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CHAPTER 5 - Ecology and habitat relationships
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2001, pp 82-115
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
During the 15 years since the publication of the last comprehensive book on lacewings (Canard et al., 1984), some excellent reviews have been published on the ecology of lacewings (New, 1986, 1989; Bay et al., 1993). Certain chapters of the present book cover ecological issues (such as food selection and utilisation, life-cycle characteristics, diapause, assessment of the impact of lacewings, natural enemies of lacewings, biodiversity conservation, enhancing chrysopids in field crops) and for this reason this chapter mainly focuses on issues relating to field ecology, in particular on lacewing patterns that are characteristic of different temporal and spatial scale levels, organisation of lacewing guilds, and chemical relationships between lacewings and the environment (chemical ecology).
The study of various spatial and temporal scale levels has great importance (Wiens et al., 1986) in ecological issues. Knowledge of the dynamic processes of differing scale levels may be used in conservation of natural enemies and enhancement of their impact in agricultural or forest habitats.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LACEWINGS
Long-term fluctuation patterns and population dynamics
Few studies have been carried out on year-to-year population changes of lacewings. In order to recognise real population dynamics, changes in the abundance of species and environmental factors should be observed over numerous generations in the same localities.
Ressl (1971) and Gepp (1973) published long-term data on individual numbers of chrysopids without any evaluation. Over ten (1961–1970) and nine (1964–1972) years' study in Austria, Ressl and Gepp respectively reported the yearly numbers of lacewings.
CHAPTER 10 - Lacewings in vegetables, forests, and other crops
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2001, pp 239-292
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VEGETABLES
The vegetable crops discussed here are grown mainly in smaller plots, in house gardens, and greenhouses although some of them are also field crops. Many pests live on vegetables, but knowledge of associated lacewings as natural enemies of these is sparse.
Various cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are produced world-wide. Both larvae and adults of the following lacewing species were collected from aphid (Aphis fabae complex) infested bean plants in a garden in Hungary: Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopa formosa, Micromus angulatus, and M. variegatus (F. Szentkirályi, unpublished data). Chrysoperla carnea was a predator of the mite Tetranychus urticae on beans in Turkey (Aydemir & Toros, 1990). The brown lacewing M. timidus occurs in colonies of A. craccivora infesting bean plantations in Western Samoa (Stechmann & Semisi, 1984). Pantaleoni & Tisselli (1985) sampled potential biological control agents by sweep-netting on stands of Vicia faba in Italy. Five chrysopid species were recorded with percentage of species incidence as follows: Dichochrysa prasina (44%), Chrysopa formosa (27.7%), Chrysoperla carnea (23.4%), D. clathrata (2.8%), and Chrysopa pallens (2.1%). The presence of arboreal Dichochrysa spp. on beans reflects that surrounding vegetation acts as a lacewing reservoir, while the presence of Chrysoperla carnea and Chrysopa formosa may be related to lacewing species associated with phytophagous insects and mites of bean plantations.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) also has numerous aphid pests. Chrysopa perla was one of the most important natural enemies of Brevicoryne brassicae in cabbage fields in the Moscow area (Russia) (Ter-Simonjan et al., 1982). Somen-Singh et al. (1994) demonstrated that the aphidophagous M. timidus was among the natural enemies of the key pest Myzus persicae on cabbage in India.
CHAPTER 9 - Lacewings in fruit and nut crops
- Edited by P. K. McEwen, Cardiff University, T. R. New, La Trobe University, Victoria, A. E. Whittington, National Museums of Scotland
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- Book:
- Lacewings in the Crop Environment
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 June 2001, pp 172-238
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APPLE
Apple (Malus pumila) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit-tree species. Different species from the Malus genus, such as Malus sylvestris (Europe), and M. baccata and M. prunifolia (southeast Asia, Japan, China) are endemic throughout Eurasia. Malus pumila has the greatest economic significance, and it is grown as a great number of cultivars all over the world from smaller house gardens to intensively managed largesized commercial orchards mainly under temperate and Mediterranean climatic conditions.
Characteristics of lacewing assemblages in apple orchards
In apple orchards, species-rich arthropod communities can be built up consisting of hundreds of species (Szentkirályi & Kozár, 1991). Reviewing the published insect communities of apple orchards of the world, Szentkirályi & Kozár (1991) found that from total species-richness values, Neuropteroidea assemblages shared between only 0.6 and 5.1%. Homoptera, serving as the major potential prey source, ranged between 0.2% and 20.5%, meaning more than 100 species in certain cases. Due to its economic importance, apple is one of the cultivated plants, which has been very well studied regarding its pests. Thanks to numerous field investigations, a relatively high number of publications contain data on the natural enemies of apple pests. In the case of chrysopids and hemerobiids, most studies are from Europe and North America but some are from Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Table 9.1 summarises lacewing records of European apple orchards, while all the others are shown on Table 9.2.
In European apple orchards (Table 9.1), a total of 15 green and 26 brown lacewing species have been detected.