 – construction and layout of:
haptic experience of its architectural inventory, , 54
maintenance of, 167
market quarter of,
size of, 33
urban–rural continuum of, 36,
wards 里 in, 98
Chang’an 长安–craft production in:
bronze mirror casting in, 172
members of the Han state – not city residents – served by, 170
Chang’an 长安 – Western Market 西市:
paved walkways of, 56n15
Changle 长乐 (Lasting Happiness) palace, 35f1.3
decorative designs on tile-ends of, 41
vessels found in Zhao family tombs associated with, 269
Changsha Kingdom 长沙国:
Nan Commandery 南郡 (Wan 宛) located in, 50f1.8
warfare with the Nanyue Kingdom 南越国, 213n27See also Mawangdui (MWD) – maps dating to 168 bce found at
Chen, Fahu 陈法虎, 57n22
Chengdu 成都:
distribution networks from major centers in the Chengdu 成都 plain, 211
location in the Sichuan 四川 macro-region, 3fI.1
Chu 楚 settlement:
layout and organization of Chu cities, 57n26
Chu 楚 state:
defeat of Yue/Viet 越, 65
fifth–century bce accounts of exchange, 65
jade suits encasing the bodies of kings of, 248n12
Liu Bang’s 刘邦 rewarding of “old” aristocratic families from, 12
Qin state defeat of, 133
regional identity of people with, 282
tombs belonging to kings of, 221
commandery-county-ward system:
circulation of state-produced commodities in frontier settlements associated with, 185
Han self-identity associated with, 283
the jingzhaoyin 京兆尹 (Governor of the Capital) as outside the order of, 31
Linzi’s population impacted by its absorption into, 181
Nanyue brought under the orbit of, ,
self-identity prior to its establishment, 282
commandery-county-ward 郡-县-里 system – wards as a unit of:
administration of, 99
challenges to the management of, 99
in “natural villages,” , 124
wards that have only been minimally researched, 149n5
Confucianism and Confucian texts:
bright articles (mingqi 明器) for disposal in the tomb described in, 233
and the concept of Li, 20
nine tripods recounted in the Zuozhuan 左传, 269 See also Analects; Yili 仪礼 (Book of Etiquette and Ceremonials)
core and periphery:
application to themes of the book, 15
contingency and evolving nature of divisions of, 16
trend toward centralization in lacquerware and textile production, 210
correlative cosmology, 247n4
craft production:
formation of interregional networks in the middle Western Han, 210
pre-Han urban centers, 182
trend toward centralization in lacquerware and textile production, 210See also ceramic ware; Chang’an – craft production in; lacquered vessels and the lacquerware industry; Shanglin Zhongguan 上林锺官; Taicheng 邰城 ironworks; textile industry
craft production – regimes of value:
“buyer’s guides” for steel swords circulated by the state, , , 288
“chengyu” 乘舆 labeling as a schema for value, , 194
demand for proto-porcelains among high-status royals as evidence of, 209
Jiangdong-style 江东 porcelains as evidence of, 209
symbolic meanings ascribed by the Han state, 156
craft production – type 1 workshops:
Shanglin Zhongguan 上林锺官,
craft production – type 2 workshops:
Xue 薛 city iron workshops, 48
Dai Kingdom 代国:
Zhao Tuo 赵陀 as a transplant from Zhending 真定 near, 67
Daodunzi 倒墩子:
group identity implicated in and reformulated through ritual action, 266
material similarities with Xiongnu at Ivolga, 279n8
Dark, K. R., 184n23
daybooks (rishu 日书):
Nongshipian 农事篇 (Chapter of Farming Activities), 101
Demandt, Michèle, on Qin and Han concepts of territoriality, 10
dendritic networks:
imperial exploitation of, 10,
Di Cosmo, Nicola:
Dietler, Michael, 231
Dingxiang 定襄郡, 78f2.5
Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 ce):
ox-drawn farming during, 150n21
private holdings by influential lineages and elites, 95
story of a model official living in the tomb of his parents, 245
Xigoupan 西沟畔 and Dabaodang 大保当 cemeteries, 279n7
Yiwuzhi 异物志 (Chronology of Exotic Items), 133
