The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) becomes the trustee for private defined benefit plans that have defaulted. The PBGC pays retirement benefits as provided by the plan and that are consistent with federal guidelines concerning the type and amounts of distributions. In response to a Freedom of Information Request, the PBGC provided us with relevant information on all individuals who received retirement benefits from the PBGC in the last 10 years, over 250,000 retirees. Individuals requesting payouts from PBGC managed plans have the option of selecting either a single-life annuity or a joint-and-survivor (J&S) annuity. We examine the PBGC distributions chosen over the last decade and how they vary by age at retirement, sex, months of service, and other relevant variables. Key findings indicate that men are much more likely to choose a joint and survivor annuity compared to female claimants, and the difference increases with age. Conditional on selecting a J&S annuity, men are more likely to select a 100 percent survivor's annuity, while women tend to choose a 50 percent survivor's benefit.

Wearable robotic devices (WRD) are still struggling to fulfill their vast potential. Inadequate daily life usability is one of the main hindrances to increased technology acceptance. Improving usability evaluation practices during the development of WRD could help address these limitations. In this work, we present the design and validation of a novel online platform aiming to fill this gap, the Interactive Usability Toolbox (IUT). This platform consists of a public website that offers an interactive, context-specific search within a database of 154 user research methods and educational information about usability. In a dedicated study, the effect of this platform to support usability evaluation was investigated. Twelve WRD experts were asked to complete the task of defining usability evaluation protocols for two specific use cases. The platform was provided to support one of the use cases. The quality and composition of the proposed protocols were assessed by (i) two blinded reviewers, (ii) the participants themselves, and (iii) the study coordinators. We showed that using the IUT significantly affected the proposed evaluation focus, shifting protocols from mainly effectiveness-oriented to more user-focused studies. The protocol quality, as rated by the external reviewers, remained equivalent to those designed with conventional strategies. A mixed-method usability evaluation of the platform yielded an overall positive image, with detailed suggestions for further improvements. The IUT is expected to positively affect the evaluation and development of WRD through its educational value, the context-specific recommendations supporting ongoing benchmarking endeavors, and highlighting the value of qualitative user research.

Introduction: While negative consequences of incident delirium on functional and cognitive decline have been widely studied, very limited data is available regarding functional and cognitive outcomes in Emergency Department (ED) patients. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the impact of ED stay-associated delirium on older patient's functional and cognitive status at 60 days post-ED visit. Methods: This study is a planned sub-analysis of a large multicentre prospective cohort study (the INDEED study). This project took place between March and July of the years 2015 and 2016 within 5 participating EDs across the province of Quebec. Independent non-delirious patients aged □65, with an ED stay at least 8hrs were monitored until 24hrs post-ward admission. A 60-day follow-up phone assessment was also conducted. Participants were screened for delirium using the validated Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and the severity of its symptoms was measured using the Delirium Index. Functional and cognitive status were assessed at baseline as well as at the 60-day follow-up using the validated OARS and TICS-m. Results: A total of 608 patients were recruited, 393 of which completed the 60-day follow-up. Sixty-nine patients obtained a positive CAM during ED-stay or within the first 24 hours following ward admission. At 60-days, those patients experienced a loss of 3.1 (S.D. 4.0) points on the OARS scale compared to non-delirious patients who lost 1.6 (S.D. 3.0) (p = 0.03). A significant difference in cognitive function was also noted at 60-days, as delirious patients’ TICS-m score decreased by 2.1 (S.D. 6.2) compared to non-delirious patients, who showed a minor improvement of 0.5 (S.D. 5.8) (p = 0.01). Conclusion: People who developed ED stay-associated delirium have lower baseline functional and cognitive status than non-delirious patients and they will experience a more significant decline at 60 days post-ED visit.

