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THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, COUNTERINSURGENCY, AND IRAQ'S FIRST BAʿTHIST REGIME

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

Weldon C. Matthews
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Abstract

This article explores the relationship between the administration of President John F. Kennedy and the Arab Baʿth Socialist Party's first regime in Iraq from February to November 1963. It demonstrates that Kennedy administration officials had adopted a paradigm of modernization through which they believed recently decolonized countries could achieve high-consumption economies with democratic governments. Because this process appeared threatened by communist-supported insurgencies, the administration developed a doctrine of counterinsurgency, which entailed support for the repressive capacities of developing states. Administration officials regarded the Iraqi Baʿth Party as an agent of Iraq's modernization and of anticommunist counterinsurgency. They consequently cultivated supportive relationships with Baʿthist officials, police commanders, and members of the party's militia, despite the regime's wide-scale human rights violations. The American relationship with militia members began before the coup that brought the Baʿthists to power, and Baʿthist police commanders involved in the coup were trained in the United States.

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International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , November 2011 , pp. 635 - 653
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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References

NOTES

Author's note: I thank Beth Baron, Sara Pursley, and three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and corrections and Oakland University for a faculty research grant, which made this article possible.

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63 Ibid., 122.

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80 Riddleberger (ICA, Washington) to Baghdad embassy 9 and 16 February 1961, and Labouisse (ICA, Washington) to Baghdad Embassy, 3 March 1961, RG 286, Operations Division, Africa, Near East, South Asia, Subject File, box 62, IRAQ–IPS, NACP. See also other airgams in this file for names of additional officers trained in the U.S. in 1961.

81 House of Representatives Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, Investigation of Publication of Select Committee on Intelligence Report, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976, 675. See also Agee, Phillip, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York: Bantam Books, 1975), 474Google Scholar, 478, 492, 633; Huggins, Political Policing, 88–90.

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83 “Fact Sheet on Iraq.”

84 Riddleberger to Baghdad embassy, 11 February 1961, RG 286, Operations Division Africa Near East South Asia, Subject File, box 62, IRAQ–IPS, NACP; F. Gulick, “IRAQ—Western-Trained Officials,” 9 April 1963, RG 59, Lot File 66 D 470, box 1, AID 10, NACP.

85 Al-Munharifun, 169. See also Saʿid, ʿIraq 8 Shubat, 145.

86 “Al-Shurta ʿAmalat maʿa al-Thawra qabla Inbithaqiha” (The Police Worked with the Revolution before Its Outbreak), al-Jamahir 10, 22 February 1963, 3. For more on his arrest and its date, see al-Fukayki, Awkar al-Hazima, 190–91; “Hazim Jawad” (undated), RG 59, Lot File 66 D 470, box 1, POL–POL15–2, NACP. The director general is referred to by Saʿid and in al-Munharifun as Ahmad Amin Mahmud and by Fukayki and in al-Jamahir as Ahmad Amin. These all certainly refer to the same person. Riddleberger refers to a “Mahmood,” who may be the same person, in his airgram to the Baghdad embassy, 11 February 1961, RG 286, Operations Division, Africa, Near East, South Asia, Subject File, box 62, IRAQ–IPS, NACP.

87 Al-Munharifun, 169; F. Gulick, “IRAQ—Western-Trained Officials”; Riddleberger to Baghdad embassy, 11 February 1961, RG 286, Operations Division Africa Near East South Asia, Subject File, box 62, IRAQ–IPS, NACP; “Fact Sheet on Iraq.”

88 F. Gulick, “IRAQ—Western-Trained Officials.”

89 Embassy to Department of State, 10 September 1961 (sic, misdated), and Northrop H. Kirk to Department of State, 9 July 1963 and enclosure dated 6 July 1963, RG 59, box 3945, POL 23, NACP.

90 Kennelly to Mr. and Mrs. Clyde Phelps, 8 July 1958, RG 286, Operations Division, Africa, Near East, South Asia, Subject File, box 62, IRAQ–IPS, NACP.

91 Embassy to State Department, 10 September 1961 (sic, misdated), box 3945, POL 23 IRAQ, NACP.

92 Department of State, Agency for International Development, Class Book: Senior Class, International Police Academy, December 1, 1963–February 28, 1964, 13, RG 59, Lot File 68 D 541, box 5, Special Group (CI), 5/28/64–7/10/64, NACP.

93 “Kifah Shurtat al-Najada didd Aʿidaʾ al-Thawra” (Struggle of the Emergency Police against Enemies of the Revolution), al-Jamahir 12, 24 February 1963, 3.

94 Minutes of the Meeting of the Special Group (CI), 8 August 1963, RG 286, OPS, Office of the Director, 7–2, Special Group (CI) Meetings August 1963, NACP.

95 “Tentative Agenda Items for Future Special Group (CI) Meetings,” 15 November 1963, NSF, Robert W. Komer, box 414, Counterinsurgency Special Group 7/62–11/63, JFKL; Guy A. Lee to Maechling, 20 January 1964, RG 59, Lot File 66 D 470, box 2, POL 23, NACP; memorandum for Governor Harriman, 9 October 1963, RG 59, Lot File 68 D 451, box 3, Special Group (CI) 8/8/63–10/31/63, NACP; Philips Talbot to the Special Group (CI), (undated), RG 59, Lot File 68 D 451, box 3, Special Group (CI) 8/8/63–10/31/63, NACP.

96 Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 1018–1031.

97 Minutes of the Meeting of the Special Group (CI), 6 March 1964, RG 286, OPS, Office of the Director, box 6, IPS 7–2 Special Group CI Meetings March 1964, NACP.

98 John D. Jernegan, “Iraq Internal Defense Plan,” 3 March 1964, RG 59, box 2340, POL 23–1 IRAQ, NACP.

99 Guy A. Lee to Roger Davies et al., 24 December 1963, RG 59, Lot File 66 D 470, box 1, POL 32, NACP.

100 Lee to Raymond Hare, 6 October 1965, RG 59, Lot File 75 D 175, box 1, U.S. Policy—Counterinsurgency Task Force—2, NACP.

101 “Businessman's Discussion with President on U.S. Role in Iraq,” 30 June 1964, RG 59, Lot 66 D 470, box 3, POL IRAQ-U.S., NACP.

102 Strong to State Department, 3 December 1963, RG 59, box 3955, POL 12 IRAQ, NACP.

103 Henebry to the State Department, 1 April 1965, RG 59, box 2338, POL 13 IRAQ, NACP.