This chapter discusses what schools can do about bullying, and what the evidence base is for the effectiveness of such actions, in western countries. It draws on findings internationally but focusses primarily on England, other countries in Europe, the USA and Canada, and Australia and New Zealand. It mentions what legal provisions are relevant to school bullying, what guidance and resources are available, and considers the various proactive, peer support and reactive strategies that schools can and do use to reduce bullying. It also reviews the effectiveness of monitored program-based interventions. Cyberbullying has posed new challenges for anti-bullying interventions in the last decade, which are considered; although cyberbullying predominantly takes place outside of school, the ‘fallout’ is often brought into school. School-based interventions are targeted at individuals, the class, or the whole school; some at the behaviour of those doing the bullying; some at those who are victims; some at bystanders or likely defenders. Despite continuing challenges, school bullying is an area where research and practice have gone hand in hand over recent years, with good evidence that the outcomes have improved pupil well-being and happiness.

This chapter describes the existing knowledge regarding the ideal molecular profile of sperm cells, in order to define the model to be mimicked when stem cells are employed in order to create male gametes. Sperm production is defective in a significant proportion of males aiming at fatherhood. Interestingly, there are a significant proportion of infertile males presenting normal sperm counts, thus diagnosed as having idiopathic infertility. To date, there are a lot of studies concerning DNA analysis of human spermatozoa suggesting that the determination of DNA fragmentation levels can be a parameter of semen quality, directly implicated in male fertility. Sperm membrane lipid composition is of special interest, given their involvement in fertilization, capacitation, spermatozoa, and oocyte interaction. The future vision shows the possibility to create sperm cells from adult stem cells, with all the requirements to succeed fulfilled, thus guaranteeing a safe and successful use.