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24 - Global Biogeography

from Part V - Terrestrial Plant Ecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2015

Gordon Bonan
Gordon Bonan
Affiliation:
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
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Summary

Chapter Summary

The structure and composition of vegetation and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, which at a local scale are shaped by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture, are also influenced by global climate. This is seen in the biogeography of vegetation and in the global carbon cycle. The geographic distribution of biomes closely correlates with temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, and so, too, do annual net primary production and decomposition rates. Long-term changes in climate alter the biogeography and functioning of Earth's ecosystems. Global models of the terrestrial biosphere provide a quantitative framework to understand planetary ecology and the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the climate system.

Plant Geography

The broad influence of climate on macroscale ecology is evident when the complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities and ecosystems are reduced to a few biomes, or broad classes of vegetation (e.g., forest, grassland, shrubland, or desert). The natural vegetation of Earth has a distinct geographic pattern that corresponds to climate zones (Figure 2.4). The close correspondence between climate zones and biomes is readily apparent because climate zones such as tropical savanna, tropical rainforest, and tundra are named after vegetation (Table 6.1).

Tropical evergreen forests (tropical rainforests) are the dominant vegetation in hot, wet equatorial regions of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia. In these regions, monthly temperatures are warm year-round, precipitation is abundant, and there is little seasonal variation in temperature or rainfall. Annual production is high. Trees are tall, often higher than 30 m, and form a thick canopy of broadleaf evergreen leaves through which little sunlight penetrates. The warm, wet conditions are optimal for decomposition so that little litter accumulates on the forest floor. Climate corresponds to the tropical rainforest zone (Figure 6.1). In tropical regions that are warm year-round but have a dry season, tropical deciduous forests are common. These drought-deciduous trees lose their leaves during the dry season. They are smaller than their rainforest counterparts and have less dense canopy coverage.

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Ecological Climatology
Concepts and Applications
 , pp. 422 - 450
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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  • Global Biogeography
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
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  • Global Biogeography
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
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  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200.025
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  • Global Biogeography
  • Gordon Bonan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book: Ecological Climatology
  • Online publication: 05 November 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200.025
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