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This chapter examines the relationship between Vaughan Williams’s music and ideas of landscape. Although images of landscape and nature have often figured prominently in the reception of Vaughan Williams’s work, closer attention to their historical context reveals that they were highly contested and contingent terms. Vaughan Williams’s preoccupation with landscape hence emerges as a highly productive creative tension throughout his composition output, from his early orchestral tone poems to his final symphony.
Ibsen has not often been regarded as a writer who was especially sympathetic to music or concerned with the acoustic dimensions of his work. But close attention to the practical conditions in which he first worked as a theatre director in Bergen, and to the textual details of his plays, suggests instead a fine feeling for sound and musical affect. This chapter summarizes his early writing on opera, his interest in the relationship between music and theatre, and examines the symbolic role of sound and music in some key passages from his work, including Peer’s wild ‘halling’, Nora’s tarantella, and Hedda’s famous gunshot.