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Chapter 7 - Intellectual Disability
- Edited by Christopher C. H. Cook, Andrew Powell
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- Book:
- Spirituality and Psychiatry
- Published online:
- 07 October 2022
- Print publication:
- 20 October 2022, pp 139-157
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Summary
Spirituality is a deeply personal universal human experience, and people with intellectual disability may miss out on the expression of this vital part of their identity, which is a fundamental human right. An understanding of people with intellectual disability as creative communicators has been gained through action research, but spirituality is still a poorly understood aspect of their lives, giving rise to unmet needs. Outdated practices and beliefs about the origins of disability have led to a culture of exclusion or, at best, tokenism. Around the world, reports are still emerging of marginalization, discrimination and even abuse because of negative spiritual attribution or views about cognitive abilities and consequent economic worth. Faith communities and secular care providers need to incorporate new learning about the importance of spirituality for mental health into mainstream planning of care with the involvement of people with intellectual disabilities who communicate creatively as co-producers.
Peer observation in simulated CASC events and its effects on learning
- Isabel McMullen, Ken Checinski, Susan Halliwell, Michael Maier, Oyepeju Raji, Gianetta Rands, Ranga Rao
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- Journal:
- The Psychiatrist / Volume 37 / Issue 3 / March 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 111-115
- Print publication:
- March 2013
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- Article
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Aims and method
Passing the MRCPsych Clinical Assessment of Skills and Competencies (CASC) is a significant challenge for trainee psychiatrists. We describe the process of setting up a new educational intervention of a simulated CASC examination incorporating peer observation, and report the findings from these events.
ResultsThe training events involved a series of simulated scenarios followed by personalised feedback from examiners. Peer observation was a fundamental part of the events and was viewed positively by the trainees with perceived improvements in knowledge and skills. Differences in self-rated and examiner-rated competence were observed more often in those who subsequently failed the CASC.
Clinical implicationsSimulated CASC examination as a training event with a strong focus on observing and learning from peers provides a useful learning experience and supports trainees who are preparing for the CASC examination.
7 - Intellectual disability
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- By Oyepeju Raji, St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust
- Edited by Chris Cook, Andrew Powell, Andrew Sims
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- Book:
- Spirituality and Psychiatry
- Published by:
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published online:
- 25 February 2017
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2009, pp 122-138
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Summary
Spirituality is a deeply personal experience that does not depend on being religious or belonging to a faith group. The spirit is the essence of life. This book considers that spirituality is a universal dimension of human experience, being of fundamental or ultimate importance (Cook, 2004). Spirituality is about wholeness and wholesomeness, interconnection and validation; it shows that all lives have purpose and are positively influencing other lives. Each human life matters – there are no exceptions and there is no hierarchy.
Swinton (1999) defines spirituality as that aspect of human existence that gives it its ‘humanness’. To deny that people with intellectual disabilities are spiritual is devaluing their human dignity, for every human being has need to find a sense of meaning of life, a purpose and to feel he or she belongs. ‘The desire for wholeness of being is not an intellectual attainment, for it is no less present in people with learning disability, but lies in the essence of what it means to be human’ (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006: pp. 2–3). Hebrew Scripture declares that ‘all are fearfully and wonderfully made’ (Psalm 139, verse 14). Thus, every human life is uniquely valuable, independent of another's perception of their ‘fitness for purpose’. Each person possesses unique gifts and talents that were meant to be shared; however, it first has to be recognised that all people possess such gifts.
Beliefs about disability across cultures and ages
All human societies hold beliefs, practices and rituals for the expression of spirituality. Different spiritual belief systems ascribe different meanings to disability. Some cultures hold that people with disability are of ‘lesser value’, considered ‘undesirable’ or even feared and different cultures deal with these attitudes and feelings in various ways. Some give spiritual explanations for disability that allow control to rest with a superior being, whereas others attempt to find a human understanding of the lives of people with a disability. Some would argue that scriptural bases of religious beliefs form the foundation for the age-old practice of exclusion that people with intellectual disabilities experience in many facets of life.
7 - Intellectual disability
-
- By Oyepeju Raji, St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Edited by Christopher C. H. Cook, Andrew Powell, Andrew Sims
-
- Book:
- Spirituality and Psychiatry
- Published online:
- 02 January 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2009, pp 122-138
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Spirituality is a deeply personal experience that does not depend on being religious or belonging to a faith group. The spirit is the essence of life. This book considers that spirituality is a universal dimension of human experience, being of fundamental or ultimate importance (Cook, 2004). Spirituality is about wholeness and wholesomeness, interconnection and validation; it shows that all lives have purpose and are positively influencing other lives. Each human life matters – there are no exceptions and there is no hierarchy.
Swinton (1999) defines spirituality as that aspect of human existence that gives it its ‘humanness’. To deny that people with intellectual disabilities are spiritual is devaluing their human dignity, for every human being has need to find a sense of meaning of life, a purpose and to feel he or she belongs. ‘The desire for wholeness of being is not an intellectual attainment, for it is no less present in people with learning disability, but lies in the essence of what it means to be human’ (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006: pp. 2–3). Hebrew Scripture declares that ‘all are fearfully and wonderfully made’ (Psalm 139, verse 14). Thus, every human life is uniquely valuable, independent of another's perception of their ‘fitness for purpose’. Each person possesses unique gifts and talents that were meant to be shared; however, it first has to be recognised that all people possess such gifts.
Beliefs about disability across cultures and ages
All human societies hold beliefs, practices and rituals for the expression of spirituality. Different spiritual belief systems ascribe different meanings to disability. Some cultures hold that people with disability are of ‘lesser value’, considered ‘undesirable’ or even feared and different cultures deal with these attitudes and feelings in various ways. Some give spiritual explanations for disability that allow control to rest with a superior being, whereas others attempt to find a human understanding of the lives of people with a disability. Some would argue that scriptural bases of religious beliefs form the foundation for the age-old practice of exclusion that people with intellectual disabilities experience in many facets of life. Such attitudes towards disability can result in people internalising negative messages about spirituality and its usefulness.