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In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Federal Arbitration Act, this volume brings together a diverse group of leading scholars and practitioners to celebrate its successes and propose specific reforms. Readers will gain insight into how the Federal Arbitration Act impacts the modern practice of arbitration and how the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Act undermines its fairness. Focusing on domestic, commercial and consumer, as well as securities and labor and employment arbitration, this book provides a roadmap to enhance the fairness and coherence of the Act. The volume is unique in that it serves as the impetus for a law reform project, with over thirty scholars speaking collectively for improvements to the law. More effective than scattershot arguments, this coordinated effort delivers a consistent message to a national audience: that arbitration has become ubiquitous and the law should ensure it is fair and equitable.
In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Federal Arbitration Act, this volume brings together a diverse group of leading scholars and practitioners to celebrate its successes and propose specific reforms. Readers will gain insight into how the Federal Arbitration Act impacts the modern practice of arbitration and how the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Act undermines its fairness. Focusing on domestic, commercial and consumer, as well as securities and labor and employment arbitration, this book provides a roadmap to enhance the fairness and coherence of the Act. The volume is unique in that it serves as the impetus for a law reform project, with over thirty scholars speaking collectively for improvements to the law. More effective than scattershot arguments, this coordinated effort delivers a consistent message to a national audience: that arbitration has become ubiquitous and the law should ensure it is fair and equitable.
In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Federal Arbitration Act, this volume brings together a diverse group of leading scholars and practitioners to celebrate its successes and propose specific reforms. Readers will gain insight into how the Federal Arbitration Act impacts the modern practice of arbitration and how the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Act undermines its fairness. Focusing on domestic, commercial and consumer, as well as securities and labor and employment arbitration, this book provides a roadmap to enhance the fairness and coherence of the Act. The volume is unique in that it serves as the impetus for a law reform project, with over thirty scholars speaking collectively for improvements to the law. More effective than scattershot arguments, this coordinated effort delivers a consistent message to a national audience: that arbitration has become ubiquitous and the law should ensure it is fair and equitable.
To establish outcomes following photobiomodulation therapy for tinnitus in humans and animal studies.
Methods
A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The databases searched were: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (‘Central’), ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science including the Web of Science Core collection. There were no limits on language or year of publication.
Results
The searches identified 194 abstracts and 61 full texts. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes in 1483 humans (26 studies) and 34 animals (2 studies). Photobiomodulation therapy parameters included 10 different wavelengths, and duration ranged from 9 seconds to 30 minutes per session. Follow up ranged from 7 days to 6 months.
Conclusion
Tinnitus outcomes following photobiomodulation therapy are generally positive and superior to no photobiomodulation therapy; however, evidence of long-term therapeutic benefit is deficient. Photobiomodulation therapy enables concentrated, focused delivery of light therapy to the inner ear through a non-invasive manner, with minimal side effects.
American unions have weakened considerably over the last fifty years. A dramatic decline in private-sector union density has led to the inability of unions to use strikes as an effective economic weapon and to labor’s diminishing political power. Right-to-work laws have proliferated, even in rust-belt states in which unions historically were strongest. The decline in manufacturing work rise in contingent and on-demand work both have contributed to union decline.