economic exchange, judgment about self and others reflected by goods of value, 16
farming:
Ren Yan’s 任延 dismissiveness of local cultivation practices, 18
Roman agricultural management, 118n1
farming – agricultural production:
control of storage facilities,
farming – daitian 代田法 (ridge-and-furrow alternation):
at a site related to Yangguan duwei 阳关都尉, 142
farming – intensive farming techniques:
micro-evidence in the soil as an indicator of, 128
Ren Yan 任延 and Xi Guang 锡光’s promotion to the southern frontiers, 137
farming – ox-drawn plowing:
evidence from the middle-late Eastern Han, 150n21
Fenghuangshan 凤凰山:
evidence showing crop production found in cemeteries of, 131
Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 – tomb M8, inscriptions on lacquerware, 213n20
Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 – tomb M10:
inventory of, 235t7.3
Gansu, location of, 141f4.8
Gao Zhimin 高智敏, 22n3
Gaotai 高台 – Lady Yan’s 燕 tomb (M18):
Gaotai 高台, commoner cemeteries in, 234
Ge Jianxion 葛剑雄, 56n18
gender:
elaboration via figurative connections to animals,
horse offerings associated with, 255
profile of Baguaying 八卦营 community, 265t8.1
viewed as a continuum of roles in steppe societies,
Giddens, Anthony, 92
granaries and granary models:
high social value of storage facilities demonstrated by iconography centering on, 103
storage of grains for sustenance in the afterlife, 103f3.3
surveillance of granaries, 18
Great Wall:
Guandong 关东 region:
Guandong 关东 region – production centers:
workshops associated with bronze mirror casting modes, 172
Guanzhong 关中 basin:
Haihun 海昏侯:
Hall, David L., and Roger T. Ames., ,
Han Chinese:
Hanfu 汉服 (“Han Dress” movement), 1
Han dynasty:
Empress Lü Zhi 吕雉 (241–180 bce), 213n27
and the ethnonym “Han,” 1
heqin 和亲 “harmonized kinship” policy, 87n14,
price for iron in Han China compared with pricing in the Roman Empire, 183n8
as a reference point and model for Chinese identity and tradition,
Han dynasty central government – bureaucratic network, 94t3.1
control of storage facilities,
Roman system compared with, 118n1
Han dynasty central government – lesser treasury 少府, 94t3.1, 157, 182n2
income from the iron industry and other manufactures separated from, 158
products of, 168
tax incomes managed by, 93
Han dynasty – state expansion:
civilians encouraged to identify foreign trespassers,
regimes of value ascribed to secular goods, 156
spatial revision of the Han state in the form of new maps, 4
state largesse communicated by objects manufactured by state workshops, 204
system of craft production transformed by. See craft production See also commandery-county-ward system; mass migration
Hanshu 汉书:
on Chao Cuo’s 晁错 policy on the northern frontier, 88n20
on land tax rates, 119n3
on natural disasters during the Western Han period, 121n36
on the Qiang 羌, 279n12
Yan Shigu’s 颜师古 commentary, 212n15
Hanzhong 汉中, 50f1.8
He Xiu’s (何休) annotation for Chunqiu Gongyanzhuang 春秋公羊传, 149n3
Hein, Anke:
on Qin and Han concepts of territoriality, 9
Henan Commandery 河南郡:
blast furnace at, 162f5.2
inscriptions of “heyi” 河一 on iron tools, 178
weapons manufactured at, 171
Hepu Commandery合浦郡:
Caoxiecun 草鞋村 as the location of the capital of, 207
location of, 73f2.4
registered household at the close of the Western Han, 75
Hetao plain 河套:
and food supply for Han military expansion, 107
Han resettlement in new commanderies in, , 78f2.5
as part of the Ordos region, 76
Hexi corridor 河西走廊:
development of agricultural management in, 19,
fan-shaped canal complex in, , 144f4.10
foodways documented in the region, 146
price of a chicken in the first century bce, 183n8
Hou Hanshu 后汉书:
on camels prized by the Xiongnu 匈奴, 280n14
on intermarriage between the Han 汉 and Qiang 羌, 280n16
on the number of households in a ward, 149n3
