Evidence is presented for the presence of a sex attractant in female Vitula edmandsae (Packard). The ability of the virgin female to attract the male varies with age, reaching a maximum 2 days after emergence.

The pheromone-producing gland is a ring-shaped structure formed by modification of the epidermal cells in the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments.

A reinvestigation of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), showed that it contains 11-tetradecenal in the ratio 96% trans-: 4% cis-. Field trapping showed the pure trans- compound to be only slightly attractive. Maximum attraction occurred in the range 2% to 5% cis-.

Formates analogous to the aldehyde sex pheromones of several species of Lepidoptera have been shown to have biological activity, (E)-9-Dodecen-1-yl formate was therefore tested against male spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) by EAGs and by field trapping experiments designed to test for attraction, inhibition, and disruption. No biological activity was detected.

Morphological and histological details of the sex pheromone glands of male Vitula edmandsae (Packard) are reported. Several hypotheses concerning the functions of these glands are discussed.

The results of behavioural, chemical, and histological studies are reported showing the presence of a sex attractant in female Orgyia leucostigma J. E. Smith. A method of bioassaying the attractancy of the female moths by the use of 4-ft-long glass tubes is given. Extraction of female abdominal tips with dichloromethane yields material biologically active when tested against male O. leucostigma.The pheromone-producing gland is a dorsally situated, crescent-shaped structure formed by modification of the epidermal cells in the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The glandular cells are goblet-shaped and are arranged in an unusual manner.

Chemical studies utilizing colour tests, gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis have shown that hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde are constituents of the defensive secretion of the polydesmoid millipede Apheloria coriacea (Koch).

The sex pheromone of the female eastern spruce budworm was identified as trans-11-tetradecenal by a combination of electroantennogram techniques, laboratory bioassays, and chemical analysis. Subsequent field trapping showed that this compound is a potent attractant for both male Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. occidentalis Free, thus supporting its identification as a sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm and suggesting that it is also a major component in the pheromone system of C. occidentalis.

The sex-pheromone-producing gland of the eastern spruce budworm, in addition to producing the sex attractant (E)-11-tetradecenal, has been shown by gas chromatographic and mass spectral data to contain (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, a known inhibitor to the sex attractant.

The morphology and histology of the sex pheromone-producing gland in the females of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), C. pinus (Freeman) (Tortricidae), and Malacosoma disstria (Hubner) (Lasiocampidae) is reported. A review of the literature relevant to such a study is presented in tabular form.

Most professional navigators would agree that navigation could play a useful role in general education. How are teachers to be convinced of this and how are they to be persuaded that its introduction is desirable ? If navigation is to be introduced as an academic subject into the school curriculum we must endeavour to remove the mystique with which it is often surrounded and dispel the suggestion that it is an art rather than a science. The notion that successful sailormen must have a seafaring background has been proved wrong time and again; let us also dispense with the misconception that good navigators are born with a gift similar to that of a homing pigeon. Man has a natural instinct to explore and find his way; the purpose of navigation in education should be to exploit and develop this natural instinct to the full.