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A Half Century of Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2025

Sylvia A. Law
Sylvia A. Law*
Affiliation:
NYU School of Law, New York, New York, USA
*
Email: sylvialaw42@gmail.com
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Extract

Firstly, I would like to thank George Annas, Wendy Mariner, and Fran Miller for nurturing the field of health law, and keeping the collaboration vibrant for more than half a century.

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Type
Articles
Information
American Journal of Law & Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 3-4 , December 2024 , pp. 294 - 297
Copyright
© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and Trustees of Boston University

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References

1 Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970).

2 Id. at 255-56.

3 Id. at 256.

4 Id. at 261-62.

5 This organization is currently known as “Mobilization for Justice.” See Mobilization for Justice, https://mobilizationforjustice.org (last visited Nov. 6, 2024).

6 For an exploration of Sparer’s politics, see Edward V. Sparer, Fundamental Human Rights, Legal Entitlements, and the Social Struggle: A Friendly Critique of the Critical Legal Studies Movement, 36 Stanford L. Rev. 509 (1984).

7 Howard Ennes, The Insurance Industry Looks Ahead at Health Care in the 1970s, 85 Abridged Index Medicus 117, 117-18 (1970); Cynthia Cox et al., Health Care Costs and Affordability, Kaiser Fam. Found. (May 28, 2024), https://www.kff.org/health-policy-101-health-care-costs-and-affordability/; Emma Wager & Cynthia Cox, International Comparison of Health Systems, Kaiser fam. found. (May 28, 2024), https://www.kff.org/health-policy-101-international-comparison-of-health-systems/.

8 George J. Annas, et al., American Health Law, (Little, Brown & Co.,1st. ed. 1990); Sara Rosenbaum et al., Law and the American Health Care System, (Foundation Press, 2d. ed. 2012).

9 Annas, et al., supra note 8; Rosenbaum et al., supra note 8.

10 Foreign Countries with Universal Health Care, N.Y. Dep’t of Health (revised June 2022).

11 National Health Insurance – A Brief History of Reform Efforts in the U.S., Kaiser Fam. Found. (Mar. 2009), https://www.kff.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/7871.pdf; Karen S. Palmer, A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US, Physicians for a Nat’l Health Program (1999), https://pnhp.org/a-brief-history-universal-health-care-efforts-in-the-us/.

12 National Health Insurance – A Brief History of Reform Efforts in the U.S., Kaiser Fam. Found. (Mar. 2009), https://www.kff.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/7871.pdf.

13 Medicare and Medicaid Act (1965), Nat’l Archives (Feb. 8, 2022), https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/medicare-and-medicaid-act.

14 Thomas F. A. Plaut & Bernard S. Arons, President Clinton’s Proposal for Health Care Reform: Key Provisions and Issues, 45 Hospital and Cmty. Psychiatry 871, 871 (1994).

15 Adam Clymer, The Health Care Debate: The Overview; National Health Program, President’s Greatest Goal, Declared Dead in Congress, N.Y. Times (Sep. 27, 1994), https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/27/us/health-care-debate-overview-national-health-program-president-s-greatest-goal.html?pagewanted=all.

16 Plaut & Arons, supra note 14, at 871.

17 Cynthia Cox & Jared Ortaliza, The Affordable Care Act 101, Kaiser Fam. Found. (May 28, 2024), https://www.kff.org/health-policy-101-the-affordable-care-act/.

18 What We Do, Pa. Health Law Project (last visited Nov. 12, 2024), https://www.phlp.org/en/about/what-we-do; The Los Angeles Health Law Backup Center is now known as the “National Health Law Program.” See The History of the National Health Law Program, Nat’l Health Law Program (last visited Nov. 12, 2024), https://healthlaw.org/the-history-of-the-national-health-law-program/.