on wire for jade suits, 248n11See also jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation) – campaign by Ren Yan and Xi Guang cited in the Hou Han shu
Huainanzi 淮南子, on the imposition of Han rituals on non-Han peoples, 253
Huaxia 华夏 identity:
as a cultural identity,
food used to establish Luobowan 罗泊湾 elites as “inner” (Huaxia 华夏) subjects, , , 278
funerary ritual as critical to,
in intragroup dynamics and interpersonal relationships, ,
state-controlled production standardization related to,
Xiongnu 匈奴 politically differentiated from, 84
Yue/Viet 越 distinguished from, 66
Huiyang 惠阳, location of, 73f2.4
identity:
food employed to anchor people’s cultural identities, , , 289
Hanfu 汉服 (“Han Dress” movement), 1
Han self-identity developed in relation to mass migration and communication, 283
identity construction:
judgment about self and others reflected by goods of value, 16
negotiation of, , , 291
prior to the commandery-county-ward system, 282See also Barth, Fredrik; Huaxia 华夏 identity; jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation)
Inner Mongolia 内蒙古, location of, 141f4.8
interpersonal relationships:
and Huaxia 华夏 identity,
and the power of a little literacy,
iron and ironworks:
blast furnaces in the Henan region for smelting from the Qin-Han period, 184n28
“Evaluating Swords” 相劍刀册 and other “evaluation texts,” ,
price for iron in Han China compared with pricing in the Roman Empire, 183n8
at Sangzhi 桑植,
technical practices tied to cross-crafting formations of knowledge, 160
Tieshenggou 铁生沟 ironworks, 178
two-fold meaning of bronze and iron objects for the sovereign, 204
workshop clusters in the Central Plains, 177
iron and ironworks – bloomery iron process
described, 159
iron and ironworks – cast-iron techniques:
defined, 159
foundries in the Central Plains, 160
the Hou Hanshu 后汉书 on Ren Yan’s 任延 promotion of ox-drawn agriculture in Jiuzhen 九真, 123
pyrotechnological knowledge used in, 160
type 1 ironworks at Henan Commandery (Guxingzhen 古荥镇), 161, 178, 184n28See also Taicheng 邰城 ironworks
Jiangling 江陵:
textile products rarely found in, 192
Zhengli linbu 郑里廪部 excavated from Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 M10 in, 95
Jiangxia 江夏 Commandery:
jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation):
jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation) – campaign by Ren Yan 任延 and Xi Guang 锡光 cited in the Hou Hanshu 后汉书:
Huaxia 华夏 virtue modeled for the Yue, 281n24
motivation for their preoccupation with proper hierarchy, 21
process of spatial centering put in motion by, 286
reforming and recasting of “strange and unfamiliar” regions as models of productivity, 64
role for durable goods, 8
Jiaozhi 交趾:
jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation) by Xi Guang 锡光 in, 6
location of, 73f2.4
registered household at the close of the Western Han, 58n30
state control of, 19
Yue societies in, 76
Jin 晋 dynasty (266–420):
historiographic accounts regarding earthly and astrological correlations dating to, 55n8
ironwork in Guantian 官田 dating to, 202
regional identity of people with, 282
Jingzhou 荆州:
array of domestic objects in tombs of, 236f7.6
cemeteries clustered around, 234
location of, 222f7.2
manuscripts related to management of manyi 蛮夷 Hujia caochang 胡家草场简, 151n42See also Fenghuangshan 凤凰山; Gaotai 高台; Songbai 松柏; Zhangjiashan 张家山
Kaogongji 考工记 (Artificer’s Manual):
Five Color scheme described in, 237
on roofing in “Master-builders and carpenters,” 41
Katō Shigeshi 加藤繁, 158
Kelley, Liam, 7
Khatchadourian, Lori, 8
Knappett, Carl, 9
Korolkov, Maxim:
on the Jianghan 江汉 plain and its inhabitants, 50
lacquered vessels and the lacquerware industry:
affordable luxuries with inscriptions,
complexity of production and labor involved, 194
lacquerware from the mausoleum of Liu Fei, 195f6.5,
prized features as a material, 237