Introduction: Identification of severe bacterial infections (SBI) among infants presenting to the emergency department (ED) for fever without a source (FWS) remains challenging. Controversies persist on the usefulness of blood biomarkers, especially when used for assessing infants 22 to 60 days old. Although C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells count (leucocytes) are commonly prescribed, this practice relies on poor and conflicting evidence. Our objective was to determine the performance of those two markers at identifying SBI. Methods: This is a sub-analysis of an ongoing retrospective cohort study conducted in an academic pediatric ED in Quebec City, that aims to determine whether a lumbar puncture should routinely be performed in the FWS workup of 22 to 60 days old infants. All consecutive charts of eligible febrile infants were reviewed. Premature infants (<37 weeks), as well as infants with chronic diseases, immunodeficiency, previous antimicrobial therapy, in-dwelling catheters, or septic shock were excluded. Among others, data related to final diagnosis and investigations were gathered. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios were estimated for each blood biomarkers. Results: Out of 1261 charts reviewed, 920 patients were included in this analysis. SBI prevalence was 13.0% (95%CI: 10.9-15.2) among infants of our cohort. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+ and LR- of the leucocytes <5000 or≥15000/□L were 43% (95%CI: 34-53%), 80% (95%CI: 77-83%), 25% (95%CI: 21-30%), 90% (95%CI: 88-91%), 2.1 (95%CI: 1.7-2.8), and 0.72 (95%CI: 0.61-0.84), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of CRP >=25 mg/L were 46% (95%CI: 37-56%), 96% (95%CI: 94-97%), 65% (95%CI: 55-73%), and 91% (95%CI: 89-92%), respectively. ROC curves analysis indicates that a CRP≥25 mg/L offers the best LR+ (10.4; 95%CI: 6.9-15.6) with a corresponding LR- of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.47-0.67). Conclusion: When evaluating febrile infants in the ED, leucocytes appear to have limited added value, while CRP≥25 mg/L significantly increases the pre-test probability of SBI. CRP should be considered for inclusion in the workup of FWS for infants of 22 to 60 days of age.

Introduction: Fever is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department (ED). Febrile infants are at particularly high risk of serious bacterial infection including bacterial meningitis. Unfortunately, recommendations as to when to perform a lumbar puncture in febrile infants older than 21 days remain conflicting. Our study seeks to establish the prevalence of bacterial meningitis in infants 22 to 60 days old and to evaluate the performance of our local fever without a source (FWS) workup protocol at identifying bacterial meningitis. Methods: This analysis represents the results of a retrospective cohort study which took place in an academic pediatric ED in Quebec City. Infants 22 to 60 days old investigated for FWS, were included in the study. Premature infants ( <37 weeks), as well as infants with chronic diseases, immunodeficiency, previous antimicrobial therapy, in-dwelling catheters, or septic shock were excluded. We evaluated the performance of our local FWS workup protocol which includes the Yale Scale, a complete blood count, blood culture, C-reactive protein, urinalysis and urine culture. The protocol recommends a lumbar puncture in all febrile infants <1 month old, and in all infants <3 months old with either leukocytes <5.0 or>15.0 X 10^9cells/L, petechia, or a Yale between 11 and 16. Results: We reviewed 1261 charts from 2012 to 2017, of which 920 met our inclusion criteria. In our cohort, 171 infants were 22 to 30 days old, 369 were 31 to 45 days old, and 380 were 46 to 60 days old. The proportion of infants with cerebrospinal fluid analysis in these 3 groups was 76% (n = 130), 25% (n = 98) and 12% (n = 46) respectively. In the entire cohort, two infants were diagnosed with bacterial meningitis resulting in a prevalence of 0.2% (95%CI: 0-0.5%); viral meningitis had a prevalence of 4.7% (95%CI: 3.3-6.1%). Sensitivity and specificity of the protocol were 100% and 52.8%; positive and negative predictive values were 0.4% and 100%, respectively. All charts were reviewed for 2 weeks following the index visit to screen for missed cases of bacterial meningitis. Conclusion: Systematically performing a lumbar puncture for workup of fever without a source in infants 22 to 60 days old appears unwarranted given the low prevalence of bacterial meningitis in this population. Our FWS workup protocol correctly identified the 2 cases of bacterial meningitis in our cohort. This is an ongoing study and more cases will be recruited to better evaluate the safety and performance of our protocol.

