Medical advancements have encouraged minimally invasive surgical repair of congenital heart defects such as ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and the diagnostic process can now be carried out using non-traditional techniques such as pulse oximetry. This, in turn, has improved clinical outcomes with reduced complication rates post-surgery. However, the variations in type of VSDs, age of patient, comorbidities, and access to closure devices may limit the efficacy of surgical advancements.

Articles were identified amongst Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed using various relevant search strings using PRISMA guidelines. Of the 115 articles initially extracted, 10 were eventually reviewed after duplicates and irrelevant studies were removed.

Of the 24 eligible articles, 10 papers were selected for analysis. Minimally invasive approaches to VSD repair was associated with satisfactory short-term outcomes when compared to open repair. For diagnosis of congenital VSD, whilst recent advances such as pulse oximetry method and genome analysis are more sensitive, the limited availability and access to such investigatory methods must be recognised.

Pulse oximetry and fetal echocardiography are established non-invasive diagnostic tools for VSD. The recent advances in minimally invasive treatment options including periventricular approach and transcatheter techniques have improved patient outcomes, yet at the expense of higher residual rates. Careful patient selection for each technique and follow-up should be planned through multidisciplinary team meetings.