from the tomb of Liu He 刘贺 (Marquis of Haihun 海昏侯), 193
workshop stamps on vessels in tomb M168 at Fenghuangshan 凤凰山, 234
Lake Dongting 洞庭湖, location of, 50f1.8
Langya/Langye 琅琊(邪)郡:
architectural inventory,
commandery-county-ward framework of the junxian 郡县 system evidenced by, 45
Emperor Jing’s 景帝 strategy of spatial reworking evidenced by, 48
Li Jingrong 李婧嵘, 250n34
Li Ling 李零, 250n31
Li Xueqin 李学勤, 250n37
Linduff, Katheryn M., 279n6
Lingnan 岭南 macro-region, 3
fruits from,
Han agrarian technologies established in, 18
as an imperial periphery and a hub, , 86
increase in burial sites from the middle to late Western Han, 75
post 111 bce, map of, 73f2.4
as “South of the Nanling Mountains,” 60
as a spatial void on the Mawangdui 马王堆 military map dating to 168 bce, 72
stamped ceramic ware associated with pre-Qin sites in Lingnan, 68f2.2,
Linzi 临淄:
bronze mirror casting in, 180f5.10
Complex No., 5, 46
iron-making locations in, , 180f5.10
Liu Fei’s 刘肥 residence complex in, 46
location of, 3
Xunzi 荀子 based in the Jixia Academy 稷下学社 in, 49
Liu, Cary Y., 33
Liu, Rui 刘瑞, 55n8
Liu Fei 刘非 (168–127 bce):
lacquerware from the mausoleum of, 195f6.5,
Liu Wu 刘戊 (179–141 bce) buried in Xuzhou 徐州, jade suit of, 222
Liye 里耶 – Qin administrative texts from:
farming coordinators described in, 136
household size in county registers recorded in, 87n12
on the locations of storage facilities, 150n19
on the preparation of sacrificial offerings, 257
Qin state administration discussed in, 98
Lu Kingdom 鲁国(汉):
jade suits encasing the bodies of kings of, 248n12
regional identity of people with, 282
tombs belonging to kings of, 221
Luobowan 罗泊湾:
food used to establish Luobowan elites as “inner” (Huaxia) subjects, ,
human sacrifices evidenced at, , 278
location of, 68f2.2
self-representation distinguished from Yue 越 elites, 280n20
Luobowan 罗泊湾 – M1 grave, inscriptions on lacquerware, 213n20
Luobowan 罗泊湾 – M3 grave of a high-status official of the Nanyue Kingdom 南越国:
grain varieties identified, 131
human sacrifices evidenced at, 278
macro-regions, See also Chang’an 长安 – capital macro-region; Lingnan 岭南 macro-region; Nanyang 南阳郡 macro-region; Qi Lu 齐鲁 macro-region; Sichuan 四川 macro-region; Yangzi macro-region
Mancheng 满城:
Maoqinggou 毛庆沟:
Beidi 北狄 and Luofan 楼繁 tribes in the Shiji 史记 associated with, 279n4
grave M5 with “foliage-pattern” bordered plaque enclosing an animal combat scene, 202, 256f8.2, , 258
grave M55, 256f8.2,
horse sacrifices at, 255
location of, 254f8.1
Shelach’s analysis of graves at, 279n5
mass migration – settler colonialism:
Han and non-Han identities in the funerary sphere,
Han expansion into the Ordos and Lingnan region, ,
regions outside the arable zone with adequate rainfall, 142
spatial formation around water and arable land, 63, , , 284See also arable land allocation (shoutian 授田) system
Mawangdui 马王堆 (MWD):
“calculation and arts” shushu 数术 literature, 250n35
continuation of this-world in the afterlife perpetuated in, 231
evidence showing crop production found in cemeteries of, 131
tomb M3 at, millet and rice grain identified from, 131
Mawangdui 马王堆 (MWD) – lacquerware, inscriptions on,
Mawangdui 马王堆 (MWD) – Lady Dai’s tomb (M1):
painted black and red earthenware, 233
textiles, , 188f6.1
Mawangdui 马王堆 (MWD) – maps dating to 168 bce, found at, 53f1.9
rare presentation of boundaries provided by, 60
Mawangdui 马王堆 (MWD) – lacquerware, inscriptions on,
Miller, Allison R.:
on stone as a building material for tombs, 222
mourning practices:
blurring of cultural and ethnic boundaries, 253, ,
Confucius on,
as a mode of social demonstration and intervention for a better future, 20
pathways for non-elites to engage with eschatological practices, 245See also ancestral veneration; “Statutes on Burials” 葬律 at Shuihudi 睡虎地
Nan Commandery (Wan 宛城):
