Figures
F.2The six product phases with the last three occurring simultaneously
1.6Conceptions that are used in different disciplines but that come close to each other with regard to their meaning. The concepts are vertically organized by time of appearance and horizontally by sequence or gradient
1.7Hierarchic order of some of the conceptions presented in Figure 1.6. The concepts are vertically organized by time scale and measure of detail and horizontally by sequence of appearance
1.8A comparison of the building blocks in the biological- and the “product-world”
1.9An example of the first electric shavers by Philips/Norelco shows how items “variate” (“mutate”) separately
2.2The telephone network system as a nested hierarchy consisting of a system, subsystem, and components. In this perspective, the telephone is a first-order subsystem
2.4The dual-tone, multi-frequency matrix, and the push-button keypad
2.8The electric bicycle for which designs compete for dominance in subsystems motor (A, B, C) and battery (1, 2, 3)
3.1The evolution of Australian aboriginal weapons according to Pitt-Rivers
3.2a) Picture from a book by Linnaeus in which plant leaves are organized by their physical characteristics. b) Finches as Darwin encountered them in the Galapagos. c) Note by Darwin on his idea for the evolutionary tree structure
3.3Two versions of the tree of life. Left: Linnaean classification (1738), right: phylogenetic tree of life by Woese (1977)
4.2Using the PED to explore the solution space for future products
5.1The (marketing) product life cycle (M-PLC) according to Levitt (Reference Levitt1965)
5.2A more recent version of the marketing product life cycle (M-PLC) with the profitability curve of a product
5.4Investing in design-centric companies compared with investing in the S&P 500
5.5A fictional example of the use of the model to determine the solution space for future products based on the product phases and the product phase characteristics
5.6An overview of how the 10 product phase characteristics describe the six product phases
6.1Fragment of the patent for an electric shaver by Jacob Schick
6.5An electric shaver from Braun in which special attention was paid to tactile aspects. The shaver was equipped with rechargeable batteries for wireless shaving (around 1980)
6.6The Beautiphil, the first Philips shaver for women (1951)
6.8Philips Sensotec, available in several colors, with rechargeable batteries for wireless shaving (2003 range)
6.9Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, the first commercially available mobile phone
6.10Growth (worldwide) of the number of mobile phones compared to the number of fixed lines
6.15The introduction of the iPhone led to a new dominant design for mobile phones (smartphones)
6.19The quasi-linear development of the bicycle according to Bijker
6.20The evolution of the bicycle between 1800 and 1900 according to Van Nierop and colleagues (Reference Nierop, van, Blankendaal and Overbeeke1997)
6.21Using a time-mapped PEST analysis to depict drivers of product evolution
6.22A selection of problems and solutions of the bicycle in its early development phases to illustrate its evolutionary character
6.28Spherical houses (“Bolwoningen”) built in ‘s-Hertogenbosch in 1985
6.29The number of owner-occupied houses compared to the number of social houses built in Brussels between 1989 and 2004
6.30a) Two (originally identical) housing blocks in Enschede b) and what people did to individualize them
6.33Revenues of tourism in billion dollars between 1950 and 2008
6.37The “winter sun” and “faraway destinations” guide for the season 1981–1982
6.38Facade of the “China shop King Ape” in Amsterdam in 1993; then a small travel agency specializing in China, Vietnam, and Cambodia, nowadays an agency with many “faraway” destinations
7.2Product evolution diagram of most common types of electric lighting technologies
7.5A selection from the range of envelope shapes and sizes offered for incandescent lamps
7.6The Philips SL 18 compared with the incandescent GLS and modern CFL
7.7Development of global CFLi production volumes as share of GLS demand
7.9Left: the first 60 W bulb by Philips awarded the L-Prize in 2009 by the US Department of Energy; right: the Philips Hue introduced in 2012
7.11Product evolution diagram combining the CFL product family tree, showing standard and exotic types, as well as price and performance development
7.15CFL shop price development over time in the Netherlands as published by Consumentenbond
7.16CFL efficacy development over time in which the last two years include the GLS halogen incandescent lamp and the GLS LED bulb
8.1Development of car ownership in the United States and Western Europe
8.4Prototype of the first rearward-facing CRS tested in 1964
8.5The Tot Guard introduced by the Ford Motor Company in 1968
8.7The Storchenmühle CRS “Jet SM 12,” 1967 clamped between the backrest and seat
8.9Baby carrier and car seat patent 4,231,612 filed in September 1978 by Paul K. Meeker. An earlier version was filed in 1977
8.10The Dyn-O-Mite was imported into Europe and sold as the first Maxi-Cosi
8.12The safe fit belt adapter designated unsafe by Consumentenbond
8.13The Maxi-Cosi Pebble above a Maxi-Cosi FamilyFix base with light and sound controls for correct installation and semi-universal Isofix
8.18The relation between the product family tree and the ecosystem
8.19The three products that were compared left to right: BeSafe iZi Combi X3, Cybex Sirona, Maxi-Cosi 2wayPearl
8.20Solution space for BeSafe based on the product phases and the product phase characteristics
8.22Design sketches aimed at creating a friendly, reliable, natural, and classy shape and looking for emotional benefits
9.6Solution space for Nike based on the product phases and the product phase characteristics
9.7(Simplified) product family tree of the Nike basketball shoes
9.13Nike Signature Shoes including the new design created by Michel
10.6An overview of the aspects that involve consumer response to product visual form according to Crilly and colleagues
10.9The diffusion of innovations and types of adopter associated with different adoption levels according to Rogers (1995)
10.10The number of products sold (horizontal) versus their price (vertical) in three periods (horizontal)
