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The invention of the pulsed laser is described. The basic principle of operation is presented. The flow physics of the post-discharge structure are detailed. Models for laser discharge are described.
The control of the mean and fluctuating aerothermodynamic loads on a high-speed vehicle is critical to achieving maximum performance and avoiding structural fatigue and failure. A new technology for high-speed flow control is energy deposition using DC, microwave, or laser discharge.
Understanding energy deposition for flow control requires a knowledge of the conservation laws governing molecular interactions and continuum fluid motion. These include the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Maxwell's equations, Schrodinger's equation, and Liouville's equation.
A survey of computational and experimental investigations of energy deposition using DC, microwave, and laser discharge are presented. Effects of energy deposition on drag reduction are described. Efficiency of energy deposition for a variety of applications is presented.
The continuum equations of the high-speed motion of a gas are derivable from Boltzmann's equation using the Chapman–Enskog method. Boltzmann's equation itself is derivable from Liouville's Theorem under approximations of near-equilibrium.
The analysis of energy deposition by DC, microwave, or laser requires an understanding of molecular motion in the presence of electric and/or magnetic fields. This chapter describes the variety of phenomena of charged particles including drift velocity, collision frequency, current, and conductivity.
The inventions of the klystron and magnetron are described. The basic principles of operation for both devices are presented. Theories of microwave breakdown are detailed.
The simplest approach to energy deposition for flow control assumes a specified amount of energy (or rate of energy) added to the flow governed by the perfect gas Euler or Navier–Stokes equations. Linearized analysis provides insight into the physics of energy deposition in high-speed flows.
The dynamics of a DC discharge are described. Four basic regimes are identified: corona, glow, spark, and arc. Application of Townsend's First and Second Ionization to breakdown is presented. The model of Ward for glow discharge is discussed. Streamer and arc discharge are detailed.