Long-term use of indwelling urinary catheters in nursing home (NH) patients is a potential cause of significant morbidity. We retrospectively studied 10 NH patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters. Sixty-four percent of all 84 antibiotic courses prescribed were for bacteriuria alone without clinical infection. Seventy percent of 63 antibiotic courses were followed by bacteriuria with organisms resistant to the antibiotic administered. Bacteria isolated from NH patients often displayed greater resistance to specific antibiotics than those isolated from hospitalized patients. Four of the 20 urinary tract infections were associated with bacteremia. Three episodes of bacteremia were with highly-resistant organisms and one was fatal. Use of urinary catheters and inappropriate use of antibiotics in NH patients results in urinary tract colonization and infection with resistant bacteria and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.

Chant scholarship provides a fairly standard description of the Kyrie, in terms expressing very clearly what a typical example was like in the post-Carolingian era. There is no disagreement here, as there is with the sequence and trope, over how to treat the genre. Describing it seems to be a simple task. The chants are nine phrases long, with one phrase for each petition of the Ordinary text:

The relation among the phrases varies from complete identity of all nine to nearly the opposite extreme, yet in most cases the phrases are grouped by threes, giving the melody a tripartite shape like that of the text. Certain of the melodies were sometimes underlaid with syllabic texts expanding or replacing the Ordinary petitions (e.g.: Kyrie fons bonitatis, Pater ingenite, a quo bona cuncta procedunt, eleison). Medieval commentaries on the liturgy (such as Amalar's Liber officialis) and exegesis of these texts make it clear that the Kyrie was thought of as being Trinitarian, with the first three petitions directed to the Father, the next three to the Son, and the last three to the Holy Spirit.

Nothing is so inimical to piracy as peace and good government; and nothing so encouraging to it as prolonged jealousies and strife between peoples. The conditions of the Baltic world on the eve of the Union of Kalmar were peculiarly conducive to piracy. Both Denmark and Mecklenburg, cleverly aware of the advantages to be gained from such an external threat, instigated piratical activities and profited by them. The merchants of the Hanseatic League, whose trade suffered irreparable losses therefrom, consistently objected to this practice and served notice that those who dared harbor the pirates were equally guilty of the crime. No one, however, took this seriously; for in reality the Hansa merchants found themselves hemmed in by plots and counterplots of the various dukes of Mecklenburg and Queen Margaret of Denmark. The political intrigues served as the main incentive to piracy, and the pirate knew how to make advantageous use of the situation. For while he had to be able to handle his ship in storm and combat as well as to control his ruffian crew, and know the sheltering harbors, he had also to employ the arts of the diplomat and provide himself with safe markets on shore for his stolen wares. The physical conditions of the Baltic served his purposes well and made a success of his nefarious trade — nests of islands offering creeks and shallows, headlands, rocks and reefs, facilities for lurking, for surprise, for attack, and for escape. While we have no journals, no diaries, describing the daring deeds of the pirates, we have letters, minutes of meetings, and reports of the merchants, in the Hansa archives, together with a few chronicles and the official records of the political states — a mass of literature revealing the intrigues and plots which made use of piracy in Queen Margaret's time.

On May 24, 1870, the Hanseatic banner flew once more over the towers of the old town hall of Stralsund, while scholars and laymen assembled in its halls to honor the memory of the German Hansa, the Dudeschen Hense. The Hanseatic League had long been dead, except for certain vestiges which scholars have found in the German Confederation. The immediate occasion of the Stralsund gathering of 1870 was the celebration of the five hundredth anniversary of the Peace that the League had forced from the Danish king, Valdemar. It was a scholastic affair, and farseeing German savants were prepared to capitalize the rising tide of national patriotism. The immediate results of the celebration were: the organization of the Verein für Hansische Geschichte, the beginning of the publication of the Hansische Geschichtsblätter, and the announcement of a prize for the best essay written on the subject ‘The German Hansa towns and King Valdemar of Denmark.’ It is also significant that only a few months afterwards the first volume of Die Recesse und Andere Akten der Hansetage, edited by Karl Koppmann, made its appearance although not as a direct result of the celebration, for the work of editing the official documents of the Hanseatic League had been begun years before by Lappenberg and Junghans and had been retarded by their death in 1865.