19 Kayhan Parsi, Duty to Treat: Conscience and Pluralism, 9 AMA J. Ethics 362, 362-63 (2007).

20 Karen K. Thomas, Hill-Burton Act, Encyc. Alabama (Jan. 22, 2008), https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/hill-burton-act/.

21 Hill-Burton Free and Reduced-Cost Health Care, HRSA (Nov. 12, 2024), https://www.hrsa.gov/get-health-care/affordable/hill-burton; Carole Bennett, Healthcare Justice, Medicare, and the Racial Desegregation of Hospitals in the South, 28 OJIN 1, 2 (2023).

22 Bennett, supra note 21, at 2.

23 Kenneth R. Wing, The Community Service Obligation of Hill-Burton Health Facilities, 23 B.U. L. Rev. 577, 601-02 (1982).

24 Special Message to the Congress Proposing a Nationwide War on the Sources of Poverty 1964, 1 Pub. Papers 375 (Mar. 16, 1964).

25 Medicare and Medicaid Act (1965), supra note 13.

26 Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA), Ctr. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/legislation/emergency-medical-treatment-labor-act (last modified Sep. 10, 2024).

27 Eric C. Schneider et al., Mirror, Mirror 2021 Reflecting Poorly: Health Care in the U.S. Compared to Other High-Income Countries 3 (The Commonwealth Fund 2021).

28 Nancy Pelosi, The Art of Power: My Story as America’s First Woman Speaker of the House, 185-242 (Simon and Schuster 2024).

29 Dylan Scott, An Oral History of Obamacare’s 7 Near-Death Experiences, Vox (Aug. 7, 2017), https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/7/16082800/obamacare-8-lives.

30 Id.

31 Jonathan Gruber, The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: How Reasonable are the Projections?, 64 Nat’l Tax J. 893, 895-96 (2011).

32 Louise Norris, Navigator: What are Navigators, Health Insurance.org, https://www.healthinsurance.org/glossary/navigator/ (last visited Nov. 21, 2024).

33 See Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act, H.R. 2, 112th Cong. (2011); H.R. 45, 113th Cong. (2013); Gusmano et al., Trump v. the ACA, 16 Health Econ. Pol’y and L. 251 (2021).

34 Sahil Kapur, Republicans Abandon Obamacare Repeal, NBC News (Oct. 2, 2022), https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republicans-abandon-obamacare-repeal-rcna49538; Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump), X (Oct. 31, 2024, 1:01 PM), https://x.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1852033066157441249.

35 Noah Weiland, It’s Boom Times for Obama Care. Will They Last?, N.Y. Times (Jan. 26, 2024), https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/25/us/politics/obamacare-open-enrollment.html.

36 U.S. Uninsured Rate Drops by 26% Since 2019, CDC (June 18, 2024), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2024/20240618.htm#print.

37 Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Biden-Harris Administration Releases Data Showing Historic Gains in Health Care Coverage in Minority Communities, HHS (June 7, 2024), https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2024/06/07/biden-harris-administration-releases-data-showing-historic-gains-health-care-coverage-minority-communities.html.

38 Emma Wager et al., How Does Health Spending in the U.S. Compare to Other Countries, Kaiser Fam. Found. (Jan. 23, 2024), https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-spending-u-s-compare-countries.

39 Maximilian Pany et al.,Price Regulation, Global Budgets, and Spending Targets: A Road Map to Reduce Health Care Spending, and Improve Affordability, Kaiser Fam. Found. (May 31, 2022), https://www.kff.org/health-costs/report/price-regulation-global-budgets-and-spending-targets-a-road-map-to-reduce-health-care-spending-and-improve-affordability/.

40 Chevron U.S.A v. Nat. Res. Def. Counsel, 467 U.S. 837 (1984). This is known as Chevron deference.

41 Lopez Bright Enter. v. Raimondo, 144 S.Ct. 2244 (2024) (overruling Chevron U.S.A. v. Nat. Res. Def. Counsel, 467 U.S. 837 (1984) in a 6-2 decision).