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“The Newfoundland Fisheries, c. 1500-1900: A British Perspective”
- from Contributions
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- By David J. Starkey, Maritime History, Michael Haines, University of Hull
- Edited by Poul Holm, Tim D. Smith, David J. Starkey
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- Book:
- The Exploited Seas
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 05 May 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2001, pp 1-12
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- Chapter
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Summary
Abstract
This paper views the prosecution of the Newfoundlandfishery, c. 1500-1900, from a British perspective. It considers the range, quality and utility of the evidence on the fishery in English archives and primary printed sources. The qualitative information provided by practitioners, observers and pamphleteers is examined initially. The discussion thenfocusses on the quantitative material relating to the fishery from the late seventeenth century onwards available in the Colonial Office papers in the Public Record Office. Some tentative results from preliminary analyses of these statistical data are presented. These indicate that the quantity of fish harvested in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fluctuated widely but generally increased through the period, attaining levels higher than previous estimates have shown. The catch rate is also examined to test the relationship between catch, effort and stocks. Notwithstanding the quality and volume of the primary sources, the paper concludes by suggesting that a greater research effort in the English archives will yield the data necessary to construct a rounded study of the impact of human prédation on the fish stocks of Newfoundland.
Historians of the fisheries conducted from the British Isles have two main obstacles. First, this is a vast subject, due not just to its ubiquitous nature but also to the complex range of activities involved. At any given time many types of fisheries were prosecuted. While there were marked regional variations in technique, catch and market, numerous contrasting forms might be conducted concurrently from a single port or locality. Second, there are practical problems regarding the collection and interpretation of data, for the primary sources relating to Britain's fisheries are extensive, take many different forms and are scattered in repositories throughout the UK and beyond. The evidence is also uneven, both temporally (comparatively little relates to the pre-1700 period) and topically - some fisheries, and some ports, generated more, or more useful, records.
The fishery and fish trade conducted by Britons (largely Englishmen) from Newfoundland illustrates these problems. While this distinctive trade has received more attention from historians than most British fishing interests, the factors governing its scale, character and significance are still imperfectly understood. This is partly due to the complexities of the political, economic, social and environmental issues that arise in examining it. But it also reflects the abundance, deficiencies and idiosyncrasies of the primary records pertaining to the business.
Yield and composition of milk from Friesian cows grazing either perennial ryegrass or white clover in early lactation
- David J. Thomson, David E. Beever, Michael J. Haines, Stephen B. Cammell, Roger T. Evans, Mewa S. Dhanoa, Anthony R. Austin
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 52 / Issue 1 / February 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 17-31
- Print publication:
- February 1985
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- Article
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The yield and composition of milk from Friesian cows grazing either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (G, ten cows) or white clover (Trifolium repens) (C, nine cows) were evaluated between d 21 and 129 post partum. The two forages, of similar digestible energy content, were the sole source of nutrients and were offered ad lib. (exp. 1). Digestion and flow at the duodenum were measured on 13 occasions in early lactation with comparable cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae and grazing similar forages (exp. 2). The gross milk yield (22·2, G; 25·0, C, kg/d P < 0·05) and the yield of protein (0·66, G; 0·77, C, kg/d, P < 0·01) were higher, but the protein content was similar and the fat content lower for cows fed C compared with G. Cows fed G were heavier at the beginning of the experiment and lost weight more rapidly than cows fed C. Milk energy output, adjusted for tissue energy gain or loss, was 83·9 for cows fed C compared with 71·8 MJ/d for cows fed G (P < 0·001), during the period of tissue energy repletion (weeks 11–18). From week 18 to the end of lactation all cows from exp. 1 were fed silage ad lib. and 502 kg dry matter of concentrates. The total (305 d) difference in lactation response to grazing C compared with G was 931 1 (5657 1, C; 4726 1, G); this was a direct response during the experiment of 301 1 and a residual response of 630 1. In exp. 2, more organic matter (6·47, G; 8·01, C, kg/ d, P < 0·001), and more non-ammonia N (433, G; 575, C, g/d, P < 0·001) entered the duodenum of cows grazing C compared with G.