household registers from a tomb in, 125
location in the Changsha Kingdom 长沙国, 50f1.8
Qin 秦 state restrictions on agricultural oxen raised in, 117
Nanling 南岭 (Southern Mountains):
Li 漓 River flowing south of, 67
Lingnan region as “South of the Nanling Mountains,” 60
restoration of overland passes, , 267
Nanyang 南阳郡 macro-region – commercial center of Wan, 50f1.8
Nanyue 南越:
early Western Han administration of, 54,
high-ranking officials buried at Luobowan 罗泊湾 cemetery, 270, 271f8.6, 272See also Shixiongshan 狮雄山; Zhao 赵 family
networks and network thinking:
identification of pericentric forces and networks, , 60
of large-scale storage facilities alongside the Yellow River Valley, 111See also craft production – workshop clusters; dendritic networks; Han dynasty central government – bureaucratic network; interpersonal relationships; junxian 郡县 system; organizing amity; spatial networks and nodal points; transportation networks; water supply – irrigation canals
nine tripods:
foundation myths linked to the possession of, 269
Zhongtu 中土 grains and meats served in, 272
Noreña, Carlos F., 23n19
northern and southern frontiers:
Ordos 鄂尔多斯 region:
“animal combat” buckles, , 278n2
walls built by Qin Shihuang 秦始皇 and Qin Zhaowang 秦昭王, 61f2.1, 62, 76See also Hetao 河套 plain; Xiongnu 匈奴
organizing amity:
exemplified by Zhao Mo’s 赵眛 navigation of kin and political relations, 288
funerals as venues for carrying out the work of,
Panyu 蕃(番)禺 (modern-day Guangzhou):
Chang’an as its model, 17
coastal orientation of, 279n4
“double-F” pattern on ceramic vessels, 68f2.2
established as the capital by Zhao Tuo 赵陀, 65
tile-ends on government and court buildings, 68f2.2
tomb building associated with its construction, 267
Yue/Viet 越 materials excavated from Panyu 番禺, 68f2.2
Pauketat, Timothy, 28
Pines, Yuri:
on the shape of “Chinese culture,” 5
Poo, Mu-chou 蒲慕洲, 281n23
production centers:
ambiguous evidence for local bronze manufacturing in the Hexi 河西 corridor
bronze mirror casting in Chang’an 长安, 172
bronze mirror casting in Linzi City 临淄, 172
producer–consumer interactions in the context of pericentric networks, 9
standardization related to state-control of production,
Qi 齐 Kingdom:
clay seals from the Central Court found in Linzi’s 临淄 lower town, 57n21
Liu Bang’s 刘邦 rewarding of “old” aristocratic families from, 12
Qi Lu 齐鲁 macro-region, 3
Qian, Mu 钱穆, 17
Qin 秦 dynasty – Chang’an during:
Qin 秦 dynasty – emperors – Shihuang 秦始皇 (“First Emperor”), 2
pyramidal mound construction of mausoleums introduced by, 219
Qinghai 青海, location of, 141f4.8
Ren Yan 任延. See jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation) – campaign by Ren Yan 任延and Xi Guang 锡光 cited in the Hou Hanshu 后汉书
rice paddies – paddy field models:
rice paddies, slash-and-burn farming 火耕水耨 contrasted with, 130
later Eastern Han period dating of, 137
subdivison into multiple sections evidenced on, , 138f4.7
rites and rituals (li 礼):
employment by the Han to restore and unify people’s moral convictions, 11,
li 礼 as a concept, 20See also ancestral veneration; daybooks (rishu 日书); mourning practices; sacrifice and sacrificial offerings; Yili 仪礼 (Book of Etiquette and Ceremonials)
Rome and the Roman empire:
agricultural management, 118n1
Chang’an’s 长安 size compared with Rome, 33
expansionism of, 5
price for iron in Han China compared with, 183n8
standardization of material goods, 166
roof tiles:
eaves tiles at Langyatai 琅琊台 compared with those at Chang’an, 45
iconographic images of families sitting under tiled buildings, 103f3.3
the Kaogongji 考工记 on, 41
from the Linyi 临猗 ceramic workshop, 165
produced in the Western Market 西市 are a of Chang’an 长安, 46
roof tiles – tile-ends:
on government and court buildings in Panyu 番禺, 68f2.2
yunqi 云气(纹) (“clouds and air circulation,” 39f1.4
Rosenzweig, M. S., and J. M. Marston, 147