Introduction: Prompt defibrillation is critical during paediatric cardiac arrest. The main objective of this systematic review was to determine the initial defibrillation energy dose for ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT) that is associated with sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during paediatric cardiac arrest. Associations between initial defibrillation energy dose with any ROSC, survival and defibrillation-induced complications were also assessed. Methods: A systematic review was performed using four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) (PROSPERO: CRD42016036734). Human studies (cohort studies or controlled trials) and animal model studies (controlled trials) of pediatric cardiac arrest involving assessment of external defibrillation energy dosing were considered. The primary outcome was sustained ROSC. Two researchers independently reviewed all the titles and abstracts of the retrieved citations, selected the studies and extracted the data using a standardized template. Risk of bias of human non-randomised studies were assessed using the ROBIN-I tool (formerly ACROBAT-NRSI) tool proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration group. Results: The search strategy identified 14,471 citations of which 232 manuscripts were reviewed. Ten human and 10 animal model studies met the inclusion criteria. Human studies were prospective (n = 6) or retrospective (n = 4) cohort studies and included between 11 and 266 patients (median = 46 patients). Sustained ROSC rates ranged from 0 to 61% (n = 7). No studies reported a statistically significant association between the initial defibrillation energy dose and the rate of sustained ROSC (n = 7) or survival (n = 6). No human studies reported defibrillation-induced complications. Meta-analysis was not considered appropriate due to clinical heterogeneity. The overall risk of bias was moderate. All animal studies were randomized controlled trials with 8 and 52 (median = 27) piglets. ROSC was frequently achieved (more than 85%) with energy dose ranging from 2 to 7 joules/kg (n = 7). The defibrillation threshold varied according to the body weight and appears to be higher in infant models. Conclusion: Defibrillation energy doses and thresholds varied according to the body weight and trended higher for infants. No definitive association between initial defibrillation doses and the outcomes of sustained ROSC or survival could be demonstrated.

Introduction: Delirium is a frequent pathology in the elderly presenting to the emergency department (ED) and is seldom recognised. This condition is associated with many medical complications and has been shown to increase the hospital length-of-stay. The objective of this study was to identify the predictor factors of developing delirium in this high-risk population. Methods: Design: This study was part of the multicenter prospective cohort INDEED study. Participants: Patients aged 65 and older, initially free of delirium and with an ED stay of 8h or longer, were followed up to 24h after ward admission. Measures: Clinical and demographic variables were collected by interview and chart review. A research professional assessed their delirium status twice daily using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Analyses: A classification tree was used to select predictors and cut-points that minimized classification error of patients with incident delirium. After literature review, nineteen predictors were considered for inclusion in the model (eight non-modifiable and eleven modifiable factors). Results: Among the 605 patients included in this study, incident delirium was detected by the CAM in 69 patients (11.4%). In total, fourteen variables were included in a preliminary model, of which six were intrinsic to the patient and eight were modifiable in the ED. Variables with the greatest impact in the prediction of delirium includes age, cognitive status, ED length of stay, autonomy in daily activities, fragility and mobility during their hospital stay. The diagnostic performance of the model applied to the study sample gave a sensitivity of 78.3% (95% CI: 66.7 to 87.3), a specificity of 100.0% (95% CI: 99.3 to 100.0), a PPV of 100.0% (95% CI: 93.4 to 100.0) and a NPV of 97.3% (95% CI: 95.6 to 98.5). Conclusion: The delirium risk model developed in this study shows promising results with elevated sensitivity and specificity values. Considering the limited ability to predict and detect delirium among physicians, the potential increase in sensitivity provided by this tool could be beneficial to patients. This model will ultimately serve to identify high-risk patients with the goal of developing strategies to alter modifiable risk factors and subsequently decrease the incidence of delirium in this population.

The evolution of textural properties of Na/Ca-bentonite from Wyoming (MX-80) was studied by adsorption of nitrogen, water vapour, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. Clay suspensions were heated at 80 and 300ºC for up to 9 months in the absence of or in the presence of Fe and/or Fe oxides. The treatment without Fe did not change the textural properties of the samples significantly. The treatment at 80ºC in the presence of Fe resulted in a considerable increase in the external surface areas of the samples. The total and external surface areas and swelling capacities of the samples decreased following the treatment at 300ºC in the presence of Fe and Fe oxides. In the case of larger additions of Fe, the treatment at 300ºC resulted in a considerable decrease in the total and external surface areas and swelling capacity of the sample and in the formation of a network of large-size pores, in which all the pores were connected.

