Gravity flow on steep slope

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511920196.011

10 - Gravity flow on steep slope

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2012

Edited by

Claudia Cenedese and

Christophe Ancey: Affiliation:
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
Eric P. Chassignet: Affiliation:
Florida State University
Claudia Cenedese: Affiliation:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
Jacques Verron: Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble

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Summary

Introduction

Particle-laden, gravity-driven flows occur in a large variety of natural and industrial situations. Typical examples include turbidity currents, volcanic eruptions, and sand-storms (see Simpson 1997 for a review). On mountain slopes, debris flows and snow avalanches provide particular instances of vigorous dense flows, which have special features that make them different from usual gravity currents. Those special features include the following:

They belong to the class of non-Boussinesq flows since the density difference between the ambient fluid and the flow is usually very large, whereas most gravity currents are generated by a density difference of a few percent.
Whereas many gravity currents are driven by pressure gradient and buoyancy forces, the dynamics of flows on slope are controlled by the balance between the gravitational acceleration and dissipation forces. Understanding the rheological behavior of particle suspensions is often of paramount importance when studying gravity flows on steep slope.

This chapter reviews some of the essential features of snow avalanches and debris flows. Since these flows are a major threat to human activities in mountain areas, they have been studied since the late 19th century. In spite of the huge amount of work done in collecting field data and developing flow-dynamics models, there remain great challenges in understanding the dynamics of flows on steep slope and, ultimately, in predicting their occurrence and behavior. Indeed, these flows involve a number of complications such as abrupt surge fronts, varying free and basal surfaces, and flow structure that changes with position and time.

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Type: Chapter
Information: Buoyancy-Driven Flows , pp. 372 - 432

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920196.011 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2012

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