Runan 汝南郡, location of, 50f1.8
sacrifice and sacrificial offerings:
buildings associated with sacrifice and worship at the mausoleum of Emperor Xuan 宣帝, 219
escalation in the materiality of, 21
rectangular sacrificial pits at Yangling 阳陵 mausoleum, 105
ritual offerings to Xiannong 祠先农 (Diety of Farming), , 120n16
sacrifice and sacrificial offerings – human sacrifice:
at Baguaying 八卦营 (graves M3 and M11), 263f8.4,
in the official’s tomb at Luobowan 罗泊湾, 278
among steppe and Yue/Viet people, 21
as a Yue/Viet 越 practice, 21,
sacrificial goods:
of the lesser treasury 少府, 157
national storage facility at Ganquancang 甘泉仓 used to supply royal sacrificial rituals, 110
Sahlins, Marshall, 5
Sahlins, Peter, 86n1
Said, Edward, 124
Sandaohao 三道壕 (in Liaoning Province):
Sandaoying 三道营, 78f2.5
Sanft, Charles:
on practical texts,
on the role of social networks in the constitution of power in early China, 10
Sanyangzhuang 三杨庄 village:
anthropogenic environment of, 117
evidence of growing wheat in rotation, 122n48
site of, 134f4.3
Scheidel, Walter, 183n7
Scott, James, 18
Seidel, Anna, 245
Shanglin Zhongguan 上林锺官:
bronze vessels and other prestige items cast at, 170
coin minting at,
location of, 163f5.3
organization associated with Wang Mang’s 王莽 reign, 171
Shanyu 单于, and Han heqin 和亲 “harmonized kinship” diplomacy, 87n14,
Shiji 史记:
Maoqingguo 毛庆沟 population associated with Beidi 北狄 and Luofan 楼繁 tribes described in, 279n4
on the population of Linzi 临淄, 46
reference to “Chang’an Xianyang 长安咸阳,” 36
on the sealing of Wendi’s 文帝 tomb, 247n7
towns mentioned in, 3
on Xiongnu 匈奴 acquisition of Han things,
on Xiongnu 匈奴 attire, 203
on the Yuezhi 月氏, 279n12
Shuihudi 睡虎地 (Yunmeng) – bamboo texts:
statutes of marketplace, 96
“Statutes on Stables and Parks,” 117
Shuofang 朔方郡, 78f2.5
Siba 四坝 and Xindian 辛店 cultures:
burials at Baguaying 八卦营 with material components of, 264
Qiang associated with, 262
Yuezhi 月氏 associated with, 280n12
spatial networks and nodal points:
county units as interstitial nodes within wider economic networks, 49
Emperor Jing’s 景帝 strategy of spatial reworking, 48
perspective on empire of, , 17
spatial formation of settler communities around water and arable land, 63, , , 284See also boundaries and boundary formation; dendritic networks; junxian 郡县 system
Spring and Autumn Annals (Lüshi Chunqiu 吕氏春秋). See Lüshi Chunqiu (Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals)
state activism:
Han state registration system associated with,
managerial dimensions of state power as the focus of, 13
“Statutes on Burials” at Shuihudi 睡虎地
compliance of Lady Dai’s tomb with, 230
targeting of funerals of liehou 列侯 (All-Penetrating Marquis) nobility, 228
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman, 28
Sterckx, Roel, 138
stilt houses 干栏式建筑:
models of ceramic stilt houses in burials, , 136f4.6
as storage facilities, , 136f4.5
Yue/Viet 越 associated with, 66
storage facilities:
danti jianzhu 单体建筑, 136f4.6bottom
grains stored in, 102
storage center for crops networked with the Chang’an–capital macro-region, 18,
transportation networks linked to, 103
walled compound with storage facilities at Liye, , 135f4.4See also granaries and granary models; stilt houses
Sun Wenbo 孙闻博, 22n3
Sun Zhongshan 孙中山 (Sun Yat-Sen), 2
Taicheng 邰城 ironworks:
textile industry:
of the Chu 楚 State, 189
contribution to the state fiscal system,
pattern looms (tihuaji 提花机),
small-scale household production, 192
transportation networks evidenced by the emergence of imperial production centers, 192
treadle-operated looms depicted on pictorial bricks, 191
warp-faced tabby 锦, 188f6.1,
tomb offerings:
consumption practices related to, 8
judgment about self and others reflected by goods of value, 16See also lacquered vessels and the lacquerware industry; mirrors
transportation networks:
circulation of local-style bronzes facilitated by, , 211
development of riverine and coastal nodes for water transport, 17
development of the “Southeast Asian Maritime Zone,” 74
evidenced by the emergence of imperial textile production centers, 192
integration of the kingdoms and commanderies by canal and river systems, 112See also water supply – irrigation canals
time-space coordination of, 113
urbanization:
haptic experience of Chang’an 长安 calibrated by its architectural inventory, , 54
impact of the urban–rural continuum on,
remaking of urban–rural spaces in the Guandong region, , 44f1.6
spatial reworking of the wider capital region, 54, , 45See also Chang’an; junxian 郡县 system; Langya 琅琊; Linzi 临淄; spatial networks and nodal points
Van Oyen, Astrid, 166
Wafangzhuang 瓦房庄 ironworks:
bore-iron remains, 161
location of, , 180f5.10
multi-crafting at, 176
production procedures,
as a remelting center, 176
Wang, Eugene, 212n6
Wang Mang 王莽 (r. 9–23 ce):
exiling of political opponents against Wang Mang’s 王莽 family, 149n8
Shanglin 上林 workshop associated with his reign, 171
Wangcheng settlement 王城(WC):
Han style tombs outside the walls of, 75
location of, 73f2.4
wall-building techniques at Cổ Loa compared with, 138
water supply – irrigation canals:
Bai 白 canal, 109
Baoxie 褒斜 Canal, 108
in Chang’an 長安,
fan-shaped canal complex in the Hexi corridor, , 144f4.10
integration of the kingdoms and commanderies by the canal and river systems, 112
Liufu 六辅 canal, 109
opening of arable tracts to support Han expansion,
Weiyang 未央宫 (Everlasting Palace):
structures in Linzi 临淄 (Complex No. 5) compared with, 46
Western Han dynasty (206 bce–9 ce) – early (206 bce–141 bce):
administration of regions under Nanyue Kingdom’s 南越国 control, 54
Maoqinggou 毛庆沟 analyzed by Gideon Shelach, 279n5
Nanyue 南越 (219–111 bce) graves, 274t8.2
ox-drawn plowing adopted as early as, 115
as a phase of recuperation,
Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – early – middle (c. 127 bce), imperial control of the Northern Zone, 62
Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – middle – late (141 bce – 9 ce)
formation of interregional production networks during, 210
Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – middle – late (141 bce – 9 ce) – Phase 2 (Emperor Wu 141–87 bce):
Bailu 白鹿 cemetery tombs, 230f7.4
evolution of entryways of Bailu 白鹿 tombs, 242
graves sealed shut at Bailu 白鹿, 251n41
mid-Western Han (111–33 bce) graves, 274t8.2
Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – middle – late (141 bce – 9 ce) – Phase 3 (reigns of Emperors Zhao and Xuan 87–49 bce):
Bailu 白鹿 cemetery tombs, 230f7.4
graves sealed shut at Bailu 白鹿, 251n41
incorporation of long sloping passageways to tomb entrances, 242
Western Han dynasty – Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 bce):
land taxes during the reign of, 95
sealing of his tomb, 247n7
strategy of spatial reworking, 46
Western Han dynasty – Emperor Jing 景帝 (157–141 bce):
palatial precinct constructed for Liu Yu (Prince Gong), 48
Western Han – Emperor Wu 武帝 (r. 141–87 bce):
Han state expansion during, 4
land taxes during the reign of, 119n3
Western Han – Emperor Zhao 昭帝 (r. 87–74 bce):
Discourses on Iron and Salt 盐铁论, 193
weaving skills of Zhang Anshi’s 张安世 wife, 187, 190See also Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – middle – late (141 bce – 9 ce) – Phase 3 (Reigns of Emperors Zhao and Xuan 87–49 bce)
Western Han – Emperor Xuan 宣帝 (r. 74–49 bce):
buildings associated with sacrifice associated with the mausoleum of, 219
expansion of fortifications in frontier regions, 140See also Western Han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce) – middle-late (141 bce – 9 ce) – Phase 3 (Reigns of Emperors Zhao and Xuan 87–49 bce)
Western Han – Emperor Yuan 元帝 (r. 49–33 bce):