Physicochemical properties of representative samples from talc deposits discovered at Pout-Kelle and Memel in Cameroon have been investigated using a variety of techniques. The data allow the study of the mineral crystal-chemistry, chemical and modal compositions, grain size distribution, textures and surface heterogeneity, and morphometric characteristics. As a result, we found that talc (platy or round, Fe-rich) prevails (65–90%) over Cr-chlorite (7–26%), halloysite, chromite, rutile, brucite and magnesite. Chemically, talc ores are made up of SiO2, MgO, Fe2O3 and minor Al2O3. Mode values range from 50 to 55 μm at Memel and from 30 to 90 μm at Pout-Kelle. Specific surface areas measured by BET and t-plot methods range from 1.3 to 2.5 m2/g. The large values of morphometric characteristics are indicative of high crystallinity and platiness. Potential uses of these talc ores in the rubber, plastics and paper industries require beneficiation processes. Interestingly, the Memel deposit and most zones of the Pout-Kelle deposit are free of needle-shaped crystals, an advantage for environmental safety.

FTIR spectroscopy has been applied to NH4 +-exchanged dioctahedral clay minerals to determine the molecular environment of NH4 + and to quantify N concentration. FTIR under vapourpressure control, coupled with heating and freezing treatments has shown that NH4 + ion symmetry varies with the nature of clay minerals. NH4 + has a perfect tetrahedral symmetry in hydrated or dehydrated smectites and belongs to the T d symmetry group. The NH4 +-bending vibration is centred at 1450 and 1425 cm–1.

The Si4+-Al3+ substitution in dioctahedral clay minerals induces the loss of symmetry elements of the NH4 + tetrahedron which acquires a C 2v symmetry. As a consequence, the Td –C2v transition can be used to characterize the smectite–illite transition. Quantification of NH4 + content per half unit cell is provided by n NH4 = k[NH4]/[OH] where [NH4]/[OH] is the band area ratio of the NH4 +-bending vibration to the OH-stretching vibration. k = 1.1 for hydrated smectite, 0.9 for dehydrated smectite and 0.8 for illite or tobelite. The bending vibration of NH4 + is chosen for the calculation because it is not affected by superimposed contributions.

The surface properties of various synthetic layered silicates, Na-kanemite, Nakenyaite and magadiite, exchanged with H, K and Ca, were examined using high-resolution nitrogen and argon adsorption and the data were treated using the Derivative Isotherm Summation method. Using argon as an adsorbate, the aspect ratio of platelets can be determined. In the case of magadiite exchanged with various cations, the stacking of particles is influenced by the nature of the exchangeable cations, thicker platelets being observed for ions with low polarizability. Highresolution argon adsorption data also confirm some structural information previously deduced from Raman spectroscopy experiments concerning the existence of rather open six-membered rings at the surfaces of both magadiite and kenyaite. Furthermore, in the low-energy domain of the isotherms, argon forms a very organized film on basal planes, suggesting a commensurate relationship between silica framework and argon atoms for both magadiite and kenyaite, contrary to what is observed for kanemite. Nitrogen adsorption results reveal the presence of polar sites on the surface of all the investigated minerals but does not allow us to propose an unequivocal assignment for such sites.

Montmorillonite-water-cation systems were characterized using high-frequency impedance spectroscopy by studying the influence of the solid concentration and the nature of the exchangeable cation (Na+, K+, Ca2+) on the dielectric characteristics of the dispersions. A new method is proposed to calculate the relaxation frequency (fr) and the dispersion factor (α) from a limited number of impedance measurements. By comparison with rheology, microscopy, X-ray diffraction and immersion calorimetry results, it is shown that impedance spectroscopy is a very powerful technique which yields structural information on a complex system. For Na-montmorillonite, two transitions are observed at 2.5% and 3.6% in solids. The cation mobility and the number of connections between particles are described by fr and α, respectively. The two transitions can then be attributed to the formation of the gel and to the reduction of the macroporosity within the gel, respectively. For Ca-montmorillonite, thick layer-stacks form at the lowest concentrations, and connections between these stacks are observed at 9% in solids, in good aggrement with rheological measurements. The K-montmorillonite displays progressive thickening of the tactoids, and no formation of a unique connected network, as revealed by the smooth evolution of fr and α.

