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Word-Meaning Variation in English Have-Sentences: The Impact of Cognitive vs. Social Factors on Individuals' Linguistic Context-Sensitivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Muye Zhang ,
María Mercedes Piñango  and
Ashwini Deo
Muye Zhang*
Affiliation:
Yale University
María Mercedes Piñango*
Affiliation:
Yale University
Ashwini Deo*
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University
*
[muye.zhang@aya.yale.edu]
[maria.pinango@yale.edu]
[deo.13@osu.edu]
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Abstract

We investigate the role of two possible sets of factors, cognitive and social, in modulating an individual's linguistic context-sensitivity: the capacity of a neurocognitive system to identify information in a communicative context that satisfies the meaning requirements of a given expression in that context. We assess whether the degree of contextual facilitation of an otherwise dispreferred reading of an English have-sentence is correlated with domain-general cognitive factors—by using the AUTISM-SPECTRUM QUOTIENT (AQ) to index an individual's ‘autistic-like’ traits—and/or with social factors associated with gender expression—by using participants' gender group.

Acceptability ratings (n = 271) for a dispreferred but plausible locative reading were significantly higher only after the facilitatory context, suggesting that relevant context can modulate the acceptability of different readings of a have-sentence. Crucially, the degree of facilitation correlates with participants' AQ scores, but not gender group, directly implicating cognitive variability in linguistic context-sensitivity differences, and leaving open the question of individual-level variability arising from social factors. Our findings are consistent with a model of language variation in which individuals with certain cognitive styles implement their grammatical knowledge at a larger ‘communicative scope’ than others, thereby inducing novel usage patterns of existing variants in their speech community.

Keywords

sentence comprehensioncontextual modulationindividual differencesmeaning variationcognitive styleautism quotientgender

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 98 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 123 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Linguistic Society of America

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