reduction in grain transported to the capital during his reign, 121n43
Western Han – Emperor Ping 平帝 (r. 9 bce – 6 ce)
population in the northwestern and northern frontiers during, 150n32
students and scholars studying in Chang’an 长安 during, 121n38
Western Han – Phase 4 (post Emperor Xuan 宣帝 49 bce – 9 ce), tombs at Bailu 白鹿 cemetery, 230f7.4, 242t7.4
Winichakul, Thongchai, 86n1
workshops. See ceramic ware; craft production – workshop clusters; iron and ironworks; production centers
Wuwei 武威:
Han-style bronze mirrors found in Han tombs, 202
Wuyuan 五原郡, 78f2.5
Xi Guang 锡光. See jiaohua 教化 (teaching and transformation) – campaign by Ren Yan 任延and Xi Guang 锡光 cited in the Hou Hanshu 后汉书
Xianggangshan 象岗山, tomb of Nanyue King 南越王 (Zhao Mo 赵眜). See Zhao family – Zhao Mo (King of Nanyue [r. 137 – 122 bce])
Xinjiang 新疆:
archaeobotanical remains from, 146
desert conditions in, 142
development of state-sponsored farming in,
Xiongnu 匈奴 burial sites:
location near former burial grounds of the Rong 戎, Di 狄, and Hu 胡, 254f8.1, 254See also Baguaying 八卦营; Daodunzi 倒墩子; Maoqinggou 毛庆沟; Mozuizi 磨咀子; Shuiquanzi 水泉子
Xiongnu 匈 奴polity:
farming settlements in the Lake Dai basin, , 254f8.1
gold buckle representing steppe identity, 203, , 266, 279n10See also Qiang; Siba 四坝 and Xindian 辛店 cultures
Xiyu 西域 (Western Regions):
defensive structure in the Tarim 塔里木 basin, 82
protectorate (xiyu duhu fu 西域都护府) governance system, 85
Xunzi 荀子, on inhabitants of Chu and Yu,
Yang Xiong 杨雄, on Zhongguo 中国,
Yangchun 阳春, 73f2.4
Yangzi macro-region, 3f1.1
evidence showing crop production found in cemeteries of, 131
Yantielun 盐铁论 (Discourses on Iron and Salt):
debate about the monopoly of salt and iron supplies during the reign of Emperor Zhao, 193
on the exchange of commodities, 185
products from state-controlled workshops compared with those of small-household workshops, 184n26
towns mentioned in, 3
Yili 仪礼 (Book of Etiquette and Ceremonials):
on inventories of grave goods, 227
sumptuary rules in, 224
Yoffee, Norman, 22n12
Yue 越/Viet:
as ethnically distinguished from the Han, 66
fiber prescribed for Han mourning dress of, 253
human sacrifice practiced by, 21,
interactions with Central Plains states, 65
regional coalition brokered by Zhao Tuo 赵陀,
rice farming by, 284
Yunmeng 云梦县:
Zhangjiashan 张家山 – manuscript collection:
“calculation and arts” shushu 数术 literature, 250n35
on Han state taxes imposed on natural resources, 183n4
“Statutes on Household 户律,” 96
Zouyanshu 奏谳书 (Book of submitted doubtful cases), 151n42
Zhangjiashan 张家山, commoner cemeteries in, 234
Zhao 赵 family:
funerary rites introduced to Nanyue 南越, 267
interactions with the Han court, 87n8
and Liu Bang 刘邦’s rewarding of “old” aristocratic families, 10
political credibility of,
workshops or casting bronze bells supported by, 198
Zhao family – Zhao Tuo 赵佗 (King of Nanyue 南越王 [205–137 bce]):
criticized by the Han court for forsaking Han attire, 272
regional Yue/Viet coalition brokered by,
war with the Changsha Kingdom 长沙国, 213n27
Zhao family – Zhao Mo 赵眜 (King of Nanyue [r. 137–122 bce]):
“organizing amity” illustrated in his navigation of kin and political relations, 288
Zheng Xuan 郑玄, annotation for Liji zhushu 礼记注疏, 149n3
Zhongguo 中国 (Central States):
issues of identity and difference associated with,
landscaping the space of sovereignty,
material correspondences relating to, 286
problems raised by translations of, 282
Yang Xiong on,
Zhongshan 中山国(汉) (Mancheng 满城, Hebei):
outer or inner status of rulers of, 270
tomb of Liu Sheng 刘胜 (King of Zhongshan), 223f7.3
Zhongshan 中山国(汉) – Dou Wan 窦绾 (c. 118–104 bce):
tomb of, 224
Zhou, Ligang 周立刚, 245
Zhoujiazhai 周家台
evidence showing crop production found in cemeteries of, 131
grave inventory of M247, 238
location of, 222f7.2
Zhuangzi 庄子 on northerners exiled to Yue, 275