Ten montmorillonites of different origins with variable Fe contents were analysed using transmission IR spectroscopy. Special attention was devoted to the OH-bending region to obtain information about the distribution of octahedral cations. For low to medium Fe contents (≤0.56 per Si8 formula unit), a linear relationship between the position of the δAlFeOH band and Fe content was observed. Such correlation might be explained by changes in the cis-trans occupancy of Fe in the octahedral sheet. Deconvolution of the OH-bending domain allows us to discriminate three components (δAlAlOH, δAlMgOH and δAlFeOH) which are correlated with cation abundances derived from chemical analysis. The relative area of each band can then be compared with theoretical areas calculated assuming a fully random distribution of cations in the octahedral sheet. Using such treatment, eight of the 10 montmorillonites studied presented a nearly randomized octahedral distribution. The two samples from Wyoming were clearly different as they exhibited a strong ordering tendency.

In order to assess the influence of tetrahedral sheet charge on the hydroxyl-stretching vibration in clay minerals, a series of synthetic Na-saponites, with increasing layer charge, was studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. When recorded after KBr dilution either in transmission or diffuse reflectance, the IR spectra exhibit a component at ~3710 cm-1, the intensity of which increases linearly with increasing layer charge. When experiments are carried out without any dilution of the samples, this component is not observed, suggesting a Na+/K+ exchange upon mixing of the sample with KBr. The spectra obtained for K-saponite confirm this exchange. This shows that the dilution procedure can lead to serious misinterpretations of IR spectra in the OH-stretching region.

The Lembo clay deposit occurs on orthogneiss, but it also comprises clays with litho-relicts of volcanic rocks. In this study, ten samples from two sites were investigated. The mineralogical compositions consisted of kaolinite + halloysite + illite + quartz + hematite + anatase ± rutile ± orthoclase ± sanidine ± magnetite ± maghemite ± goethite ± Ba-Al-Fe-phosphates ± carbonates ± sulphates. Kaolinite-halloysite and quartz are the prevailing minerals. Some volcanicderived clays contain Fe-rich kaolinite-halloysite (9.6–14.1 wt.% Fe2O3). The chemical compositions, colours and specific surface area (SSA) measurements reveal two groups of clays: one with a positive whiteness index (IB), small SSA and small Fe content, and the other showing a large SSA, negative IB and relatively large Fe contents. The compositions of the first group are close to those of clays from the Mayouom deposit (Cameroon), and from some European commercial kaolins used in ceramics. Relatively Fe-rich clay materials may conform to most formulations of earthen bricks. As a whole, the Lembo clay deposit comprises various compositions of kaolinitic clays, which may yield the opportunity for extensive application in ceramics.

Introduction: Prevalence and incidence of delirium in older patients admitted to acute and long-term care facilities ranges between 9.6% and 89% but little is known in the context of emergency department (ED) incident delirium. Literature regarding the incidence of delirium in the ED and its potential impacts on hospital length of stay (LOS), functional status and unplanned ED readmissions is scant, its consequences have yet to be clearly identified in order to orient modern acute medical care. Methods: This study is part of the multicenter prospective cohort INDEED study. Three Canadian EDs completed the two years prospective study (March-July 2015 and Feb-May 2016). Patients aged 65 years old, initially free of delirium with an ED stay 8hours were followed up to 24h after ward admission. Patients were assessed 2x/day during their entire ED stay and up to 24 hours on hospital ward by research assistants (RA). The primary outcome of this study was incident delirium in the ED or within 24 h of ward admission. Functional and cognitive status were assessed using validated Older Americans’ Resources and Services and the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status- modified tools. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) was used to detect incident delirium. ED and hospital administrative data were collected. Inter-observer agreement was realized among RA. Results: Incident delirium was not different between sites, nor between phases, nor between times from one site to another. All phases confounded, there is between 7 to 11% of ED related incident delirious episodes. Differences were seen in ED LOS between sites in non-delirious patients, but also between some sites for delirious participants (p<0.05). Only one site had a difference in ED LOS between their delirious and non-delirious patients, respectively of 52.1 and 40.1 hours (p<0.05). There is also a difference between sites in the time between arrival to the ED and the incidence of delirium (p=0.003). Kappa statistics were computed to measure inter-rater reliability of the CAM. Based on an alpha of 5%, 138 patients would allow 80% power for an estimated overall incidence proportion of 15 % with 5% precision.. Other predictive delirium variables, such as cognitive status, environmental factors, functional status, comorbidities, physiological status, and ED and hospital length of stay were similar between sites and phases. Conclusion: The fact that incidence of delirium was the same for all sites, despite the differences of ED LOS and different time periods suggest that many other modifiable and non-modifiable factors along LOS influenced the incidence of ED induced delirium. Emergency physician should concentrate on improving senior-friendly environment for the ED.

Introduction: It is documented that physicians and nurses fail to detect delirium in more than half of cases from various clinical settings, which could have serious consequences for seniors and for our health care system. The present study aimed to describe the rate of documented incident delirium in 5 Canadian Emergency departments (ED) by health professionals (HP). Methods: This study is part of the multicenter prospective cohort INDEED study. Patients aged 65 years old, initially free of delirium with an ED stay 8hours were followed up to 24h after ward admission. Delirium status was assessed twice daily using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) by trained research assistants (RA). HP reviewed patient charts to assess detection of delirium. HP had no specific routine detection of delirious ED patients. Inter-observer agreement was realized among RA. Comparison of detection between RA and HP was realized with univariate analyses. Results: Among the 652 included patients, 66 developed a delirium as evaluated with the CAM by the RA. Among those 66 patients, only 10 deliriums (15.2%) were documented in the patients medical file by the HP. 54 (81.8%) patients with a CAM positive for delirium by the RA were not recorded by the HP, 2 had incomplete charts. The delirium index was significantly higher in the HP reported group compared to the HP not reported, respectively 7.1 and 4.5 (p<0.05). Other predictive delirium variables, such as cognitive status, functional status, comorbidities, physiological status, and ED and hospital length of stay were similar between groups. Conclusion: It seems that health professionals missed 81.8% of the potential delirious ED patients in comparison to routine structured screening of delirium. HP could identify patients with a greater severity of symptoms. Our study points out the need to better identify elders at risk to develop delirium and the need for fast and reliable tools to improve the screening of this disorder.

Introduction: Emergency department (ED) stay and its associated conditions (immobility, inadequate hydration and nutrition, lack of stimulation) favor the development of delirium in vulnerable elderly patients. Poorly controlled pain, and paradoxically opioid pain treatment, has also been identified as a trigger for delirium. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between pain, opioid treatment, and delirium in elderly ED patients. Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted in four hospitals across the province of Québec (Canada). Patients aged 65 years old, waiting for care unit admission between February and May 2016, who were non-delirious upon ED arrival, independent or semi-independent for their activities of daily living, and had an ED stay of at least 8 hours were included. Delirium assessments were made twice a day for their entire ED stay and for the first 24 hours in the hospital ward using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analog scale (0-100) during the initial interview, and all opioid treatments were documented. Results: A total of 338 patients were included; 51% were female, mean age was 77 years (SD: 8). Forty-one patients (12%) experienced delirium during their hospital stay occurring within a mean delay of 47 hours (SD: 19) after ED admission. Among patients with pain intensity 60, 22% experienced delirium compared to 10.7% for patients with pain <60 (p<0.05). No significant association was found between opioid consumption and delirium (p=0.22). Logistic regression controlling for age, sex, ED stay duration, and opioids intake showed that patients with pain intensity 60 are 2.6 (95%CI: 1.2-5.9) more likely to develop delirium than patients who had pain <60. Conclusion: Severe pain, not opioids, is associated with the development of delirium during ED stay. Adequate pain control during the hospital stay may contribute to the decrease of delirium episodes.